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[[File:Guercino Return of the prodigal son.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Prodigal Son]]]]
In Christian views [[sin]] is an [[evil]] human act, which violates the rational nature of man as well as [[Trinity|God's nature]] and his [[eternal law]]. According to the classical definition of [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine of Hippo]] sin is "a word, deed, or desire in opposition to the eternal law of God."<ref>''Contra Faustum Manichaeum'', 22,27; [[Patrologia Latina|PL]] 42,418; cf. [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[Summa Theologica|STh]] I–II q71 a6.</ref><ref>Mc Guinness, p. 241</ref>
The doctrine of sin is central to [[Christianity]], since its [[The gospel|basic message]] is about [[redemption (theology)|redemption]] in [[Jesus in Christianity|Christ]].<ref>Rahner, p. 1588</ref> Christian '''hamartiology''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: ἁμαρτία, ''[[hamartia]]'', "a departure fr. either human or divine standards of uprightness"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Walter|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226028958.001.0001|title=A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature|last2=Danker|first2=Frederick William|date=2000|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-03933-6}}</ref> and -λογια, ''-[[logia]],'' "study"), a branch of [[Christian theology]] which is the study of [[sin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hamartiology|title=Hamartiology - Define Hamartiology at Dictionary.com|work=Dictionary.com|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref> describes sin as an act of offence against [[God in Christianity|God]] by despising his [[Trinity|persons]] and [[Biblical law in Christianity|Christian biblical law]], and by injuring others.<ref>Sabourin, p. 696</ref> Christian hamartiology is closely related to concepts of [[natural law]], [[moral theology]] and [[Christian ethics]].
Among some scholars, sin is understood mostly as legal infraction or contract violation of non-binding philosophical frameworks and perspectives of [[Christian ethics]], and so [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] tends to be viewed in legal terms. Other Christian scholars understand sin to be fundamentally relational—a loss of love for the [[God in Christianity|Christian God]] and an elevation of [[self-love]] ("concupiscence", in this sense), as was later propounded by Augustine in his debate with the [[Pelagianism|Pelagians]].<ref>''On Grace and Free Will'' (see ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', trans. P.Holmes, vol. 5; 30–31 [14–15]).</ref> As with the legal definition of sin, this definition also affects the understanding of [[Grace in Christianity|Christian grace]] and salvation, which are thus viewed in relational terms.<ref>Christian grace is understood as God's love brought to the human soul by the [[God the Holy Spirit]] (Romans 5:5), and salvation is the establishment of that love relationship.</ref><ref>For a historical review of this understanding, see R.N.Frost, "Sin and Grace", in Paul L. Metzger, ''Trinitarian Soundings'', T&T Clark, 2005.</ref>
==In the Bible==
===Old Testament===
The first reference to "sin" as a noun is of "''sin'' is crouching at your door; it desires to have you, but you must rule over it”<ref name="JSB-17">c.f. "(..) Sin couches at the door; Its urge is toward you, Yet you can be its master." {{cite book|last1=Berlin|first1=Adele|last2=Brettler|first2=Marc Zvi|title=Jewish study bible|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=[S.l.]|isbn=978-0199978465|pages=17|edition=2 Rev ed. (November 2014)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ&q=burnt+offering&pg=PT2|accessdate=1 April 2016}}</ref> waiting to be mastered by [[Cain]],{{Bibleref2c|Genesis|4:7|NIV|Gen 4:7}}{{Bibleref2c|1Peter|5:8|NIV|''cf.'' 1 Pet 5:8}} a form of literary [[theriomorphism]].<ref>'' Synthesis: bulletin du Comité national de littérature comparée / Comitetul Național pentru Literatură Comparată, Institutul de Istorie și Teorie Literară "G. Călinescu." – 2002 "Sin is personified as (an animal?) which "crouches" at the door of Cain (Gen 4:7). As [[Gerhard von Rad]] (Genesis, 105) remarks, 'The comparison of sin with a beast of prey lying before the door is strange, as is the purely decorative use"</ref>
The first use of the verb is God appears to [[Abimelech]] "in the dream, “Yes, I know you did this with a clear conscience, and so I have kept you from ''sinning'' against me. That is why I did not let you touch her.”" in Genesis 20:6. Isaiah announced the consequences: "But your iniquities have separated you from your God; your sins have hidden his face from you, so that he will not hear. For your hands are stained with blood, your fingers with guilt. Your lips have spoken falsely, and your tongue mutters wicked things" — a separation between God and man, and unrequited worshipping.{{Bibleref2c|Isaiah|59:2–3|NIV|Isaiah 59:2–3}}
====Original sin====
{{main|Original sin}}
Original sin, also called [[ancestral sin]],<ref>Examples:
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=SUjKOoQsCyUC&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119&dq=%22baptism+removes+the+ancestral+sin%22&hl=en Alexander Golitzin, ''On the Mystical Life''] by Saint Symeon (St Vladimir's Seminary Press 1995 {{ISBN|978-0-88141-144-7}}), p. 119
* [https://archive.org/details/conservatismsout00tate_0/page/190 <!-- quote="far-descended ancestral sin". --> Adam L. Tate, ''Conservatism and Southern Intellectuals, 1789–1861''] (University of Missouri Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-8262-1567-3}}), p. 190
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=6ePZFD9BOB4C&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=%22cleansing+away+the+ancestral+sin%22&hl=en Marcelle Bartolo-Abel, ''God's Gift to Humanity''] (Apostolate–The Divine Heart 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-9833480-1-6}}), p. 32
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=N0e9guRLMVEC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=%22this+ancestral+sin+is+essential%22&hl=en Ann Hassan, ''Annotations to Geoffrey Hill's Speech! Speech!''] (Punctum Books 2012 {{ISBN|978-1-4681-2984-7}}, p. 62
</ref> is the [[Christianity|Christian]] doctrine of humanity's state of [[sin]] resulting from the [[fall of man]], stemming from Adam's rebellion in [[Garden of Eden|Eden]], namely the [[Forbidden fruit|sin of disobedience in consuming from the tree of knowledge of good and evil]].{{sfn|ODCC|2005|p=Original sin}} This condition has been characterized in many ways, ranging from something as insignificant as a slight deficiency, or a tendency toward sin yet without collective guilt, referred to as a "sin nature", to something as drastic as [[total depravity]] or automatic guilt of all humans through [[Guilt (emotion)#Collective guilt|collective guilt]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Brodd|first=Jeffrey|title=World Religions|publisher=Saint Mary's Press|year=2003|location=Winona, MN|isbn=978-0-88489-725-5}}</ref>
The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by [[Irenaeus]], [[Bishop of Lyon]] in his controversy with certain [[dualistic cosmology|dualist]] [[Gnosticism|Gnostics]]. Other church fathers such as [[Augustine]] also developed the doctrine,{{sfn|ODCC|2005|p=Original sin}} seeing it as based on the [[New Testament]] teaching of [[Paul the Apostle]] ({{bibleref2|Romans|5:12–21}} and {{bibleref2|1 Corinthians|15:22}}) and the Old Testament verse of {{bibleref2|Psalm|51:5}}.<ref>Peter Nathan – [http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=227 The Original View of Original Sin] – Retrieved 14 October 2013.</ref><ref>Phil Porvaznik – [http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/num54.htm Original Sin Explained and Defended] Evangelical Catholic Apologetics – Retrieved 14 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://nazarene.org/ministries/administration/visitorcenter/articles/ Preamble and Articles of Faith] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020030856/http://nazarene.org/ministries/administration/visitorcenter/articles/ |date=2013-10-20 }} – V. Sin, Original and Personal – Church of the Nazarene. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.topicalbiblestudies.com/original-sin.php Are Babies Born with Sin?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021173528/http://www.topicalbiblestudies.com/original-sin.php |date=2013-10-21 }} – Topical Bible Studies. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/apologetics/salvation/original-sin/ Original Sin] – Psalm 51:5 – Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</ref> [[Tertullian]], [[Cyprian]], [[Ambrose]] and [[Ambrosiaster]] considered that humanity shares in Adam's sin, transmitted by human generation. [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine's]] formulation of original sin was popular among [[Protestant Reformation|Protestant reformers]], such as [[Martin Luther]] and [[John Calvin]], who equated original sin with [[concupiscence]], affirming that it persisted even after [[baptism]] and completely destroyed freedom.{{sfn|ODCC|2005|p=Original sin}} The [[Jansenism|Jansenist]] movement, which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical, also maintained that original sin destroyed [[Free will|freedom of will]].<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08285a.htm "Jansenius and Jansenism" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'']</ref>
Substantial branches of hamartiological understanding, including Roman Catholic,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p1s2c1p7.htm |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church - PART 1 SECTION 2 CHAPTER 1 ARTICLE 1 PARAGRAPH 7 |publisher=Scborromeo.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref> Presbyterian,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reformed.org/documents/index.html?mainframe=http://www.reformed.org/documents/westminster_conf_of_faith.html |title=Historic Church Documents at |publisher=Reformed.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref> Continental Reformed,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reformed.org/documents/index.html?mainframe=http://www.reformed.org/documents/canons_of_dordt.html |title=Historic Church Documents at |publisher=Reformed.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref> and Reformed Baptist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rblist.org/1689.pdf|title=THE BAPTIST CONFESSION OF FAITH|publisher=Rblist.org|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref> subscribe to the doctrine of [[original sin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/111cal.html |title=Calvin |publisher=History.hanover.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref> which the [[Apostle Paul]] espouses in {{bibleverse||Romans|5:12-19}} and which [[Augustine of Hippo]] popularized in the [[Western Christianity|West]] and developed into a notion of "hereditary sin". The North African bishop taught that God holds all the descendants of [[Adam and Eve]] accountable for Adam's sin of rebellion, and as such all people deserve [[Divine retribution|God's wrath]] and condemnation – apart from any actual sins they personally commit.<ref>Bavink, Herman. ''Reformed Dogmatics'' Vol. 3. (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2004) Pages 75-125 detail the historical development of Hamartiology, including Pelagius's position and the mediating positions)</ref>
In contrast, a view sometimes ascribed to [[Pelagius (British monk)|Pelagius]] states that humans enter life as moral "blank slates" (''[[tabula rasa|tabulae rasae]]'') responsible for their own moral nature.{{cn|date=December 2015}} [[The Fall of Man|The Fall]] that occurred when Adam and Eve disobeyed [[God]], according to [[Pelagianism]], affected humankind only minimally as it established a negative moral precedent. Few contemporary theologians (especially thinkers in Augustinian traditions) and no orthodox theologians, however, continue to hold this hamartiological viewpoint.{{cn|date=June 2012}}
A third branch of thinking takes an intermediate position, asserting that since the Fall the sin of Adam has naturally affected human beings such that they have inborn tendencies to rebel against God (in which rebellion by personal choice all accountable humans, except [[Jesus]] and, to Catholics, [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], will choose or have chosen to indulge). This is the hamartiological position of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Christian]] churches, often called [[ancestral sin]] as opposed to original sin, but it is sometimes viewed as [[Semipelagianism|Semipelagian]] in the West, especially by the [[Calvinism|Reformed]].
==Divisions==
Sin can be divided by reason of:
* ''gravity'': [[mortal sin|mortal]] and [[venial sin|venial]];
* ''state of the conscience'': formal and material;
* ''act or state'': actual and habitual;
* ''person offended'': sins against God, against neighbor, against self;
* ''manner'': commission, omission;
* ''manifestation'': internal, external;
* ''author'': original and non-original (personal, actual);
* ''attention'': deliberate, half-deliberate;
* ''cause'': ignorance, fragility, malice;
* ''special disorder'': [[Eternal sin|sins against the Holy Ghost]] and [[sins that cry to heaven|sins that cry to Heaven for vengeance]];<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gaume |first1=Jean |title=The Catechism of Perseverance; Or, An Historical, Dogmatical, Moral, Liturgical, Apologetical, Philosophical, and Social Exposition of Religion |date=1883 |publisher=M.H. Gill & Son |page=871 |language=English |quote=Q. What other sins ought we to fear most? A. The other sins that we ought to fear most are sins against the Holy Ghost and sins that cry to Heaven for vengeance.}}</ref>
* ''[[sin proper|proper]]'' or ''[[sin improper|improper]]'';<ref name="Whidden2005">{{cite web |last1=Whidden |first1=Woodrow W. |title=Adventist Theology: The Wesleyan Connection |url=https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/es/node/203 |publisher=Biblical Research Institute |accessdate=30 June 2019 |language=English |date=18 April 2005}}</ref>
* ''psychological fertility'': capital sins.<ref>https://paroquiasantabertila.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/09-moral-fundamental-pecado.ppt</ref>
== Roman Catholic views ==
=== Thomas Aquinas ===
[[File:Thomas Aquinas in Stained Glass crop.jpg|thumb|right|Aquinas distinguished between [[Sin of omission|sins of omission]], and sins of commission<ref name =Aquinas/><ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | title = Catholic Encyclopedia: Omission | url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11251b.htm | publisher= New Advent | accessdate = 28 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = Aquinas: Aquinas's Thoughts On Morality | url = http://library.thinkquest.org/18775/aquinas/moraq.htm | publisher = The Philosopher's Lighthouse | accessdate = 28 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120211013402/http://library.thinkquest.org/18775/aquinas/moraq.htm | archive-date = 11 February 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref>]]
The way [[Thomas Aquinas]] viewed sin and vices was radically different from later approaches, especially that of 17th-century [[moral theology]]. He presented sin and vices as contraries of [[virtue]]s. He discusses the subject in his [[Summa Theologica]] part Ia–IIae (''Prima secundae'') qq. 71–89.<ref>Pinckaers, pp. 220 and 225–6</ref>
In one of his definitions of sin Thomas quotes [[Augustine of Hippo]]'s description of sin as "a thought, words and deed against the Eternal Law."'<ref>''Contra Faustum'', 22, 27, [[Patrologia Latina|PL]] 44,418:</ref>
{{Quote|
Now there are two rules of the human will: one is proximate and homogeneous, viz. the human reason; the other is the first rule, viz. the eternal law, which is God's reason, so to speak (quasi ratio Dei). Accordingly Augustine includes two things in the definition of sin; one, pertaining to the substance of a human act, and which is the matter, so to speak, of sin, when he says, word, deed, or desire; the other, pertaining to the nature of evil, and which is the form, as it were, of sin, when he says, contrary to the eternal law. (STh I–II q.71 a.6)<ref>Cf. Thomas Aquinas [[Summa Theologica]] I–II q. 71 [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0023/__P6F.HTM Of Vice and Sin Considered in Themselves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203141/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0023/__P6F.HTM |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>}}
To recognise the possibilities of sin in man is equal to acknowledge his human nature, his control and mastery of his own actions. Sin is a motion to the goal, it is judged by the object to which it is directed. The field of sin is the same as the field of virtue. There are three major fields: relationship with God, with oneself and with the neighbour. Thomas distinguished between [[mortal sin|mortal]] and [[venial sin]]s. Mortal sin is when a person has irreparably destroyed the very principle of his/her order to the goal of life. Venial sin is when he/she has acted in a certain disordered way without destructing that principle:
{{quote|
Consequently it is a mortal sin generically, whether it be contrary to the love of God, e.g. blasphemy, perjury, and the like, or against the love of one's neighbour, e.g. murder, adultery, and such like: wherefore such sins are mortal by reason of their genus. Sometimes, however, the sinner's will is directed to a thing containing a certain inordinateness, but which is not contrary to the love of God and one's neighbour, e.g. an idle word, excessive laughter, and so forth: and such sins are venial by reason of their genus. (STh I–II q.72 a.5)}}
According to Aquinas the gravity of sin depends also on ''some disposition of the agent'' (cf. STh I–II q. 18, aa. 4, 6). Sin, venial by reason of its object, may become mortal. It happens when person fixes his/her ultimate happiness, the last end of his/her life (Lat. ''finis ultimus'') in the object of that venial sin. When venial sin is used as a way to provoke mortal sin it becomes mortal as well, e.g. when someone uses empty conversation or a chat to seduce someone to commit adultery. Also sin, mortal by reason of its object, may become venial because of the agent's disposition when his/her evil act does not have full moral capacity, i.e. is not deliberated by reason. That may happen for instance when sudden movements of unbelief arise in the mind. (Cf. STh I–II q.72 a.5).
The difference and gravity of sins may be discerned on the grounds of spirit and flesh, even mortal sins may differ in gravity. [[wikt:Carnal|Carnal]] sins like lust, adultery or fornication, gluttony and avarice, because the person who commits them is inordinately directed towards material goods that are a serious matter, are mortal sins. They may cause much shame and infamy. But spiritual sins like [[blasphemy|blaspheming]] of God or [[apostasy]] are, according to Thomas, still greater evil, as they have more of the aversion from God. They are directed against a greater object. The formal, essential element of sin is more at the centre in them. (cf. STh I–II q.72 a.2)<ref name =Aquinas>Cf. Thomas Aquinas [[Summa Theologica]] I–II q. 72 [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0023/__P6G.HTM Of the Distinction of Sins]</ref><ref>Farrell, pp. 255–272</ref>
According to another formulation of the concept of sin in the ''Summa'', at the heart of sin is "the turning away from the immutable good", i.e. God, and "inordinate turning to mutable good", i.e. creatures. (STh I–IIae q.87 a.4) This cannot be understood as if in the concrete sinful deed the sinner commits two separate and independent acts. Both ''aversio'' and ''conversio'' constitute one single guilty action. At the root of the inordinate turning to the creatures is self-love which expresses itself in disordered desire (''cupiditas'') and rebellion towards God (''superbia'').<ref>{{Cite book | author = Josef Pieper | authorlink = Josef Pieper | title = The Concept of Sin | year = 2001 | pages = 60–63}}; cf. Thomas Aquinas, ''[[Summa Theologica]]'' II–IIae q34 a2; I q94 a1; II–IIae q162 a6; I–IIae q72 a2.</ref>
Speaking about [[Sloth (deadly sin)|sloth]] (Lat. ''acedia'') Thomas points out that every deed which "by its very nature is contrary to charity is a mortal sin". An effect of such deed is the destruction of "spiritual life which is the effect of charity, whereby God dwells in us." Sin of a mortal character is always committed with the consent of reason: "Because the consummation of sin is in the consent of reason"'. (cf. STh II–IIae q.35 a.3) Venial and mortal sins can be compared to sickness and death. While venial sin impairs full healthy activity of a person, mortal sin destroys the principle of spiritual life in him/her.<ref>Farrell, p. 353</ref>
=== Catechism ===
[[Roman Catholic]] doctrine distinguishes between personal sin (also sometimes called "actual sin") and [[original sin]]. Personal sins are either mortal or venial.
[[Mortal sin]]s are sins of grave (serious) matter, where the sinner performs the act with full knowledge and deliberate consent. (cf. [[Catechism of the Catholic Church|CCC 1857]]) The act of committing a mortal sin destroys charity, i. e. the [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]] in the heart of a Christian; it is in itself a rejection of God (CCC1855). If left un-reconciled, mortal sins may lead to eternal separation from God, traditionally called [[damnation]].
[[Venial sin]]s are sins which do not meet the conditions for mortal sins. The act of committing a venial sin does not cut off the sinner from God's grace, as the sinner has not rejected God. However, venial sins do injure the relationship between the sinner and God, and as such, must be reconciled to God, either through the [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Sacrament of Reconciliation]] or receiving the Eucharist (after proper contrition fulfilled).
Both mortal and venial sins have a dual nature of punishment. They incur both guilt for the sin, yielding eternal punishment, and temporal punishment for the sin. Reconciliation is an act of God's mercy, and addresses the guilt and eternal punishment for sin. Purgatory and indulgences address the temporal punishment for sin, and exercise of God's justice.
Roman Catholic doctrine also sees sin as being twofold: Sin is, at once, any evil or immoral ''action'' which infracts God's law and the inevitable consequences, the ''state of being'' that comes about by committing the sinful action. Sin can and does alienate a person both from God and the community. Hence, the Catholic Church's insistence on reconciliation with both God and the Church itself.
The Roman Catholic view of sin has recently expanded. [[Monsignor]] [[Gianfranco Girotti]], [[Regent]] of the Catholic [[Apostolic Penitentiary]], has said that "known sins increasingly manifest themselves as behavior that damages society as a whole,"<ref name="cnnvat">{{cite news |title= Vatican lists new sinful behaviors |agency = Associated Press |year = 2008 |url = http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/03/10/vatican.updates.sins.ap/index.html| accessdate = 2008-03-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080311142051/http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/03/10/vatican.updates.sins.ap/index.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-03-11}}</ref> including, for example:
* "certain violations of the fundamental rights of human nature, through genetic manipulations [or experiments],"
* "drug [abuse], which weakens the mind and obscures intelligence,"
* "[[environmental pollution]],"
* "abortion and pedophilia," and
* the widening social and economic differences between the rich and the poor, which "''cause an unbearable social injustice''" (accumulating excessive wealth, inflicting poverty). The revision was aimed at encouraging confession or the [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Sacrament of Penance]].
Mortal sins, which are any severe and intentional actions that directly disobey God, are often confused with the [[seven deadly sins]], which are pride, envy, wrath, sloth, greed, gluttony, and lust. They are not, however, the same. The seven deadly sins are called "deadly" because they might lead another to commit other sins. Some forms of the seven deadly sins (i.e. debilitating one's health because of their love of food) can constitute as grave matter, while others may just be venal (i.e. over-eating).
Another group of four or five sins distinguished by the Church are the [[sins that cry to heaven]]: [[murder]], [[sodomy]], oppression of the weak, and defrauding the laborer.<ref>''Catechism of the Catholic Church,'' 1997: "1867 The catechetical tradition also recalls that there are "sins that cry to heaven": the blood of Abel, the sin of the Sodomites, the cry of the people oppressed in Egypt, the cry of the foreigner, the widow, and the orphan, injustice to the wage earner."</ref>
== Reformed and Lutheran views ==
Many [[Protestantism|Protestants]] of a [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] orientation teach that, due to [[original sin]], humanity has lost any and all capacity to move towards reconciliation with God (Romans 3:23;6:23; Ephesians 2:1–3); in fact, this inborn sin turns humans away from God and towards themselves and their own desires (Isaiah 53:6a). Thus, humans may be brought back into a relationship with God only by way of God's rescuing the sinner from his/her hopeless condition (Galatians 5:17–21; Ephesians 2:4–10) through Jesus' [[substitutionary atonement]] (Romans 5:6–8; Colossians 2:13–15; 1 Timothy 2:5–6). According to traditional Reformed theology and classical [[Lutheranism]], Salvation is ''[[sola fide]]'' (by faith alone); ''[[sola gratia]]'' (by grace alone); and is begun and completed by God alone through [[Christ Jesus|Jesus]] (Ephesians 2:8,9). This understanding of original sin (Romans 5:12–19), is most closely associated with Calvinist doctrine (see [[total depravity]]) and Lutheranism. Calvinism allows for the relative or nominal "goodness" of humanity through God's [[common grace]] upon both those [[predestination (Calvinism)|predestined]] to salvation and those predestined to damnation, upon the [[regeneration (theology)#Calvinism and Reformed theology|regenerate]] and the unregenerate.
This is in contrast to the Roman Catholic teaching that while sin has tarnished the original goodness of humanity prior to the Fall, it has not entirely extinguished that goodness, or at least the ''potential'' for goodness, allowing humans to reach towards God to share in the [[Redemption (religious)|Redemption]] which Jesus Christ won for them. Some Protestants and Orthodox Christians hold similar views.
There is dispute about where sin originated. Some who interpret the king of Tyre in Ezekiel 28 as a symbol for [[Satan]] believe sin originated when Satan coveted the position that rightfully belongs to God. The origin of individual sins is discussed in James 1:14–15 – "<sup>14</sup>but each one is tempted when, by his own evil desire, he is dragged away and enticed. <sup>15</sup>Then, after desire has conceived, it gives birth to sin; and sin, when it is full-grown, gives birth to death." ([[NIV]])
=== Defined types of sin ===
Within some branches of Protestantism, there are several defined types of sin (as in Roman Catholicism):
* [[Original sin]]—Most denominations of Christianity interpret the [[Garden of Eden]] account in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] in terms of the [[fall of man]]. Adam and Eve's disobedience was the first sin man ever committed, and their ''original sin'' (or the effects of the sin) is passed on to their descendants (or has become a part of their environment). See also: [[total depravity]].
* [[Concupiscence]]
* [[Venial sin]]
* [[Greed]]
* [[Lust]]
* [[Pride]]
* [[Mortal sin]]
* [[Eternal sin]]—Commonly called the Unforgivable sin (mentioned in {{bibleref|Matthew|12:31}}), this is perhaps the most controversial sin, whereby someone has become an [[apostate]], forever denying themselves a life of faith and experience of [[salvation]]; the precise nature of this sin is often disputed.
== Methodist views ==
The [[Wesleyan-Arminian theology]] of the [[Methodist Churches]] teaches that humans, though being born in total depravity, can turn to God as a result of ''[[prevenient grace]]'' and do good; this prevenient grace convicts humans of the necessity of the [[born again|new birth]] (first work of grace), through which he is justified (pardoned) and regenerated.<ref name="Whidden2005"/> When the believer is [[Christian_perfection#Wesleyan-Arminian_teaching|entirely sanctified]] (second work of grace), his/her [[original sin]] is washed away.<ref name="Whidden2005"/> After this, to willfully sin would be to [[Conditional preservation of the saints|fall from grace]].<ref name="Whidden2005"/>
Methodist theology firstly distinguishes between original sin and [[actual sin]]:<ref name="Rothwell1998">{{cite book |last1=Rothwell |first1=Mel-Thomas |last2=Rothwell |first2=Helen |title=A Catechism on the Christian Religion: The Doctrines of Christianity with Special Emphasis on Wesleyan Concepts |date=1998 |publisher=Schmul Publishing Co. |page=49 |language=English}}</ref>
{{quotation|Original sin is the sin which corrupts our nature and gives us the tendency to sin. Actual sins are the sins we commit every day before we are saved, such as lying, swearing, stealing.<ref name="Rothwell1998"/>}}
It further categorizes sin as being "sin proper" and "sin improper".<ref name="Whidden2005"/> Sins proper (or sin, properly so called) are those that are committed freely and willfully, which result in a loss of entire sanctification.<ref name="Brown">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Allan |title=Questions About Entire Sanctification |url=https://www.gbs.edu/questions-about-entire-sanctification/ |publisher=[[God's Bible School and College]] |accessdate=3 September 2020 |language=English |date=1 June 2008 |quote=The only way a person can “lose” (“reject” is a better term) his entire sanctification is through willful sin or unbelief (which is also sin).}}</ref><ref name="Whidden2005"/><ref name="Trinklein2016">{{cite web |last1=Trinklein |first1=John |title=Holiness Unto Whom? John Wesley 's Doctrine of Entire Sanctification in Light of The Two Kinds of Righteousness |url=https://scholar.csl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=phd |publisher=Concordia Seminary |accessdate=30 June 2019 |language=English |date=1 August 2016}}</ref> Sins improper (or sin, improperly so called) are those in the "category of benign neglect, fruits of infirmity (forgetfulness, lack of knowledge, etc)".<ref name="Whidden2005">{{cite web |last1=Whidden |first1=Woodrow W. |title=Adventist Theology: The Wesleyan Connection |url=https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/es/node/203 |publisher=Biblical Research Institute |accessdate=30 June 2019 |language=English |date=18 April 2005}}</ref> In traditional Methodist theology, these (improper) sins are not classified as sins, as explained by Wesley, "Such transgressions you may call sins, if you please: I do not, for the reasons above-mentioned."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wesley|first=John|title=The Works of John Wesley., Third Edition., vol. 11|publisher=London: Wesleyan Methodist Book Room|year=1872|isbn=|location=|pages=396}}</ref> John Wesley explains the matter like this: <blockquote>"Nothing is sin, strictly speaking, but a voluntary transgression of a known law of God. Therefore, every voluntary breach of the law of love is sin; and nothing else, if we speak properly. To strain the matter farther is only to make way for Calvinism. There may be ten thousand wandering thoughts, and forgetful intervals, without any breach of love, though not without transgressing the Adamic law. But Calvinists would fain confound these together. Let love fill your heart, and it is enough!"<ref>Wesley, J. (1872). The Works of John Wesley (Third Edition, Vol. 12, p. 394). London: Wesleyan Methodist Book Room.</ref></blockquote>If a person [[backsliding|backslides]] through sin proper but later returns to God, he or she must repent and be [[Christian perfection#Wesleyan-Arminian teaching|entirely sanctified]] again, according to Wesleyan-Arminian theology.<ref name="Brown2008">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Allan P. |title=Questions About Entire Sanctification |url=https://www.gbs.edu/questions-about-entire-sanctification/ |website=God's Bible School & College |accessdate=17 June 2019 |language=English |date=1 June 2008 |quote=Does an entirely sanctified person who rebels against God but later comes back to Him need to be entirely sanctified again? We do know that a person can rebel against God and later turn back in repentance and then be “re-saved.” Answer: Yes. To come back to God is the action of a backslider having his re in need of continual cleansing. The verb “cleanses us” is a present indica-relationship with God restored. After the restoration, one must walk in the light and obey Romans 12:1 and offer himself a living, holy, and acceptable sacrifice to God. This can be done only by a person in right relationship with God.}}</ref>
== Eastern Christian views ==
The ([[Chalcedonian Christianity|Chalcedonian]]) [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] as well as the ([[miaphysitism|non-Chalcedonian]]) [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]] use "sin" both to refer to humanity's fallen condition and to refer to individual sinful acts. In many ways the [[Eastern Orthodox Christian theology|Orthodox Christian]] view of sin is similar to the Jewish, although neither form of Orthodoxy makes formal distinctions among "grades" of sins.
The [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], which derive their theology and spirituality from same sources as the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox, tend not to adhere to the Roman Catholic distinction between [[mortal sin|mortal]] and [[venial sin]] taught by the [[Latin Church]]. Like the Orthodox Churches, however, the Eastern Catholic Churches do make a distinction between sins that are serious enough to bar one from [[Holy Communion]] (and must be [[Confession (religion)|confessed]] before receiving once again) and those which are not sufficiently serious to do so. In this respect, the [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Tradition]] is similar to the [[Western Christianity|Western]], but the Eastern Churches do not consider death in such a state to automatically mean damnation to "hell."{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
==Jehovah's Witnesses==
[[Jehovah's Witnesses]] believe that sin is inherited, like a disease, and has been passed on from generation to generation of humans, beginning with [[Adam and Eve]], whom Witnesses believe are real historical characters.<ref>"What Does the Bible ''Really '' Teach" pp. 61–63 'Why humans die?'</ref> They believe that it began with the Devil, and then with humans wanting to decide for themselves what was [[good and evil|good and bad]]. They believe that at that very moment they lost perfection and began to die. Jehovah's Witnesses consider human beings to ''be'' souls, and so when a human dies due to sin, they believe that his soul dies as well.<ref>"What Does the Bible ''Really '' Teach" pp. 57–65 'Where are the Dead?'</ref> They believe that [[Jesus]] is the only human ever to have lived and died sinless.{{cn|date=September 2016}}
== The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ==
Members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] believe that individuals are only responsible for the sins they personally commit. In their [[Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)|Articles of Faith]] the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches, "We believe that men will be punished for their own sins, and not for Adam’s transgression."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Articles of Faith 1|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/a-of-f/1?lang=eng|website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref> Latter-day Saints also believe that sin is the consequence of the Fall of Adam and Eve, and that all sin originates from Satan. They also believe that "little children" (meaning those under the age of 8) are not capable of sinning, because they are not yet accountable for their actions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moroni 8|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/moro/8?lang=eng|website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Doctrine and Covenants 68|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/68?lang=eng|website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref>
==Atonement==
{{Main|Atonement in Christianity}}
In Christianity, it is generally understood that the death of Jesus was a [[Human sacrifice|sacrifice]] that relieves believers of the burden of their sins. However, the actual meaning of this precept is very widely debated. The traditional teaching of some churches traces this idea of atonement to [[korban|blood sacrifices]] in the ancient Hebraic faith.
Christian theologians have presented different interpretations of atonement:
* [[Origen]] taught that the death of Christ was a ''[[Atonement (ransom view)|ransom]]'' paid to [[Satan]] in satisfaction of his claim on the souls of humanity as a result of sin. This was opposed by theologians such as St. [[Gregory Nazianzen]], who maintained that this would have made Satan a power equal to God.
* [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] taught that Christ recapitulated in himself all the stages of life of sinful man, and that his perfect obedience substituted for [[Adam and Eve|Adam]]'s disobedience.
* [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] taught that Christ came to overcome death and corruption, and to remake humanity in God's image again.<ref>See ''On the Incarnation'', by St. Athanasius</ref>
* [[Augustine of Hippo]] said that sin was not a created thing at all, but was "privatio boni", a "taking away of good".
* [[Anselm of Canterbury]] taught that Christ's death satisfied God's offended sense of justice over the sins of humanity. God rewarded Christ's obedience, which built up a storehouse of merit and a treasury of grace that believers could share by their faith in Christ. This view is known as the ''[[satisfaction theory of atonement]]'', the ''merit'' theory, or sometimes the ''commercial'' theory. Anselm's teaching is contained in his treatise ''[[Cur Deus Homo]]'' (''Why God Became Human''). Anselm's ideas were later expanded utilizing [[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian]] philosophy into a grand theological system by [[Thomas Aquinas]] in the 13th century, particularly in his ''[[Summa Theologica]]'', which although initially inciting controversy eventually became official [[Roman Catholic]] [[doctrine]].
* [[Pierre Abélard]] developed the view that Christ's [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]] was God suffering with his creatures in order to show the greatness of his love for them, and the realization of this love in turn leads to repentance. It is often known as the ''[[moral influence theory of atonement]]'' and became central to more [[religious liberalism|liberal strands]] of Christian theology.
* [[Martin Luther]] and [[John Calvin]], leaders of the [[Protestant Reformation]], owed much to Anselm's theory and taught that Christ, the only sinless person, was obedient to take upon himself the penalty for the sins that should have been visited on men and women. This view is a version of ''[[substitutionary atonement]]'' and is sometimes called the ''[[penal substitution]] view''. It is derived from the Roman Catholic ''[[satisfaction theory of atonement]]'', although it is not identical to that of Anselm. Calvin additionally advocated a doctrine of [[limited atonement]], which teaches that the atonement extends and applies only to the sins of the eternally [[predestination (Calvinism)|predestined]] [[election (Christianity)|elect]] rather than to the entire [[human race]], whereas Anselm affirmed a general redemption for all humanity and denied that Christ received punishment for sins, although he made satisfaction to God.
* [[D.L. Moody]] once said, "If you are under the power of evil, and you want to get under the power of God, cry to Him to bring you over to His service; cry to Him to take you into His army. He will hear you; He will come to you, and, if need be, He will send a legion of angels to help you to fight your way up to heaven. God will take you by the right hand and lead you through this wilderness, over death, and take you right into His kingdom. That's what the Son of Man came to do. He has never deceived us; just say here; "Christ is my deliverer.""
* [[Arminianism]] has traditionally taught what is known as the ''[[governmental theory of atonement]]''. Drawing primarily from the works of [[Jacobus Arminius]] and especially [[Hugo Grotius]], the governmental theory teaches that Christ suffered for humankind so that God could forgive humans while still maintaining divine justice. Unlike the traditional [[Calvinism|Reformed]] perspective, this view states that Christ was not punished by God the Father in the place of sinners, for true forgiveness would not be possible if humankind's offences were already punished. Christ's suffering was a real and meaningful ''[[substitutionary atonement]]'' for the punishment humans deserve, but Christ was not punished on behalf of some or all of the human race. This view has prospered in traditional [[Methodism]] and all who follow the teachings of [[John Wesley]], and has been detailed by, among others, 19th century [[Methodist]] theologian [[John Miley]] in his ''Atonement in Christ'' and 20th century [[Church of the Nazarene]] theologian [[J. Kenneth Grider]] in his ''Wesleyan-Holiness Theology''. Variations of this view have also been espoused by 18th century Puritan [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]] and 19th century revival leader [[Charles Grandison Finney]].
* [[Karl Barth]] taught that Christ's death manifested God's love and his hatred for sin.
* Barbara Reid, a dissenting Roman Catholic [[feminist theology|feminist]] and [[Dominican Order|Dominican nun]], argues that commonly conceived atonement theologies are harmful, especially to women and other oppressed minorities.<ref>Barbara E. Reid, ''Taking Up the Cross: New Testament Interpretations Through Latina and Feminist Eyes'' (Fortress, 2007), 17–19.</ref> Other [[religious liberalism|liberal]] and [[liberation theology|radical theologians]] have also challenged traditional views of atonement. (see [[collective salvation]])
* [[Mary Baker Eddy]], founder of the [[Christian Science]] movement, taught that atonement exemplifies our underlying spiritual unity with God, whereby we reflect divine Love (God): Christ's atonement reconciles man to God, not God to man .
==See also==
* [[Biblical law in Christianity]]
* [[Christian ethics]]
* [[Heaven (Christianity)]]
* [[Law of Christ]]
* [[Moral theology]]
* [[Reconciliation (theology)|Reconciliation]]
* [[Sacraments (Catholic Church)]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Mc Guinness, I. ''Sin (Theology of)'', in: ''New Catholic Encyclopaedia'', vol. XIII, (reprinted 1981), The Catholic University of America, Washington D.C., pp. 241–245.
* [[Karl Rahner|Rahner, Karl]], Schoonberg, Piet. "Sin", in: ''Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise ''Sacramentum Mundi'' ''. (1986) Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK: Burns & Oates, {{ISBN|0-86012-228-X}}, pp. 1579–1590.
* Farrell, Walter, ''A companion to the Summa'' vol. 2 – ''The Pursuit of Happiness'' (1985 /reprinted 2nd ed./) Westminster, Maryland – London: Christian Classics, Sheed & Ward, {{ISBN|0-7220-2520-3}} (UK) 0-87061-119-4 (USA), p. 467.
* [[Josef Pieper|Pieper, Josef]], ''The Concept of Sin'' (2001), translated by Edward T. Oakes SJ, South Bend, Indiana: St. Augustines Press, {{ISBN|1-890318-08-6}}, pp. 128.
* [[Servais-Théodore Pinckaers|Pinckaers, Servais]], ''The Sources of Christian Ethics'', (translated from French by M. T. Noble [[Dominican Order|O.P.]]), Washington, D.C., The Catholic University of America Press, 1995. Reprinted: Edinburgh: T&T Clark, {{ISBN|0-567-29287-8}} p. 489
* Sabourin, Leopold [[Society of Jesus|SJ]], ''Sin'', in: ''The Oxford Companion to the Bible'' (1993). Bruce M. Metzger, Michael D. Coogan (ed.) New York – Oxford: Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-504645-5}}, pp. 696.
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|Hamartiology}}
* [[Augustine of Hippo]], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113135211/http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG0022.htm Confessions]''
* Augustine of Hippo, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20191119191819/http://www.intratext.com/x/eng0137.htm On Christian Doctrine]''
*[[Thomas Aquinas]], ''[[Summa Theologica]]'' I–II q71: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203141/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0023/__P6F.HTM Of Vice and Sin Considered in Themselves]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=5LLjYcD4Ni8C&printsec=frontcover Hamartiology (Philosophical Theology of Sin)]
{{Hamartiology}}
{{Christian theology}}
{{Theology}}
{{Seven Deadly Sins}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Christian Views Of Sin}}
[[Category:Christian hamartiology]]
[[Category:Sin]]
[[Category:Point of view]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '==In the Bible==
===Old Testament===
The first reference to "sin" as a noun is of "''sin'' is crouching at your door; it desires to have you, but you must rule over it”<ref name="JSB-17">c.f. "(..) Sin couches at the door; Its urge is toward you, Yet you can be its master." {{cite book|last1=Berlin|first1=Adele|last2=Brettler|first2=Marc Zvi|title=Jewish study bible|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=[S.l.]|isbn=978-0199978465|pages=17|edition=2 Rev ed. (November 2014)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ&q=burnt+offering&pg=PT2|accessdate=1 April 2016}}</ref> waiting to be mastered by [[Cain]],{{Bibleref2c|Genesis|4:7|NIV|Gen 4:7}}{{Bibleref2c|1Peter|5:8|NIV|''cf.'' 1 Pet 5:8}} a form of literary [[theriomorphism]].<ref>'' Synthesis: bulletin du Comité national de littérature comparée / Comitetul Național pentru Literatură Comparată, Institutul de Istorie și Teorie Literară "G. Călinescu." – 2002 "Sin is personified as (an animal?) which "crouches" at the door of Cain (Gen 4:7). As [[Gerhard von Rad]] (Genesis, 105) remarks, 'The comparison of sin with a beast of prey lying before the door is strange, as is the purely decorative use"</ref>
The first use of the verb is God appears to [[Abimelech]] "in the dream, “Yes, I know you did this with a clear conscience, and so I have kept you from ''sinning'' against me. That is why I did not let you touch her.”" in Genesis 20:6. Isaiah announced the consequences: "But your iniquities have separated you from your God; your sins have hidden his face from you, so that he will not hear. For your hands are stained with blood, your fingers with guilt. Your lips have spoken falsely, and your tongue mutters wicked things" — a separation between God and man, and unrequited worshipping.{{Bibleref2c|Isaiah|59:2–3|NIV|Isaiah 59:2–3}}
====Original sin====
{{main|Original sin}}
Original sin, also called [[ancestral sin]],<ref>Examples:
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=SUjKOoQsCyUC&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119&dq=%22baptism+removes+the+ancestral+sin%22&hl=en Alexander Golitzin, ''On the Mystical Life''] by Saint Symeon (St Vladimir's Seminary Press 1995 {{ISBN|978-0-88141-144-7}}), p. 119
* [https://archive.org/details/conservatismsout00tate_0/page/190 <!-- quote="far-descended ancestral sin". --> Adam L. Tate, ''Conservatism and Southern Intellectuals, 1789–1861''] (University of Missouri Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-8262-1567-3}}), p. 190
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=6ePZFD9BOB4C&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=%22cleansing+away+the+ancestral+sin%22&hl=en Marcelle Bartolo-Abel, ''God's Gift to Humanity''] (Apostolate–The Divine Heart 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-9833480-1-6}}), p. 32
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=N0e9guRLMVEC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=%22this+ancestral+sin+is+essential%22&hl=en Ann Hassan, ''Annotations to Geoffrey Hill's Speech! Speech!''] (Punctum Books 2012 {{ISBN|978-1-4681-2984-7}}, p. 62
</ref> is the [[Christianity|Christian]] doctrine of humanity's state of [[sin]] resulting from the [[fall of man]], stemming from Adam's rebellion in [[Garden of Eden|Eden]], namely the [[Forbidden fruit|sin of disobedience in consuming from the tree of knowledge of good and evil]].{{sfn|ODCC|2005|p=Original sin}} This condition has been characterized in many ways, ranging from something as insignificant as a slight deficiency, or a tendency toward sin yet without collective guilt, referred to as a "sin nature", to something as drastic as [[total depravity]] or automatic guilt of all humans through [[Guilt (emotion)#Collective guilt|collective guilt]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Brodd|first=Jeffrey|title=World Religions|publisher=Saint Mary's Press|year=2003|location=Winona, MN|isbn=978-0-88489-725-5}}</ref>
The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by [[Irenaeus]], [[Bishop of Lyon]] in his controversy with certain [[dualistic cosmology|dualist]] [[Gnosticism|Gnostics]]. Other church fathers such as [[Augustine]] also developed the doctrine,{{sfn|ODCC|2005|p=Original sin}} seeing it as based on the [[New Testament]] teaching of [[Paul the Apostle]] ({{bibleref2|Romans|5:12–21}} and {{bibleref2|1 Corinthians|15:22}}) and the Old Testament verse of {{bibleref2|Psalm|51:5}}.<ref>Peter Nathan – [http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=227 The Original View of Original Sin] – Retrieved 14 October 2013.</ref><ref>Phil Porvaznik – [http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/num54.htm Original Sin Explained and Defended] Evangelical Catholic Apologetics – Retrieved 14 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://nazarene.org/ministries/administration/visitorcenter/articles/ Preamble and Articles of Faith] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020030856/http://nazarene.org/ministries/administration/visitorcenter/articles/ |date=2013-10-20 }} – V. Sin, Original and Personal – Church of the Nazarene. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.topicalbiblestudies.com/original-sin.php Are Babies Born with Sin?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021173528/http://www.topicalbiblestudies.com/original-sin.php |date=2013-10-21 }} – Topical Bible Studies. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/apologetics/salvation/original-sin/ Original Sin] – Psalm 51:5 – Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</ref> [[Tertullian]], [[Cyprian]], [[Ambrose]] and [[Ambrosiaster]] considered that humanity shares in Adam's sin, transmitted by human generation. [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine's]] formulation of original sin was popular among [[Protestant Reformation|Protestant reformers]], such as [[Martin Luther]] and [[John Calvin]], who equated original sin with [[concupiscence]], affirming that it persisted even after [[baptism]] and completely destroyed freedom.{{sfn|ODCC|2005|p=Original sin}} The [[Jansenism|Jansenist]] movement, which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical, also maintained that original sin destroyed [[Free will|freedom of will]].<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08285a.htm "Jansenius and Jansenism" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'']</ref>
Substantial branches of hamartiological understanding, including Roman Catholic,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p1s2c1p7.htm |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church - PART 1 SECTION 2 CHAPTER 1 ARTICLE 1 PARAGRAPH 7 |publisher=Scborromeo.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref> Presbyterian,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reformed.org/documents/index.html?mainframe=http://www.reformed.org/documents/westminster_conf_of_faith.html |title=Historic Church Documents at |publisher=Reformed.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref> Continental Reformed,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reformed.org/documents/index.html?mainframe=http://www.reformed.org/documents/canons_of_dordt.html |title=Historic Church Documents at |publisher=Reformed.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref> and Reformed Baptist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rblist.org/1689.pdf|title=THE BAPTIST CONFESSION OF FAITH|publisher=Rblist.org|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref> subscribe to the doctrine of [[original sin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/111cal.html |title=Calvin |publisher=History.hanover.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref> which the [[Apostle Paul]] espouses in {{bibleverse||Romans|5:12-19}} and which [[Augustine of Hippo]] popularized in the [[Western Christianity|West]] and developed into a notion of "hereditary sin". The North African bishop taught that God holds all the descendants of [[Adam and Eve]] accountable for Adam's sin of rebellion, and as such all people deserve [[Divine retribution|God's wrath]] and condemnation – apart from any actual sins they personally commit.<ref>Bavink, Herman. ''Reformed Dogmatics'' Vol. 3. (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2004) Pages 75-125 detail the historical development of Hamartiology, including Pelagius's position and the mediating positions)</ref>
In contrast, a view sometimes ascribed to [[Pelagius (British monk)|Pelagius]] states that humans enter life as moral "blank slates" (''[[tabula rasa|tabulae rasae]]'') responsible for their own moral nature.{{cn|date=December 2015}} [[The Fall of Man|The Fall]] that occurred when Adam and Eve disobeyed [[God]], according to [[Pelagianism]], affected humankind only minimally as it established a negative moral precedent. Few contemporary theologians (especially thinkers in Augustinian traditions) and no orthodox theologians, however, continue to hold this hamartiological viewpoint.{{cn|date=June 2012}}
A third branch of thinking takes an intermediate position, asserting that since the Fall the sin of Adam has naturally affected human beings such that they have inborn tendencies to rebel against God (in which rebellion by personal choice all accountable humans, except [[Jesus]] and, to Catholics, [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], will choose or have chosen to indulge). This is the hamartiological position of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Christian]] churches, often called [[ancestral sin]] as opposed to original sin, but it is sometimes viewed as [[Semipelagianism|Semipelagian]] in the West, especially by the [[Calvinism|Reformed]].
==Divisions==
Sin can be divided by reason of:
* ''gravity'': [[mortal sin|mortal]] and [[venial sin|venial]];
* ''state of the conscience'': formal and material;
* ''act or state'': actual and habitual;
* ''person offended'': sins against God, against neighbor, against self;
* ''manner'': commission, omission;
* ''manifestation'': internal, external;
* ''author'': original and non-original (personal, actual);
* ''attention'': deliberate, half-deliberate;
* ''cause'': ignorance, fragility, malice;
* ''special disorder'': [[Eternal sin|sins against the Holy Ghost]] and [[sins that cry to heaven|sins that cry to Heaven for vengeance]];<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gaume |first1=Jean |title=The Catechism of Perseverance; Or, An Historical, Dogmatical, Moral, Liturgical, Apologetical, Philosophical, and Social Exposition of Religion |date=1883 |publisher=M.H. Gill & Son |page=871 |language=English |quote=Q. What other sins ought we to fear most? A. The other sins that we ought to fear most are sins against the Holy Ghost and sins that cry to Heaven for vengeance.}}</ref>
* ''[[sin proper|proper]]'' or ''[[sin improper|improper]]'';<ref name="Whidden2005">{{cite web |last1=Whidden |first1=Woodrow W. |title=Adventist Theology: The Wesleyan Connection |url=https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/es/node/203 |publisher=Biblical Research Institute |accessdate=30 June 2019 |language=English |date=18 April 2005}}</ref>
* ''psychological fertility'': capital sins.<ref>https://paroquiasantabertila.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/09-moral-fundamental-pecado.ppt</ref>
== Roman Catholic views ==
=== Thomas Aquinas ===
[[File:Thomas Aquinas in Stained Glass crop.jpg|thumb|right|Aquinas distinguished between [[Sin of omission|sins of omission]], and sins of commission<ref name =Aquinas/><ref>{{Citation | last = | first = | title = Catholic Encyclopedia: Omission | url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11251b.htm | publisher= New Advent | accessdate = 28 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = Aquinas: Aquinas's Thoughts On Morality | url = http://library.thinkquest.org/18775/aquinas/moraq.htm | publisher = The Philosopher's Lighthouse | accessdate = 28 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120211013402/http://library.thinkquest.org/18775/aquinas/moraq.htm | archive-date = 11 February 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref>]]
The way [[Thomas Aquinas]] viewed sin and vices was radically different from later approaches, especially that of 17th-century [[moral theology]]. He presented sin and vices as contraries of [[virtue]]s. He discusses the subject in his [[Summa Theologica]] part Ia–IIae (''Prima secundae'') qq. 71–89.<ref>Pinckaers, pp. 220 and 225–6</ref>
In one of his definitions of sin Thomas quotes [[Augustine of Hippo]]'s description of sin as "a thought, words and deed against the Eternal Law."'<ref>''Contra Faustum'', 22, 27, [[Patrologia Latina|PL]] 44,418:</ref>
{{Quote|
Now there are two rules of the human will: one is proximate and homogeneous, viz. the human reason; the other is the first rule, viz. the eternal law, which is God's reason, so to speak (quasi ratio Dei). Accordingly Augustine includes two things in the definition of sin; one, pertaining to the substance of a human act, and which is the matter, so to speak, of sin, when he says, word, deed, or desire; the other, pertaining to the nature of evil, and which is the form, as it were, of sin, when he says, contrary to the eternal law. (STh I–II q.71 a.6)<ref>Cf. Thomas Aquinas [[Summa Theologica]] I–II q. 71 [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0023/__P6F.HTM Of Vice and Sin Considered in Themselves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203141/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0023/__P6F.HTM |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>}}
To recognise the possibilities of sin in man is equal to acknowledge his human nature, his control and mastery of his own actions. Sin is a motion to the goal, it is judged by the object to which it is directed. The field of sin is the same as the field of virtue. There are three major fields: relationship with God, with oneself and with the neighbour. Thomas distinguished between [[mortal sin|mortal]] and [[venial sin]]s. Mortal sin is when a person has irreparably destroyed the very principle of his/her order to the goal of life. Venial sin is when he/she has acted in a certain disordered way without destructing that principle:
{{quote|
Consequently it is a mortal sin generically, whether it be contrary to the love of God, e.g. blasphemy, perjury, and the like, or against the love of one's neighbour, e.g. murder, adultery, and such like: wherefore such sins are mortal by reason of their genus. Sometimes, however, the sinner's will is directed to a thing containing a certain inordinateness, but which is not contrary to the love of God and one's neighbour, e.g. an idle word, excessive laughter, and so forth: and such sins are venial by reason of their genus. (STh I–II q.72 a.5)}}
According to Aquinas the gravity of sin depends also on ''some disposition of the agent'' (cf. STh I–II q. 18, aa. 4, 6). Sin, venial by reason of its object, may become mortal. It happens when person fixes his/her ultimate happiness, the last end of his/her life (Lat. ''finis ultimus'') in the object of that venial sin. When venial sin is used as a way to provoke mortal sin it becomes mortal as well, e.g. when someone uses empty conversation or a chat to seduce someone to commit adultery. Also sin, mortal by reason of its object, may become venial because of the agent's disposition when his/her evil act does not have full moral capacity, i.e. is not deliberated by reason. That may happen for instance when sudden movements of unbelief arise in the mind. (Cf. STh I–II q.72 a.5).
The difference and gravity of sins may be discerned on the grounds of spirit and flesh, even mortal sins may differ in gravity. [[wikt:Carnal|Carnal]] sins like lust, adultery or fornication, gluttony and avarice, because the person who commits them is inordinately directed towards material goods that are a serious matter, are mortal sins. They may cause much shame and infamy. But spiritual sins like [[blasphemy|blaspheming]] of God or [[apostasy]] are, according to Thomas, still greater evil, as they have more of the aversion from God. They are directed against a greater object. The formal, essential element of sin is more at the centre in them. (cf. STh I–II q.72 a.2)<ref name =Aquinas>Cf. Thomas Aquinas [[Summa Theologica]] I–II q. 72 [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0023/__P6G.HTM Of the Distinction of Sins]</ref><ref>Farrell, pp. 255–272</ref>
According to another formulation of the concept of sin in the ''Summa'', at the heart of sin is "the turning away from the immutable good", i.e. God, and "inordinate turning to mutable good", i.e. creatures. (STh I–IIae q.87 a.4) This cannot be understood as if in the concrete sinful deed the sinner commits two separate and independent acts. Both ''aversio'' and ''conversio'' constitute one single guilty action. At the root of the inordinate turning to the creatures is self-love which expresses itself in disordered desire (''cupiditas'') and rebellion towards God (''superbia'').<ref>{{Cite book | author = Josef Pieper | authorlink = Josef Pieper | title = The Concept of Sin | year = 2001 | pages = 60–63}}; cf. Thomas Aquinas, ''[[Summa Theologica]]'' II–IIae q34 a2; I q94 a1; II–IIae q162 a6; I–IIae q72 a2.</ref>
Speaking about [[Sloth (deadly sin)|sloth]] (Lat. ''acedia'') Thomas points out that every deed which "by its very nature is contrary to charity is a mortal sin". An effect of such deed is the destruction of "spiritual life which is the effect of charity, whereby God dwells in us." Sin of a mortal character is always committed with the consent of reason: "Because the consummation of sin is in the consent of reason"'. (cf. STh II–IIae q.35 a.3) Venial and mortal sins can be compared to sickness and death. While venial sin impairs full healthy activity of a person, mortal sin destroys the principle of spiritual life in him/her.<ref>Farrell, p. 353</ref>
=== Catechism ===
[[Roman Catholic]] doctrine distinguishes between personal sin (also sometimes called "actual sin") and [[original sin]]. Personal sins are either mortal or venial.
[[Mortal sin]]s are sins of grave (serious) matter, where the sinner performs the act with full knowledge and deliberate consent. (cf. [[Catechism of the Catholic Church|CCC 1857]]) The act of committing a mortal sin destroys charity, i. e. the [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]] in the heart of a Christian; it is in itself a rejection of God (CCC1855). If left un-reconciled, mortal sins may lead to eternal separation from God, traditionally called [[damnation]].
[[Venial sin]]s are sins which do not meet the conditions for mortal sins. The act of committing a venial sin does not cut off the sinner from God's grace, as the sinner has not rejected God. However, venial sins do injure the relationship between the sinner and God, and as such, must be reconciled to God, either through the [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Sacrament of Reconciliation]] or receiving the Eucharist (after proper contrition fulfilled).
Both mortal and venial sins have a dual nature of punishment. They incur both guilt for the sin, yielding eternal punishment, and temporal punishment for the sin. Reconciliation is an act of God's mercy, and addresses the guilt and eternal punishment for sin. Purgatory and indulgences address the temporal punishment for sin, and exercise of God's justice.
Roman Catholic doctrine also sees sin as being twofold: Sin is, at once, any evil or immoral ''action'' which infracts God's law and the inevitable consequences, the ''state of being'' that comes about by committing the sinful action. Sin can and does alienate a person both from God and the community. Hence, the Catholic Church's insistence on reconciliation with both God and the Church itself.
The Roman Catholic view of sin has recently expanded. [[Monsignor]] [[Gianfranco Girotti]], [[Regent]] of the Catholic [[Apostolic Penitentiary]], has said that "known sins increasingly manifest themselves as behavior that damages society as a whole,"<ref name="cnnvat">{{cite news |title= Vatican lists new sinful behaviors |agency = Associated Press |year = 2008 |url = http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/03/10/vatican.updates.sins.ap/index.html| accessdate = 2008-03-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080311142051/http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/03/10/vatican.updates.sins.ap/index.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-03-11}}</ref> including, for example:
* "certain violations of the fundamental rights of human nature, through genetic manipulations [or experiments],"
* "drug [abuse], which weakens the mind and obscures intelligence,"
* "[[environmental pollution]],"
* "abortion and pedophilia," and
* the widening social and economic differences between the rich and the poor, which "''cause an unbearable social injustice''" (accumulating excessive wealth, inflicting poverty). The revision was aimed at encouraging confession or the [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Sacrament of Penance]].
Mortal sins, which are any severe and intentional actions that directly disobey God, are often confused with the [[seven deadly sins]], which are pride, envy, wrath, sloth, greed, gluttony, and lust. They are not, however, the same. The seven deadly sins are called "deadly" because they might lead another to commit other sins. Some forms of the seven deadly sins (i.e. debilitating one's health because of their love of food) can constitute as grave matter, while others may just be venal (i.e. over-eating).
Another group of four or five sins distinguished by the Church are the [[sins that cry to heaven]]: [[murder]], [[sodomy]], oppression of the weak, and defrauding the laborer.<ref>''Catechism of the Catholic Church,'' 1997: "1867 The catechetical tradition also recalls that there are "sins that cry to heaven": the blood of Abel, the sin of the Sodomites, the cry of the people oppressed in Egypt, the cry of the foreigner, the widow, and the orphan, injustice to the wage earner."</ref>
== Reformed and Lutheran views ==
Many [[Protestantism|Protestants]] of a [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] orientation teach that, due to [[original sin]], humanity has lost any and all capacity to move towards reconciliation with God (Romans 3:23;6:23; Ephesians 2:1–3); in fact, this inborn sin turns humans away from God and towards themselves and their own desires (Isaiah 53:6a). Thus, humans may be brought back into a relationship with God only by way of God's rescuing the sinner from his/her hopeless condition (Galatians 5:17–21; Ephesians 2:4–10) through Jesus' [[substitutionary atonement]] (Romans 5:6–8; Colossians 2:13–15; 1 Timothy 2:5–6). According to traditional Reformed theology and classical [[Lutheranism]], Salvation is ''[[sola fide]]'' (by faith alone); ''[[sola gratia]]'' (by grace alone); and is begun and completed by God alone through [[Christ Jesus|Jesus]] (Ephesians 2:8,9). This understanding of original sin (Romans 5:12–19), is most closely associated with Calvinist doctrine (see [[total depravity]]) and Lutheranism. Calvinism allows for the relative or nominal "goodness" of humanity through God's [[common grace]] upon both those [[predestination (Calvinism)|predestined]] to salvation and those predestined to damnation, upon the [[regeneration (theology)#Calvinism and Reformed theology|regenerate]] and the unregenerate.
This is in contrast to the Roman Catholic teaching that while sin has tarnished the original goodness of humanity prior to the Fall, it has not entirely extinguished that goodness, or at least the ''potential'' for goodness, allowing humans to reach towards God to share in the [[Redemption (religious)|Redemption]] which Jesus Christ won for them. Some Protestants and Orthodox Christians hold similar views.
There is dispute about where sin originated. Some who interpret the king of Tyre in Ezekiel 28 as a symbol for [[Satan]] believe sin originated when Satan coveted the position that rightfully belongs to God. The origin of individual sins is discussed in James 1:14–15 – "<sup>14</sup>but each one is tempted when, by his own evil desire, he is dragged away and enticed. <sup>15</sup>Then, after desire has conceived, it gives birth to sin; and sin, when it is full-grown, gives birth to death." ([[NIV]])
=== Defined types of sin ===
Within some branches of Protestantism, there are several defined types of sin (as in Roman Catholicism):
* [[Original sin]]—Most denominations of Christianity interpret the [[Garden of Eden]] account in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] in terms of the [[fall of man]]. Adam and Eve's disobedience was the first sin man ever committed, and their ''original sin'' (or the effects of the sin) is passed on to their descendants (or has become a part of their environment). See also: [[total depravity]].
* [[Concupiscence]]
* [[Venial sin]]
* [[Greed]]
* [[Lust]]
* [[Pride]]
* [[Mortal sin]]
* [[Eternal sin]]—Commonly called the Unforgivable sin (mentioned in {{bibleref|Matthew|12:31}}), this is perhaps the most controversial sin, whereby someone has become an [[apostate]], forever denying themselves a life of faith and experience of [[salvation]]; the precise nature of this sin is often disputed.
== Methodist views ==
The [[Wesleyan-Arminian theology]] of the [[Methodist Churches]] teaches that humans, though being born in total depravity, can turn to God as a result of ''[[prevenient grace]]'' and do good; this prevenient grace convicts humans of the necessity of the [[born again|new birth]] (first work of grace), through which he is justified (pardoned) and regenerated.<ref name="Whidden2005"/> When the believer is [[Christian_perfection#Wesleyan-Arminian_teaching|entirely sanctified]] (second work of grace), his/her [[original sin]] is washed away.<ref name="Whidden2005"/> After this, to willfully sin would be to [[Conditional preservation of the saints|fall from grace]].<ref name="Whidden2005"/>
Methodist theology firstly distinguishes between original sin and [[actual sin]]:<ref name="Rothwell1998">{{cite book |last1=Rothwell |first1=Mel-Thomas |last2=Rothwell |first2=Helen |title=A Catechism on the Christian Religion: The Doctrines of Christianity with Special Emphasis on Wesleyan Concepts |date=1998 |publisher=Schmul Publishing Co. |page=49 |language=English}}</ref>
{{quotation|Original sin is the sin which corrupts our nature and gives us the tendency to sin. Actual sins are the sins we commit every day before we are saved, such as lying, swearing, stealing.<ref name="Rothwell1998"/>}}
It further categorizes sin as being "sin proper" and "sin improper".<ref name="Whidden2005"/> Sins proper (or sin, properly so called) are those that are committed freely and willfully, which result in a loss of entire sanctification.<ref name="Brown">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Allan |title=Questions About Entire Sanctification |url=https://www.gbs.edu/questions-about-entire-sanctification/ |publisher=[[God's Bible School and College]] |accessdate=3 September 2020 |language=English |date=1 June 2008 |quote=The only way a person can “lose” (“reject” is a better term) his entire sanctification is through willful sin or unbelief (which is also sin).}}</ref><ref name="Whidden2005"/><ref name="Trinklein2016">{{cite web |last1=Trinklein |first1=John |title=Holiness Unto Whom? John Wesley 's Doctrine of Entire Sanctification in Light of The Two Kinds of Righteousness |url=https://scholar.csl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=phd |publisher=Concordia Seminary |accessdate=30 June 2019 |language=English |date=1 August 2016}}</ref> Sins improper (or sin, improperly so called) are those in the "category of benign neglect, fruits of infirmity (forgetfulness, lack of knowledge, etc)".<ref name="Whidden2005">{{cite web |last1=Whidden |first1=Woodrow W. |title=Adventist Theology: The Wesleyan Connection |url=https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/es/node/203 |publisher=Biblical Research Institute |accessdate=30 June 2019 |language=English |date=18 April 2005}}</ref> In traditional Methodist theology, these (improper) sins are not classified as sins, as explained by Wesley, "Such transgressions you may call sins, if you please: I do not, for the reasons above-mentioned."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wesley|first=John|title=The Works of John Wesley., Third Edition., vol. 11|publisher=London: Wesleyan Methodist Book Room|year=1872|isbn=|location=|pages=396}}</ref> John Wesley explains the matter like this: <blockquote>"Nothing is sin, strictly speaking, but a voluntary transgression of a known law of God. Therefore, every voluntary breach of the law of love is sin; and nothing else, if we speak properly. To strain the matter farther is only to make way for Calvinism. There may be ten thousand wandering thoughts, and forgetful intervals, without any breach of love, though not without transgressing the Adamic law. But Calvinists would fain confound these together. Let love fill your heart, and it is enough!"<ref>Wesley, J. (1872). The Works of John Wesley (Third Edition, Vol. 12, p. 394). London: Wesleyan Methodist Book Room.</ref></blockquote>If a person [[backsliding|backslides]] through sin proper but later returns to God, he or she must repent and be [[Christian perfection#Wesleyan-Arminian teaching|entirely sanctified]] again, according to Wesleyan-Arminian theology.<ref name="Brown2008">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Allan P. |title=Questions About Entire Sanctification |url=https://www.gbs.edu/questions-about-entire-sanctification/ |website=God's Bible School & College |accessdate=17 June 2019 |language=English |date=1 June 2008 |quote=Does an entirely sanctified person who rebels against God but later comes back to Him need to be entirely sanctified again? We do know that a person can rebel against God and later turn back in repentance and then be “re-saved.” Answer: Yes. To come back to God is the action of a backslider having his re in need of continual cleansing. The verb “cleanses us” is a present indica-relationship with God restored. After the restoration, one must walk in the light and obey Romans 12:1 and offer himself a living, holy, and acceptable sacrifice to God. This can be done only by a person in right relationship with God.}}</ref>
== Eastern Christian views ==
The ([[Chalcedonian Christianity|Chalcedonian]]) [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] as well as the ([[miaphysitism|non-Chalcedonian]]) [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]] use "sin" both to refer to humanity's fallen condition and to refer to individual sinful acts. In many ways the [[Eastern Orthodox Christian theology|Orthodox Christian]] view of sin is similar to the Jewish, although neither form of Orthodoxy makes formal distinctions among "grades" of sins.
The [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], which derive their theology and spirituality from same sources as the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox, tend not to adhere to the Roman Catholic distinction between [[mortal sin|mortal]] and [[venial sin]] taught by the [[Latin Church]]. Like the Orthodox Churches, however, the Eastern Catholic Churches do make a distinction between sins that are serious enough to bar one from [[Holy Communion]] (and must be [[Confession (religion)|confessed]] before receiving once again) and those which are not sufficiently serious to do so. In this respect, the [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Tradition]] is similar to the [[Western Christianity|Western]], but the Eastern Churches do not consider death in such a state to automatically mean damnation to "hell."{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
==Jehovah's Witnesses==
[[Jehovah's Witnesses]] believe that sin is inherited, like a disease, and has been passed on from generation to generation of humans, beginning with [[Adam and Eve]], whom Witnesses believe are real historical characters.<ref>"What Does the Bible ''Really '' Teach" pp. 61–63 'Why humans die?'</ref> They believe that it began with the Devil, and then with humans wanting to decide for themselves what was [[good and evil|good and bad]]. They believe that at that very moment they lost perfection and began to die. Jehovah's Witnesses consider human beings to ''be'' souls, and so when a human dies due to sin, they believe that his soul dies as well.<ref>"What Does the Bible ''Really '' Teach" pp. 57–65 'Where are the Dead?'</ref> They believe that [[Jesus]] is the only human ever to have lived and died sinless.{{cn|date=September 2016}}
== The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ==
Members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] believe that individuals are only responsible for the sins they personally commit. In their [[Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)|Articles of Faith]] the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches, "We believe that men will be punished for their own sins, and not for Adam’s transgression."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Articles of Faith 1|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/a-of-f/1?lang=eng|website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref> Latter-day Saints also believe that sin is the consequence of the Fall of Adam and Eve, and that all sin originates from Satan. They also believe that "little children" (meaning those under the age of 8) are not capable of sinning, because they are not yet accountable for their actions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moroni 8|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/moro/8?lang=eng|website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Doctrine and Covenants 68|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/68?lang=eng|website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref>
==Atonement==
{{Main|Atonement in Christianity}}
In Christianity, it is generally understood that the death of Jesus was a [[Human sacrifice|sacrifice]] that relieves believers of the burden of their sins. However, the actual meaning of this precept is very widely debated. The traditional teaching of some churches traces this idea of atonement to [[korban|blood sacrifices]] in the ancient Hebraic faith.
Christian theologians have presented different interpretations of atonement:
* [[Origen]] taught that the death of Christ was a ''[[Atonement (ransom view)|ransom]]'' paid to [[Satan]] in satisfaction of his claim on the souls of humanity as a result of sin. This was opposed by theologians such as St. [[Gregory Nazianzen]], who maintained that this would have made Satan a power equal to God.
* [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] taught that Christ recapitulated in himself all the stages of life of sinful man, and that his perfect obedience substituted for [[Adam and Eve|Adam]]'s disobedience.
* [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] taught that Christ came to overcome death and corruption, and to remake humanity in God's image again.<ref>See ''On the Incarnation'', by St. Athanasius</ref>
* [[Augustine of Hippo]] said that sin was not a created thing at all, but was "privatio boni", a "taking away of good".
* [[Anselm of Canterbury]] taught that Christ's death satisfied God's offended sense of justice over the sins of humanity. God rewarded Christ's obedience, which built up a storehouse of merit and a treasury of grace that believers could share by their faith in Christ. This view is known as the ''[[satisfaction theory of atonement]]'', the ''merit'' theory, or sometimes the ''commercial'' theory. Anselm's teaching is contained in his treatise ''[[Cur Deus Homo]]'' (''Why God Became Human''). Anselm's ideas were later expanded utilizing [[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian]] philosophy into a grand theological system by [[Thomas Aquinas]] in the 13th century, particularly in his ''[[Summa Theologica]]'', which although initially inciting controversy eventually became official [[Roman Catholic]] [[doctrine]].
* [[Pierre Abélard]] developed the view that Christ's [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]] was God suffering with his creatures in order to show the greatness of his love for them, and the realization of this love in turn leads to repentance. It is often known as the ''[[moral influence theory of atonement]]'' and became central to more [[religious liberalism|liberal strands]] of Christian theology.
* [[Martin Luther]] and [[John Calvin]], leaders of the [[Protestant Reformation]], owed much to Anselm's theory and taught that Christ, the only sinless person, was obedient to take upon himself the penalty for the sins that should have been visited on men and women. This view is a version of ''[[substitutionary atonement]]'' and is sometimes called the ''[[penal substitution]] view''. It is derived from the Roman Catholic ''[[satisfaction theory of atonement]]'', although it is not identical to that of Anselm. Calvin additionally advocated a doctrine of [[limited atonement]], which teaches that the atonement extends and applies only to the sins of the eternally [[predestination (Calvinism)|predestined]] [[election (Christianity)|elect]] rather than to the entire [[human race]], whereas Anselm affirmed a general redemption for all humanity and denied that Christ received punishment for sins, although he made satisfaction to God.
* [[D.L. Moody]] once said, "If you are under the power of evil, and you want to get under the power of God, cry to Him to bring you over to His service; cry to Him to take you into His army. He will hear you; He will come to you, and, if need be, He will send a legion of angels to help you to fight your way up to heaven. God will take you by the right hand and lead you through this wilderness, over death, and take you right into His kingdom. That's what the Son of Man came to do. He has never deceived us; just say here; "Christ is my deliverer.""
* [[Arminianism]] has traditionally taught what is known as the ''[[governmental theory of atonement]]''. Drawing primarily from the works of [[Jacobus Arminius]] and especially [[Hugo Grotius]], the governmental theory teaches that Christ suffered for humankind so that God could forgive humans while still maintaining divine justice. Unlike the traditional [[Calvinism|Reformed]] perspective, this view states that Christ was not punished by God the Father in the place of sinners, for true forgiveness would not be possible if humankind's offences were already punished. Christ's suffering was a real and meaningful ''[[substitutionary atonement]]'' for the punishment humans deserve, but Christ was not punished on behalf of some or all of the human race. This view has prospered in traditional [[Methodism]] and all who follow the teachings of [[John Wesley]], and has been detailed by, among others, 19th century [[Methodist]] theologian [[John Miley]] in his ''Atonement in Christ'' and 20th century [[Church of the Nazarene]] theologian [[J. Kenneth Grider]] in his ''Wesleyan-Holiness Theology''. Variations of this view have also been espoused by 18th century Puritan [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]] and 19th century revival leader [[Charles Grandison Finney]].
* [[Karl Barth]] taught that Christ's death manifested God's love and his hatred for sin.
* Barbara Reid, a dissenting Roman Catholic [[feminist theology|feminist]] and [[Dominican Order|Dominican nun]], argues that commonly conceived atonement theologies are harmful, especially to women and other oppressed minorities.<ref>Barbara E. Reid, ''Taking Up the Cross: New Testament Interpretations Through Latina and Feminist Eyes'' (Fortress, 2007), 17–19.</ref> Other [[religious liberalism|liberal]] and [[liberation theology|radical theologians]] have also challenged traditional views of atonement. (see [[collective salvation]])
* [[Mary Baker Eddy]], founder of the [[Christian Science]] movement, taught that atonement exemplifies our underlying spiritual unity with God, whereby we reflect divine Love (God): Christ's atonement reconciles man to God, not God to man .
==See also==
* [[Biblical law in Christianity]]
* [[Christian ethics]]
* [[Heaven (Christianity)]]
* [[Law of Christ]]
* [[Moral theology]]
* [[Reconciliation (theology)|Reconciliation]]
* [[Sacraments (Catholic Church)]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Mc Guinness, I. ''Sin (Theology of)'', in: ''New Catholic Encyclopaedia'', vol. XIII, (reprinted 1981), The Catholic University of America, Washington D.C., pp. 241–245.
* [[Karl Rahner|Rahner, Karl]], Schoonberg, Piet. "Sin", in: ''Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise ''Sacramentum Mundi'' ''. (1986) Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK: Burns & Oates, {{ISBN|0-86012-228-X}}, pp. 1579–1590.
* Farrell, Walter, ''A companion to the Summa'' vol. 2 – ''The Pursuit of Happiness'' (1985 /reprinted 2nd ed./) Westminster, Maryland – London: Christian Classics, Sheed & Ward, {{ISBN|0-7220-2520-3}} (UK) 0-87061-119-4 (USA), p. 467.
* [[Josef Pieper|Pieper, Josef]], ''The Concept of Sin'' (2001), translated by Edward T. Oakes SJ, South Bend, Indiana: St. Augustines Press, {{ISBN|1-890318-08-6}}, pp. 128.
* [[Servais-Théodore Pinckaers|Pinckaers, Servais]], ''The Sources of Christian Ethics'', (translated from French by M. T. Noble [[Dominican Order|O.P.]]), Washington, D.C., The Catholic University of America Press, 1995. Reprinted: Edinburgh: T&T Clark, {{ISBN|0-567-29287-8}} p. 489
* Sabourin, Leopold [[Society of Jesus|SJ]], ''Sin'', in: ''The Oxford Companion to the Bible'' (1993). Bruce M. Metzger, Michael D. Coogan (ed.) New York – Oxford: Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-504645-5}}, pp. 696.
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|Hamartiology}}
* [[Augustine of Hippo]], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113135211/http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG0022.htm Confessions]''
* Augustine of Hippo, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20191119191819/http://www.intratext.com/x/eng0137.htm On Christian Doctrine]''
*[[Thomas Aquinas]], ''[[Summa Theologica]]'' I–II q71: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203141/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0023/__P6F.HTM Of Vice and Sin Considered in Themselves]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=5LLjYcD4Ni8C&printsec=frontcover Hamartiology (Philosophical Theology of Sin)]
{{Hamartiology}}
{{Christian theology}}
{{Theology}}
{{Seven Deadly Sins}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Christian Views Of Sin}}
[[Category:Christian hamartiology]]
[[Category:Sin]]
[[Category:Point of view]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,11 +1,2 @@
-{{redirect|Hamartiology|a general overview of the subject|Sin}}
-[[File:Guercino Return of the prodigal son.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Prodigal Son]]]]
-
-In Christian views [[sin]] is an [[evil]] human act, which violates the rational nature of man as well as [[Trinity|God's nature]] and his [[eternal law]]. According to the classical definition of [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine of Hippo]] sin is "a word, deed, or desire in opposition to the eternal law of God."<ref>''Contra Faustum Manichaeum'', 22,27; [[Patrologia Latina|PL]] 42,418; cf. [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[Summa Theologica|STh]] I–II q71 a6.</ref><ref>Mc Guinness, p. 241</ref>
-
-The doctrine of sin is central to [[Christianity]], since its [[The gospel|basic message]] is about [[redemption (theology)|redemption]] in [[Jesus in Christianity|Christ]].<ref>Rahner, p. 1588</ref> Christian '''hamartiology''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: ἁμαρτία, ''[[hamartia]]'', "a departure fr. either human or divine standards of uprightness"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Walter|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226028958.001.0001|title=A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature|last2=Danker|first2=Frederick William|date=2000|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-03933-6}}</ref> and -λογια, ''-[[logia]],'' "study"), a branch of [[Christian theology]] which is the study of [[sin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hamartiology|title=Hamartiology - Define Hamartiology at Dictionary.com|work=Dictionary.com|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref> describes sin as an act of offence against [[God in Christianity|God]] by despising his [[Trinity|persons]] and [[Biblical law in Christianity|Christian biblical law]], and by injuring others.<ref>Sabourin, p. 696</ref> Christian hamartiology is closely related to concepts of [[natural law]], [[moral theology]] and [[Christian ethics]].
-
-Among some scholars, sin is understood mostly as legal infraction or contract violation of non-binding philosophical frameworks and perspectives of [[Christian ethics]], and so [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] tends to be viewed in legal terms. Other Christian scholars understand sin to be fundamentally relational—a loss of love for the [[God in Christianity|Christian God]] and an elevation of [[self-love]] ("concupiscence", in this sense), as was later propounded by Augustine in his debate with the [[Pelagianism|Pelagians]].<ref>''On Grace and Free Will'' (see ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', trans. P.Holmes, vol. 5; 30–31 [14–15]).</ref> As with the legal definition of sin, this definition also affects the understanding of [[Grace in Christianity|Christian grace]] and salvation, which are thus viewed in relational terms.<ref>Christian grace is understood as God's love brought to the human soul by the [[God the Holy Spirit]] (Romans 5:5), and salvation is the establishment of that love relationship.</ref><ref>For a historical review of this understanding, see R.N.Frost, "Sin and Grace", in Paul L. Metzger, ''Trinitarian Soundings'', T&T Clark, 2005.</ref>
-
==In the Bible==
' |
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5 => 'The doctrine of sin is central to [[Christianity]], since its [[The gospel|basic message]] is about [[redemption (theology)|redemption]] in [[Jesus in Christianity|Christ]].<ref>Rahner, p. 1588</ref> Christian '''hamartiology''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: ἁμαρτία, ''[[hamartia]]'', "a departure fr. either human or divine standards of uprightness"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Walter|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226028958.001.0001|title=A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature|last2=Danker|first2=Frederick William|date=2000|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-03933-6}}</ref> and -λογια, ''-[[logia]],'' "study"), a branch of [[Christian theology]] which is the study of [[sin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hamartiology|title=Hamartiology - Define Hamartiology at Dictionary.com|work=Dictionary.com|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref> describes sin as an act of offence against [[God in Christianity|God]] by despising his [[Trinity|persons]] and [[Biblical law in Christianity|Christian biblical law]], and by injuring others.<ref>Sabourin, p. 696</ref> Christian hamartiology is closely related to concepts of [[natural law]], [[moral theology]] and [[Christian ethics]].',
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7 => 'Among some scholars, sin is understood mostly as legal infraction or contract violation of non-binding philosophical frameworks and perspectives of [[Christian ethics]], and so [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] tends to be viewed in legal terms. Other Christian scholars understand sin to be fundamentally relational—a loss of love for the [[God in Christianity|Christian God]] and an elevation of [[self-love]] ("concupiscence", in this sense), as was later propounded by Augustine in his debate with the [[Pelagianism|Pelagians]].<ref>''On Grace and Free Will'' (see ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', trans. P.Holmes, vol. 5; 30–31 [14–15]).</ref> As with the legal definition of sin, this definition also affects the understanding of [[Grace in Christianity|Christian grace]] and salvation, which are thus viewed in relational terms.<ref>Christian grace is understood as God's love brought to the human soul by the [[God the Holy Spirit]] (Romans 5:5), and salvation is the establishment of that love relationship.</ref><ref>For a historical review of this understanding, see R.N.Frost, "Sin and Grace", in Paul L. Metzger, ''Trinitarian Soundings'', T&T Clark, 2005.</ref>',
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21 => 'https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%205:12%E2%80%9319&version=nrsv',
22 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=5LLjYcD4Ni8C&printsec=frontcover',
23 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=6ePZFD9BOB4C&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=%22cleansing+away+the+ancestral+sin%22&hl=en',
24 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=N0e9guRLMVEC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=%22this+ancestral+sin+is+essential%22&hl=en',
25 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=SUjKOoQsCyUC&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119&dq=%22baptism+removes+the+ancestral+sin%22&hl=en',
26 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ&q=burnt+offering&pg=PT2',
27 => 'https://paroquiasantabertila.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/09-moral-fundamental-pecado.ppt',
28 => 'https://scholar.csl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=phd',
29 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080311142051/http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/03/10/vatican.updates.sins.ap/index.html',
30 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120211013402/http://library.thinkquest.org/18775/aquinas/moraq.htm',
31 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131020030856/http://nazarene.org/ministries/administration/visitorcenter/articles/',
32 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131021173528/http://www.topicalbiblestudies.com/original-sin.php',
33 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203141/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0023/__P6F.HTM',
34 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191113135211/http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG0022.htm',
35 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191119191819/http://www.intratext.com/x/eng0137.htm',
36 => 'https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+4:7&version=NIV',
37 => 'https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1Peter+5:8&version=NIV',
38 => 'https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+59:2%E2%80%933&version=NIV',
39 => 'https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+5:12%E2%80%9321&version=NRSV',
40 => 'https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+15:22&version=NRSV',
41 => 'https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm+51:5&version=NRSV',
42 => 'https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/a-of-f/1?lang=eng',
43 => 'https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/moro/8?lang=eng',
44 => 'https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/68?lang=eng',
45 => 'https://www.gbs.edu/questions-about-entire-sanctification/'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#In_the_Bible"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">In the Bible</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Old_Testament"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Old Testament</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Original_sin"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Original sin</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Divisions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Divisions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Roman_Catholic_views"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Roman Catholic views</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Thomas_Aquinas"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Thomas Aquinas</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Catechism"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Catechism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Reformed_and_Lutheran_views"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Reformed and Lutheran views</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Defined_types_of_sin"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Defined types of sin</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Methodist_views"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Methodist views</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Eastern_Christian_views"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Eastern Christian views</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Jehovah's Witnesses</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Atonement"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Atonement</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_the_Bible">In the Bible</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Old_Testament">Old Testament</span></h3>
<p>The first reference to "sin" as a noun is of "<i>sin</i> is crouching at your door; it desires to have you, but you must rule over it”<sup id="cite_ref-JSB-17_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSB-17-1">[1]</a></sup> waiting to be mastered by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a>,<sup class="nourlexpansion reference"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+4%3A7&version=NIV">[Gen 4:7]</a></sup><sup class="nourlexpansion reference"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1Peter+5%3A8&version=NIV">[<i>cf.</i> 1 Pet 5:8]</a></sup> a form of literary <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theriomorphism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theriomorphism">theriomorphism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
The first use of the verb is God appears to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abimelech" title="Abimelech">Abimelech</a> "in the dream, “Yes, I know you did this with a clear conscience, and so I have kept you from <i>sinning</i> against me. That is why I did not let you touch her.”" in Genesis 20:6. Isaiah announced the consequences: "But your iniquities have separated you from your God; your sins have hidden his face from you, so that he will not hear. For your hands are stained with blood, your fingers with guilt. Your lips have spoken falsely, and your tongue mutters wicked things" — a separation between God and man, and unrequited worshipping.<sup class="nourlexpansion reference"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+59%3A2%E2%80%933&version=NIV">[Isaiah 59:2–3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Original_sin">Original sin</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></div>
<p>Original sin, also called <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_sin" title="Ancestral sin">ancestral sin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> is the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> doctrine of humanity's state of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> resulting from the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a>, stemming from Adam's rebellion in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Eden</a>, namely the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">sin of disobedience in consuming from the tree of knowledge of good and evil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODCC2005Original_sin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODCC2005Original_sin-4">[4]</a></sup> This condition has been characterized in many ways, ranging from something as insignificant as a slight deficiency, or a tendency toward sin yet without collective guilt, referred to as a "sin nature", to something as drastic as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">total depravity</a> or automatic guilt of all humans through <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)#Collective_guilt" title="Guilt (emotion)">collective guilt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Lyon">Bishop of Lyon</a> in his controversy with certain <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualist</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a>. Other church fathers such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a> also developed the doctrine,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODCC2005Original_sin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODCC2005Original_sin-4">[4]</a></sup> seeing it as based on the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> teaching of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+5%3A12%E2%80%9321&version=NRSV">Romans 5:12–21</a></span> and <span class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+15%3A22&version=NRSV">1 Corinthians 15:22</a></span>) and the Old Testament verse of <span class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm+51%3A5&version=NRSV">Psalm 51:5</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosiaster" title="Ambrosiaster">Ambrosiaster</a> considered that humanity shares in Adam's sin, transmitted by human generation. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine's</a> formulation of original sin was popular among <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant reformers</a>, such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, who equated original sin with <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">concupiscence</a>, affirming that it persisted even after <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and completely destroyed freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODCC2005Original_sin_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODCC2005Original_sin-4">[4]</a></sup> The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenist</a> movement, which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical, also maintained that original sin destroyed <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">freedom of will</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Substantial branches of hamartiological understanding, including Roman Catholic,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> Presbyterian,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Continental Reformed,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> and Reformed Baptist<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> subscribe to the doctrine of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> which the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a> espouses in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%205:12–19&version=nrsv">Romans 5:12–19</a> and which <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> popularized in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">West</a> and developed into a notion of "hereditary sin". The North African bishop taught that God holds all the descendants of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> accountable for Adam's sin of rebellion, and as such all people deserve <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">God's wrath</a> and condemnation – apart from any actual sins they personally commit.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>In contrast, a view sometimes ascribed to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagius_(British_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagius (British monk)">Pelagius</a> states that humans enter life as moral "blank slates" (<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">tabulae rasae</a></i>) responsible for their own moral nature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fall of Man">The Fall</a> that occurred when Adam and Eve disobeyed <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, according to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a>, affected humankind only minimally as it established a negative moral precedent. Few contemporary theologians (especially thinkers in Augustinian traditions) and no orthodox theologians, however, continue to hold this hamartiological viewpoint.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>A third branch of thinking takes an intermediate position, asserting that since the Fall the sin of Adam has naturally affected human beings such that they have inborn tendencies to rebel against God (in which rebellion by personal choice all accountable humans, except <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and, to Catholics, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>, will choose or have chosen to indulge). This is the hamartiological position of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Christian</a> churches, often called <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_sin" title="Ancestral sin">ancestral sin</a> as opposed to original sin, but it is sometimes viewed as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagian</a> in the West, especially by the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Divisions">Divisions</span></h2>
<p>Sin can be divided by reason of:
</p>
<ul><li><i>gravity</i>: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">venial</a>;</li>
<li><i>state of the conscience</i>: formal and material;</li>
<li><i>act or state</i>: actual and habitual;</li>
<li><i>person offended</i>: sins against God, against neighbor, against self;</li>
<li><i>manner</i>: commission, omission;</li>
<li><i>manifestation</i>: internal, external;</li>
<li><i>author</i>: original and non-original (personal, actual);</li>
<li><i>attention</i>: deliberate, half-deliberate;</li>
<li><i>cause</i>: ignorance, fragility, malice;</li>
<li><i>special disorder</i>: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">sins against the Holy Ghost</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_heaven" class="mw-redirect" title="Sins that cry to heaven">sins that cry to Heaven for vengeance</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_proper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin proper">proper</a></i> or <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_improper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin improper">improper</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Whidden2005_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whidden2005-19">[19]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>psychological fertility</i>: capital sins.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Roman_Catholic_views">Roman Catholic views</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Thomas_Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stained_Glass_crop.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stained_Glass_crop.jpg/220px-Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stained_Glass_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="537" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stained_Glass_crop.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Aquinas distinguished between <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_of_omission" title="Sin of omission">sins of omission</a>, and sins of commission<sup id="cite_ref-Aquinas_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aquinas-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>The way <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> viewed sin and vices was radically different from later approaches, especially that of 17th-century <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral theology">moral theology</a>. He presented sin and vices as contraries of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtues</a>. He discusses the subject in his <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a> part Ia–IIae (<i>Prima secundae</i>) qq. 71–89.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>In one of his definitions of sin Thomas quotes <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>'s description of sin as "a thought, words and deed against the Eternal Law."'<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p>
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Now there are two rules of the human will: one is proximate and homogeneous, viz. the human reason; the other is the first rule, viz. the eternal law, which is God's reason, so to speak (quasi ratio Dei). Accordingly Augustine includes two things in the definition of sin; one, pertaining to the substance of a human act, and which is the matter, so to speak, of sin, when he says, word, deed, or desire; the other, pertaining to the nature of evil, and which is the form, as it were, of sin, when he says, contrary to the eternal law. (STh I–II q.71 a.6)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>To recognise the possibilities of sin in man is equal to acknowledge his human nature, his control and mastery of his own actions. Sin is a motion to the goal, it is judged by the object to which it is directed. The field of sin is the same as the field of virtue. There are three major fields: relationship with God, with oneself and with the neighbour. Thomas distinguished between <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">venial sins</a>. Mortal sin is when a person has irreparably destroyed the very principle of his/her order to the goal of life. Venial sin is when he/she has acted in a certain disordered way without destructing that principle:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r960796168"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>
Consequently it is a mortal sin generically, whether it be contrary to the love of God, e.g. blasphemy, perjury, and the like, or against the love of one's neighbour, e.g. murder, adultery, and such like: wherefore such sins are mortal by reason of their genus. Sometimes, however, the sinner's will is directed to a thing containing a certain inordinateness, but which is not contrary to the love of God and one's neighbour, e.g. an idle word, excessive laughter, and so forth: and such sins are venial by reason of their genus. (STh I–II q.72 a.5)</p></blockquote>
<p>According to Aquinas the gravity of sin depends also on <i>some disposition of the agent</i> (cf. STh I–II q. 18, aa. 4, 6). Sin, venial by reason of its object, may become mortal. It happens when person fixes his/her ultimate happiness, the last end of his/her life (Lat. <i>finis ultimus</i>) in the object of that venial sin. When venial sin is used as a way to provoke mortal sin it becomes mortal as well, e.g. when someone uses empty conversation or a chat to seduce someone to commit adultery. Also sin, mortal by reason of its object, may become venial because of the agent's disposition when his/her evil act does not have full moral capacity, i.e. is not deliberated by reason. That may happen for instance when sudden movements of unbelief arise in the mind. (Cf. STh I–II q.72 a.5).
</p><p>The difference and gravity of sins may be discerned on the grounds of spirit and flesh, even mortal sins may differ in gravity. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Carnal" class="extiw" title="wikt:Carnal">Carnal</a> sins like lust, adultery or fornication, gluttony and avarice, because the person who commits them is inordinately directed towards material goods that are a serious matter, are mortal sins. They may cause much shame and infamy. But spiritual sins like <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blaspheming</a> of God or <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> are, according to Thomas, still greater evil, as they have more of the aversion from God. They are directed against a greater object. The formal, essential element of sin is more at the centre in them. (cf. STh I–II q.72 a.2)<sup id="cite_ref-Aquinas_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aquinas-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to another formulation of the concept of sin in the <i>Summa</i>, at the heart of sin is "the turning away from the immutable good", i.e. God, and "inordinate turning to mutable good", i.e. creatures. (STh I–IIae q.87 a.4) This cannot be understood as if in the concrete sinful deed the sinner commits two separate and independent acts. Both <i>aversio</i> and <i>conversio</i> constitute one single guilty action. At the root of the inordinate turning to the creatures is self-love which expresses itself in disordered desire (<i>cupiditas</i>) and rebellion towards God (<i>superbia</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>Speaking about <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth_(deadly_sin)" title="Sloth (deadly sin)">sloth</a> (Lat. <i>acedia</i>) Thomas points out that every deed which "by its very nature is contrary to charity is a mortal sin". An effect of such deed is the destruction of "spiritual life which is the effect of charity, whereby God dwells in us." Sin of a mortal character is always committed with the consent of reason: "Because the consummation of sin is in the consent of reason"'. (cf. STh II–IIae q.35 a.3) Venial and mortal sins can be compared to sickness and death. While venial sin impairs full healthy activity of a person, mortal sin destroys the principle of spiritual life in him/her.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Catechism">Catechism</span></h3>
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> doctrine distinguishes between personal sin (also sometimes called "actual sin") and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>. Personal sins are either mortal or venial.
</p><p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sins</a> are sins of grave (serious) matter, where the sinner performs the act with full knowledge and deliberate consent. (cf. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">CCC 1857</a>) The act of committing a mortal sin destroys charity, i. e. the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace (Christianity)">grace</a> in the heart of a Christian; it is in itself a rejection of God (CCC1855). If left un-reconciled, mortal sins may lead to eternal separation from God, traditionally called <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">damnation</a>.
</p><p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sins</a> are sins which do not meet the conditions for mortal sins. The act of committing a venial sin does not cut off the sinner from God's grace, as the sinner has not rejected God. However, venial sins do injure the relationship between the sinner and God, and as such, must be reconciled to God, either through the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)">Sacrament of Reconciliation</a> or receiving the Eucharist (after proper contrition fulfilled).
</p><p>Both mortal and venial sins have a dual nature of punishment. They incur both guilt for the sin, yielding eternal punishment, and temporal punishment for the sin. Reconciliation is an act of God's mercy, and addresses the guilt and eternal punishment for sin. Purgatory and indulgences address the temporal punishment for sin, and exercise of God's justice.
</p><p>Roman Catholic doctrine also sees sin as being twofold: Sin is, at once, any evil or immoral <i>action</i> which infracts God's law and the inevitable consequences, the <i>state of being</i> that comes about by committing the sinful action. Sin can and does alienate a person both from God and the community. Hence, the Catholic Church's insistence on reconciliation with both God and the Church itself.
</p><p>The Roman Catholic view of sin has recently expanded. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Girotti" title="Gianfranco Girotti">Gianfranco Girotti</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a> of the Catholic <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a>, has said that "known sins increasingly manifest themselves as behavior that damages society as a whole,"<sup id="cite_ref-cnnvat_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnvat-30">[30]</a></sup> including, for example:
</p>
<ul><li>"certain violations of the fundamental rights of human nature, through genetic manipulations [or experiments],"</li>
<li>"drug [abuse], which weakens the mind and obscures intelligence,"</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental pollution">environmental pollution</a>,"</li>
<li>"abortion and pedophilia," and</li>
<li>the widening social and economic differences between the rich and the poor, which "<i>cause an unbearable social injustice</i>" (accumulating excessive wealth, inflicting poverty). The revision was aimed at encouraging confession or the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)">Sacrament of Penance</a>.</li></ul>
<p>Mortal sins, which are any severe and intentional actions that directly disobey God, are often confused with the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">seven deadly sins</a>, which are pride, envy, wrath, sloth, greed, gluttony, and lust. They are not, however, the same. The seven deadly sins are called "deadly" because they might lead another to commit other sins. Some forms of the seven deadly sins (i.e. debilitating one's health because of their love of food) can constitute as grave matter, while others may just be venal (i.e. over-eating).
</p><p>Another group of four or five sins distinguished by the Church are the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_heaven" class="mw-redirect" title="Sins that cry to heaven">sins that cry to heaven</a>: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>, oppression of the weak, and defrauding the laborer.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reformed_and_Lutheran_views">Reformed and Lutheran views</span></h2>
<p>Many <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> of a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> orientation teach that, due to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>, humanity has lost any and all capacity to move towards reconciliation with God (Romans 3:23;6:23; Ephesians 2:1–3); in fact, this inborn sin turns humans away from God and towards themselves and their own desires (Isaiah 53:6a). Thus, humans may be brought back into a relationship with God only by way of God's rescuing the sinner from his/her hopeless condition (Galatians 5:17–21; Ephesians 2:4–10) through Jesus' <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary atonement</a> (Romans 5:6–8; Colossians 2:13–15; 1 Timothy 2:5–6). According to traditional Reformed theology and classical <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, Salvation is <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">sola fide</a></i> (by faith alone); <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">sola gratia</a></i> (by grace alone); and is begun and completed by God alone through <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Jesus">Jesus</a> (Ephesians 2:8,9). This understanding of original sin (Romans 5:12–19), is most closely associated with Calvinist doctrine (see <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">total depravity</a>) and Lutheranism. Calvinism allows for the relative or nominal "goodness" of humanity through God's <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_grace" title="Common grace">common grace</a> upon both those <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination_(Calvinism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Predestination (Calvinism)">predestined</a> to salvation and those predestined to damnation, upon the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)#Calvinism_and_Reformed_theology" title="Regeneration (theology)">regenerate</a> and the unregenerate.
</p><p>This is in contrast to the Roman Catholic teaching that while sin has tarnished the original goodness of humanity prior to the Fall, it has not entirely extinguished that goodness, or at least the <i>potential</i> for goodness, allowing humans to reach towards God to share in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemption_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption (religious)">Redemption</a> which Jesus Christ won for them. Some Protestants and Orthodox Christians hold similar views.
</p><p>There is dispute about where sin originated. Some who interpret the king of Tyre in Ezekiel 28 as a symbol for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> believe sin originated when Satan coveted the position that rightfully belongs to God. The origin of individual sins is discussed in James 1:14–15 – "<sup>14</sup>but each one is tempted when, by his own evil desire, he is dragged away and enticed. <sup>15</sup>Then, after desire has conceived, it gives birth to sin; and sin, when it is full-grown, gives birth to death." (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a>)
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Defined_types_of_sin">Defined types of sin</span></h3>
<p>Within some branches of Protestantism, there are several defined types of sin (as in Roman Catholicism):
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a>—Most denominations of Christianity interpret the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> account in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> in terms of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a>. Adam and Eve's disobedience was the first sin man ever committed, and their <i>original sin</i> (or the effects of the sin) is passed on to their descendants (or has become a part of their environment). See also: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">total depravity</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">Concupiscence</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a>—Commonly called the Unforgivable sin (mentioned in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2012:31&version=nrsv">Matthew 12:31</a>), this is perhaps the most controversial sin, whereby someone has become an <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostate">apostate</a>, forever denying themselves a life of faith and experience of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>; the precise nature of this sin is often disputed.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Methodist_views">Methodist views</span></h2>
<p>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan-Arminian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan-Arminian theology">Wesleyan-Arminian theology</a> of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Churches">Methodist Churches</a> teaches that humans, though being born in total depravity, can turn to God as a result of <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">prevenient grace</a></i> and do good; this prevenient grace convicts humans of the necessity of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">new birth</a> (first work of grace), through which he is justified (pardoned) and regenerated.<sup id="cite_ref-Whidden2005_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whidden2005-19">[19]</a></sup> When the believer is <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_perfection#Wesleyan-Arminian_teaching" title="Christian perfection">entirely sanctified</a> (second work of grace), his/her <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> is washed away.<sup id="cite_ref-Whidden2005_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whidden2005-19">[19]</a></sup> After this, to willfully sin would be to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">fall from grace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whidden2005_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whidden2005-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>Methodist theology firstly distinguishes between original sin and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actual_sin" title="Actual sin">actual sin</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell1998_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell1998-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r960796168"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Original sin is the sin which corrupts our nature and gives us the tendency to sin. Actual sins are the sins we commit every day before we are saved, such as lying, swearing, stealing.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell1998_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell1998-32">[32]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p>
It further categorizes sin as being "sin proper" and "sin improper".<sup id="cite_ref-Whidden2005_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whidden2005-19">[19]</a></sup> Sins proper (or sin, properly so called) are those that are committed freely and willfully, which result in a loss of entire sanctification.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whidden2005_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whidden2005-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trinklein2016_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trinklein2016-34">[34]</a></sup> Sins improper (or sin, improperly so called) are those in the "category of benign neglect, fruits of infirmity (forgetfulness, lack of knowledge, etc)".<sup id="cite_ref-Whidden2005_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whidden2005-19">[19]</a></sup> In traditional Methodist theology, these (improper) sins are not classified as sins, as explained by Wesley, "Such transgressions you may call sins, if you please: I do not, for the reasons above-mentioned."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> John Wesley explains the matter like this: </p><blockquote><p>"Nothing is sin, strictly speaking, but a voluntary transgression of a known law of God. Therefore, every voluntary breach of the law of love is sin; and nothing else, if we speak properly. To strain the matter farther is only to make way for Calvinism. There may be ten thousand wandering thoughts, and forgetful intervals, without any breach of love, though not without transgressing the Adamic law. But Calvinists would fain confound these together. Let love fill your heart, and it is enough!"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p>If a person <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backsliding" title="Backsliding">backslides</a> through sin proper but later returns to God, he or she must repent and be <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_perfection#Wesleyan-Arminian_teaching" title="Christian perfection">entirely sanctified</a> again, according to Wesleyan-Arminian theology.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2008_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2008-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Eastern_Christian_views">Eastern Christian views</span></h2>
<p>The (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a>) <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> as well as the (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">non-Chalcedonian</a>) <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a> use "sin" both to refer to humanity's fallen condition and to refer to individual sinful acts. In many ways the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christian theology">Orthodox Christian</a> view of sin is similar to the Jewish, although neither form of Orthodoxy makes formal distinctions among "grades" of sins.
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, which derive their theology and spirituality from same sources as the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox, tend not to adhere to the Roman Catholic distinction between <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">venial sin</a> taught by the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>. Like the Orthodox Churches, however, the Eastern Catholic Churches do make a distinction between sins that are serious enough to bar one from <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a> (and must be <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confessed</a> before receiving once again) and those which are not sufficiently serious to do so. In this respect, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Tradition</a> is similar to the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>, but the Eastern Churches do not consider death in such a state to automatically mean damnation to "hell."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="Jehovah.27s_Witnesses"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Jehovah's_Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</span></h2>
<p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> believe that sin is inherited, like a disease, and has been passed on from generation to generation of humans, beginning with <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>, whom Witnesses believe are real historical characters.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> They believe that it began with the Devil, and then with humans wanting to decide for themselves what was <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good and bad</a>. They believe that at that very moment they lost perfection and began to die. Jehovah's Witnesses consider human beings to <i>be</i> souls, and so when a human dies due to sin, they believe that his soul dies as well.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> They believe that <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> is the only human ever to have lived and died sinless.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span></h2>
<p>Members of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> believe that individuals are only responsible for the sins they personally commit. In their <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a> the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches, "We believe that men will be punished for their own sins, and not for Adam’s transgression."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> Latter-day Saints also believe that sin is the consequence of the Fall of Adam and Eve, and that all sin originates from Satan. They also believe that "little children" (meaning those under the age of 8) are not capable of sinning, because they are not yet accountable for their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Atonement">Atonement</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement in Christianity</a></div>
<p>In Christianity, it is generally understood that the death of Jesus was a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">sacrifice</a> that relieves believers of the burden of their sins. However, the actual meaning of this precept is very widely debated. The traditional teaching of some churches traces this idea of atonement to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">blood sacrifices</a> in the ancient Hebraic faith.
</p><p>Christian theologians have presented different interpretations of atonement:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> taught that the death of Christ was a <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_(ransom_view)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement (ransom view)">ransom</a></i> paid to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> in satisfaction of his claim on the souls of humanity as a result of sin. This was opposed by theologians such as St. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Nazianzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Nazianzen">Gregory Nazianzen</a>, who maintained that this would have made Satan a power equal to God.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenaeus of Lyons">Irenaeus of Lyons</a> taught that Christ recapitulated in himself all the stages of life of sinful man, and that his perfect obedience substituted for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam</a>'s disobedience.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a> taught that Christ came to overcome death and corruption, and to remake humanity in God's image again.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> said that sin was not a created thing at all, but was "privatio boni", a "taking away of good".</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> taught that Christ's death satisfied God's offended sense of justice over the sins of humanity. God rewarded Christ's obedience, which built up a storehouse of merit and a treasury of grace that believers could share by their faith in Christ. This view is known as the <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">satisfaction theory of atonement</a></i>, the <i>merit</i> theory, or sometimes the <i>commercial</i> theory. Anselm's teaching is contained in his treatise <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo" title="Cur Deus Homo">Cur Deus Homo</a></i> (<i>Why God Became Human</i>). Anselm's ideas were later expanded utilizing <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> philosophy into a grand theological system by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> in the 13th century, particularly in his <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>, which although initially inciting controversy eventually became official <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Abélard">Pierre Abélard</a> developed the view that Christ's <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">Passion</a> was God suffering with his creatures in order to show the greatness of his love for them, and the realization of this love in turn leads to repentance. It is often known as the <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">moral influence theory of atonement</a></i> and became central to more <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">liberal strands</a> of Christian theology.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, leaders of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, owed much to Anselm's theory and taught that Christ, the only sinless person, was obedient to take upon himself the penalty for the sins that should have been visited on men and women. This view is a version of <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary atonement</a></i> and is sometimes called the <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_substitution" title="Penal substitution">penal substitution</a> view</i>. It is derived from the Roman Catholic <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">satisfaction theory of atonement</a></i>, although it is not identical to that of Anselm. Calvin additionally advocated a doctrine of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_atonement" title="Limited atonement">limited atonement</a>, which teaches that the atonement extends and applies only to the sins of the eternally <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination_(Calvinism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Predestination (Calvinism)">predestined</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Election (Christianity)">elect</a> rather than to the entire <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Human race">human race</a>, whereas Anselm affirmed a general redemption for all humanity and denied that Christ received punishment for sins, although he made satisfaction to God.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.L._Moody" class="mw-redirect" title="D.L. Moody">D.L. Moody</a> once said, "If you are under the power of evil, and you want to get under the power of God, cry to Him to bring you over to His service; cry to Him to take you into His army. He will hear you; He will come to you, and, if need be, He will send a legion of angels to help you to fight your way up to heaven. God will take you by the right hand and lead you through this wilderness, over death, and take you right into His kingdom. That's what the Son of Man came to do. He has never deceived us; just say here; "Christ is my deliverer.""</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a> has traditionally taught what is known as the <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmental_theory_of_atonement" title="Governmental theory of atonement">governmental theory of atonement</a></i>. Drawing primarily from the works of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a> and especially <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>, the governmental theory teaches that Christ suffered for humankind so that God could forgive humans while still maintaining divine justice. Unlike the traditional <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a> perspective, this view states that Christ was not punished by God the Father in the place of sinners, for true forgiveness would not be possible if humankind's offences were already punished. Christ's suffering was a real and meaningful <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary atonement</a></i> for the punishment humans deserve, but Christ was not punished on behalf of some or all of the human race. This view has prospered in traditional <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> and all who follow the teachings of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, and has been detailed by, among others, 19th century <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> theologian <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Miley" title="John Miley">John Miley</a> in his <i>Atonement in Christ</i> and 20th century <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a> theologian <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Kenneth_Grider" title="J. Kenneth Grider">J. Kenneth Grider</a> in his <i>Wesleyan-Holiness Theology</i>. Variations of this view have also been espoused by 18th century Puritan <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a> and 19th century revival leader <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> taught that Christ's death manifested God's love and his hatred for sin.</li>
<li>Barbara Reid, a dissenting Roman Catholic <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">feminist</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican nun</a>, argues that commonly conceived atonement theologies are harmful, especially to women and other oppressed minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> Other <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">liberal</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">radical theologians</a> have also challenged traditional views of atonement. (see <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_salvation" title="Collective salvation">collective salvation</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a>, founder of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a> movement, taught that atonement exemplifies our underlying spiritual unity with God, whereby we reflect divine Love (God): Christ's atonement reconciles man to God, not God to man .</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">Biblical law in Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaven (Christianity)">Heaven (Christianity)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Christ" title="Law of Christ">Law of Christ</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral theology">Moral theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">Reconciliation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments (Catholic Church)">Sacraments (Catholic Church)</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-JSB-17-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JSB-17_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">c.f. "(..) Sin couches at the door; Its urge is toward you, Yet you can be its master." <cite id="CITEREFBerlinBrettler2014" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ&q=burnt+offering&pg=PT2"><i>Jewish study bible</i></a> (2 Rev ed. (November 2014) ed.). [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. p. 17. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199978465" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199978465"><bdi>978-0199978465</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+study+bible&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pages=17&rft.edition=2+Rev+ed.+%28November+2014%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199978465&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Adele&rft.au=Brettler%2C+Marc+Zvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyErYBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dburnt%2Boffering%26pg%3DPT2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r982806391">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i> Synthesis: bulletin du Comité national de littérature comparée / Comitetul Național pentru Literatură Comparată, Institutul de Istorie și Teorie Literară "G. Călinescu." – 2002 "Sin is personified as (an animal?) which "crouches" at the door of Cain (Gen 4:7). As <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_von_Rad" title="Gerhard von Rad">Gerhard von Rad</a> (Genesis, 105) remarks, 'The comparison of sin with a beast of prey lying before the door is strange, as is the purely decorative use"</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples:
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SUjKOoQsCyUC&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119&dq=%22baptism+removes+the+ancestral+sin%22&hl=en">Alexander Golitzin, <i>On the Mystical Life</i></a> by Saint Symeon (St Vladimir's Seminary Press 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-144-7">978-0-88141-144-7</a>), p. 119</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conservatismsout00tate_0/page/190">Adam L. Tate, <i>Conservatism and Southern Intellectuals, 1789–1861</i></a> (University of Missouri Press 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1567-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1567-3">978-0-8262-1567-3</a>), p. 190</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ePZFD9BOB4C&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=%22cleansing+away+the+ancestral+sin%22&hl=en">Marcelle Bartolo-Abel, <i>God's Gift to Humanity</i></a> (Apostolate–The Divine Heart 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9833480-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9833480-1-6">978-0-9833480-1-6</a>), p. 32</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0e9guRLMVEC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=%22this+ancestral+sin+is+essential%22&hl=en">Ann Hassan, <i>Annotations to Geoffrey Hill's Speech! Speech!</i></a> (Punctum Books 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4681-2984-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4681-2984-7">978-1-4681-2984-7</a>, p. 62</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODCC2005Original_sin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODCC2005Original_sin_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODCC2005Original_sin_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODCC2005Original_sin_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODCC2005">ODCC 2005</a>, p. Original sin.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFODCC2005 (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrodd2003" class="citation book cs1">Brodd, Jeffrey (2003). <i>World Religions</i>. Winona, MN: Saint Mary's Press. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5"><bdi>978-0-88489-725-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions&rft.place=Winona%2C+MN&rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-88489-725-5&rft.aulast=Brodd&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Nathan – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=227">The Original View of Original Sin</a> – Retrieved 14 October 2013.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phil Porvaznik – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/num54.htm">Original Sin Explained and Defended</a> Evangelical Catholic Apologetics – Retrieved 14 October 2013.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nazarene.org/ministries/administration/visitorcenter/articles/">Preamble and Articles of Faith</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020030856/http://nazarene.org/ministries/administration/visitorcenter/articles/">Archived</a> 2013-10-20 at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – V. Sin, Original and Personal – Church of the Nazarene. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topicalbiblestudies.com/original-sin.php">Are Babies Born with Sin?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021173528/http://www.topicalbiblestudies.com/original-sin.php">Archived</a> 2013-10-21 at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Topical Bible Studies. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/apologetics/salvation/original-sin/">Original Sin</a> – Psalm 51:5 – Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08285a.htm">"Jansenius and Jansenism" in <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rblist.org/1689.pdf">"THE BAPTIST CONFESSION OF FAITH"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rblist.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+BAPTIST+CONFESSION+OF+FAITH&rft.pub=Rblist.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.rblist.org%2F1689.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/111cal.html">"Calvin"</a>. History.hanover.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calvin&rft.pub=History.hanover.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fhistory.hanover.edu%2Fcourses%2Fexcerpts%2F111cal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bavink, Herman. <i>Reformed Dogmatics</i> Vol. 3. (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2004) Pages 75-125 detail the historical development of Hamartiology, including Pelagius's position and the mediating positions)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGaume1883" class="citation book cs1">Gaume, Jean (1883). <i>The Catechism of Perseverance; Or, An Historical, Dogmatical, Moral, Liturgical, Apologetical, Philosophical, and Social Exposition of Religion</i>. M.H. Gill & Son. p. 871. <q>Q. What other sins ought we to fear most? A. The other sins that we ought to fear most are sins against the Holy Ghost and sins that cry to Heaven for vengeance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catechism+of+Perseverance%3B+Or%2C+An+Historical%2C+Dogmatical%2C+Moral%2C+Liturgical%2C+Apologetical%2C+Philosophical%2C+and+Social+Exposition+of+Religion&rft.pages=871&rft.pub=M.H.+Gill+%26+Son&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Gaume&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Whidden2005-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whidden2005_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whidden2005_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whidden2005_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whidden2005_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whidden2005_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whidden2005_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whidden2005_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWhidden2005" class="citation web cs1">Whidden, Woodrow W. (18 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/es/node/203">"Adventist Theology: The Wesleyan Connection"</a>. Biblical Research Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adventist+Theology%3A+The+Wesleyan+Connection&rft.pub=Biblical+Research+Institute&rft.date=2005-04-18&rft.aulast=Whidden&rft.aufirst=Woodrow+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fadventistbiblicalresearch.org%2Fes%2Fnode%2F203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://paroquiasantabertila.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/09-moral-fundamental-pecado.ppt">https://paroquiasantabertila.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/09-moral-fundamental-pecado.ppt</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Aquinas-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aquinas_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aquinas_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Thomas Aquinas <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a> I–II q. 72 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0023/__P6G.HTM">Of the Distinction of Sins</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11251b.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia: Omission</i></a>, New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Omission&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F11251b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211013402/http://library.thinkquest.org/18775/aquinas/moraq.htm"><i>Aquinas: Aquinas's Thoughts On Morality</i></a>, The Philosopher's Lighthouse, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/18775/aquinas/moraq.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aquinas%3A+Aquinas%27s+Thoughts+On+Morality&rft.pub=The+Philosopher%27s+Lighthouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2F18775%2Faquinas%2Fmoraq.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pinckaers, pp. 220 and 225–6</span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Contra Faustum</i>, 22, 27, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrologia_Latina" title="Patrologia Latina">PL</a> 44,418:</span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Thomas Aquinas <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a> I–II q. 71 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0023/__P6F.HTM">Of Vice and Sin Considered in Themselves</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203141/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0023/__P6F.HTM">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrell, pp. 255–272</span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJosef_Pieper2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Josef Pieper</a> (2001). <i>The Concept of Sin</i>. pp. 60–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Sin&rft.pages=60-63&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Josef+Pieper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/>; cf. Thomas Aquinas, <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i> II–IIae q34 a2; I q94 a1; II–IIae q162 a6; I–IIae q72 a2.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farrell, p. 353</span>
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<li id="cite_note-cnnvat-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnnvat_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080311142051/http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/03/10/vatican.updates.sins.ap/index.html">"Vatican lists new sinful behaviors"</a>. Associated Press. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/03/10/vatican.updates.sins.ap/index.html">the original</a> on 2008-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vatican+lists+new+sinful+behaviors&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FLIVING%2Fwayoflife%2F03%2F10%2Fvatican.updates.sins.ap%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church,</i> 1997: "1867 The catechetical tradition also recalls that there are "sins that cry to heaven": the blood of Abel, the sin of the Sodomites, the cry of the people oppressed in Egypt, the cry of the foreigner, the widow, and the orphan, injustice to the wage earner."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Rothwell1998-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell1998_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell1998_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRothwellRothwell1998" class="citation book cs1">Rothwell, Mel-Thomas; Rothwell, Helen (1998). <i>A Catechism on the Christian Religion: The Doctrines of Christianity with Special Emphasis on Wesleyan Concepts</i>. Schmul Publishing Co. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catechism+on+the+Christian+Religion%3A+The+Doctrines+of+Christianity+with+Special+Emphasis+on+Wesleyan+Concepts&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Schmul+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rothwell&rft.aufirst=Mel-Thomas&rft.au=Rothwell%2C+Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Brown-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2008" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Allan (1 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbs.edu/questions-about-entire-sanctification/">"Questions About Entire Sanctification"</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%27s_Bible_School_and_College" title="God's Bible School and College">God's Bible School and College</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2020</span>. <q>The only way a person can “lose” (“reject” is a better term) his entire sanctification is through willful sin or unbelief (which is also sin).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+About+Entire+Sanctification&rft.pub=God%27s+Bible+School+and+College&rft.date=2008-06-01&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.gbs.edu%2Fquestions-about-entire-sanctification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Trinklein2016-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trinklein2016_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTrinklein2016" class="citation web cs1">Trinklein, John (1 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.csl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=phd">"Holiness Unto Whom? John Wesley 's Doctrine of Entire Sanctification in Light of The Two Kinds of Righteousness"</a>. Concordia Seminary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holiness+Unto+Whom%3F+John+Wesley+%27s+Doctrine+of+Entire+Sanctification+in+Light+of+The+Two+Kinds+of+Righteousness&rft.pub=Concordia+Seminary&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft.aulast=Trinklein&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fscholar.csl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1024%26context%3Dphd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWesley1872" class="citation book cs1">Wesley, John (1872). <i>The Works of John Wesley., Third Edition., vol. 11</i>. London: Wesleyan Methodist Book Room. p. 396.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+John+Wesley.%2C+Third+Edition.%2C+vol.+11&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=London%3A+Wesleyan+Methodist+Book+Room&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wesley, J. (1872). The Works of John Wesley (Third Edition, Vol. 12, p. 394). London: Wesleyan Methodist Book Room.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Brown2008-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown2008_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2008" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Allan P. (1 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbs.edu/questions-about-entire-sanctification/">"Questions About Entire Sanctification"</a>. <i>God's Bible School & College</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Does an entirely sanctified person who rebels against God but later comes back to Him need to be entirely sanctified again? We do know that a person can rebel against God and later turn back in repentance and then be “re-saved.” Answer: Yes. To come back to God is the action of a backslider having his re in need of continual cleansing. The verb “cleanses us” is a present indica-relationship with God restored. After the restoration, one must walk in the light and obey Romans 12:1 and offer himself a living, holy, and acceptable sacrifice to God. This can be done only by a person in right relationship with God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=God%27s+Bible+School+%26+College&rft.atitle=Questions+About+Entire+Sanctification&rft.date=2008-06-01&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Allan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.gbs.edu%2Fquestions-about-entire-sanctification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"What Does the Bible <i>Really </i> Teach" pp. 61–63 'Why humans die?'</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"What Does the Bible <i>Really </i> Teach" pp. 57–65 'Where are the Dead?'</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/a-of-f/1?lang=eng">"Articles of Faith 1"</a>. <i>www.churchofjesuschrist.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Articles+of+Faith+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fpgp%2Fa-of-f%2F1%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/moro/8?lang=eng">"Moroni 8"</a>. <i>www.churchofjesuschrist.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Moroni+8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fbofm%2Fmoro%2F8%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/68?lang=eng">"Doctrine and Covenants 68"</a>. <i>www.churchofjesuschrist.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants+68&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F68%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+views+on+sin" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>On the Incarnation</i>, by St. Athanasius</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara E. Reid, <i>Taking Up the Cross: New Testament Interpretations Through Latina and Feminist Eyes</i> (Fortress, 2007), 17–19.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047268">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul><li>Mc Guinness, I. <i>Sin (Theology of)</i>, in: <i>New Catholic Encyclopaedia</i>, vol. XIII, (reprinted 1981), The Catholic University of America, Washington D.C., pp. 241–245.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner, Karl</a>, Schoonberg, Piet. "Sin", in: <i>Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise </i>Sacramentum Mundi<i> </i>. (1986) Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK: Burns & Oates, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-228-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-228-X">0-86012-228-X</a>, pp. 1579–1590.</li>
<li>Farrell, Walter, <i>A companion to the Summa</i> vol. 2 – <i>The Pursuit of Happiness</i> (1985 /reprinted 2nd ed./) Westminster, Maryland – London: Christian Classics, Sheed & Ward, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7220-2520-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7220-2520-3">0-7220-2520-3</a> (UK) 0-87061-119-4 (USA), p. 467.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper, Josef</a>, <i>The Concept of Sin</i> (2001), translated by Edward T. Oakes SJ, South Bend, Indiana: St. Augustines Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890318-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-890318-08-6">1-890318-08-6</a>, pp. 128.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servais-Th%C3%A9odore_Pinckaers" title="Servais-Théodore Pinckaers">Pinckaers, Servais</a>, <i>The Sources of Christian Ethics</i>, (translated from French by M. T. Noble <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">O.P.</a>), Washington, D.C., The Catholic University of America Press, 1995. Reprinted: Edinburgh: T&T Clark, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-29287-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-29287-8">0-567-29287-8</a> p. 489</li>
<li>Sabourin, Leopold <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" title="Society of Jesus">SJ</a>, <i>Sin</i>, in: <i>The Oxford Companion to the Bible</i> (1993). Bruce M. Metzger, Michael D. Coogan (ed.) New York – Oxford: Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504645-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504645-5">0-19-504645-5</a>, pp. 696.</li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hamartiology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td></tr>
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191113135211/http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG0022.htm">Confessions</a></i></li>
<li>Augustine of Hippo, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191119191819/http://www.intratext.com/x/eng0137.htm">On Christian Doctrine</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i> I–II q71: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203141/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0023/__P6F.HTM">Of Vice and Sin Considered in Themselves</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5LLjYcD4Ni8C&printsec=frontcover">Hamartiology (Philosophical Theology of Sin)</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">The Fall</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian views on sin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imputation_of_sin" title="Imputation of sin">Imputation of sin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Sin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_order_of_God%27s_decrees" title="Logical order of God's decrees">Logical order of God's decrees</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#ddd;"><div>
<ul><li>See also <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demonology</a></li></ul>
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<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christian_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Christian_theology_footer" title="Template:Christian theology footer"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_theology_footer" title="Template talk:Christian theology footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Christian_theology_footer&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">Systematic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_theology" title="Biblical theology">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_plenary_preservation" title="Verbal plenary preservation">Preservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canonics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocentricism" title="Theocentricism">Theocentricism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_proper" title="Theology proper">Theology proper</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">Immutability</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impassibility" title="Impassibility">Impassibility</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christocentric" title="Christocentric">Christocentric</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_angelology" title="Christian angelology">Angelic hierarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Humanity</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Satan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">Adoption</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">Calling</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional Security</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Election (Christianity)">Election</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">Reconciliation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemption_(theology)" title="Redemption (theology)">Redemption</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">Regeneration</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repentance_(Christianity)" title="Repentance (Christianity)">Repentance</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">Resurrection</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctification" title="Sanctification">Sanctification</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">Union with Christ</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam#The_New_Testament" title="Adam">Adam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Anthropology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">The Fall</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incurvatus_in_se" title="Incurvatus in se">Incurvatus in se</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregational</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciliarity" title="Conciliarity">Conciliarity</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Pre-</a> / <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Post-</a> / <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">A-millennialism</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant</a> / <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Covenant_theology" title="New Covenant theology">New Covenant theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_time" title="End time">End times</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" title="Christian views on Hell">Hell</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Soul sleep</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Tribulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Biblical law</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgics" title="Liturgics">Liturgics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Moral</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_theology" title="Pastoral theology">Pastoral</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Christian_theology_by_tradition" title="Template:Christian theology by tradition">By tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical Councils</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgences</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">Mariology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priesthood</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacerdotalism" title="Sacerdotalism">Sacerdotalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneration#Roman_Catholic,_Orthodox" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomic_will" title="Gnomic will">Gnomic will</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Phyletism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">Proskynesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabor_Light" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">Theoria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oriental Orthodoxy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphthartodocetae" title="Aphthartodocetae">Aphthartodocetism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Protestantism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism#Theology" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism#Theology" title="Protestantism">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphora_in_Christianity" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Protestant ecclesiology</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_theory" title="Branch theory">Branch theory</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_priesthood" title="Universal priesthood">Priesthood of all believers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudinarian" title="Latitudinarian">Latitudinarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low church</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan</a>–<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminian</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_salvation_controversy" title="Lordship salvation controversy">Lordship salvation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loci_Theologici" title="Loci Theologici">Loci Theologici</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Haugean</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Lutheran scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism" title="Calvinism">Reformed <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000090-QINU`"'</style><span class="nobold">(Calvinist)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_grace_theology" title="Free grace theology">Free Grace</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a> (<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soli_Deo_gloria" title="Soli Deo gloria">Soli Deo gloria</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solus_Christus" title="Solus Christus">Solus Christus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/TULIP" class="mw-redirect" title="TULIP">TULIP</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Adventism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianic_Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic Jewish theology">Messianic Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline of Christian theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="image"><img alt="P christianity.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Theology&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism" title="Spiritualism">Spiritualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_(male_deity)" title="God (male deity)">Male deity</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Catholicism" title="God in Catholicism">Catholic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_as_the_devil" title="God as the devil">the Devil</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_All" title="The All">The All</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelian_theology" title="Aristotelian theology">Aristotelian view</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_deadly_sins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Seven_Deadly_Sins" title="Template:Seven Deadly Sins"><abbr title="View this template" style="background-color:gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Seven_Deadly_Sins" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Seven Deadly Sins"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background-color:gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Seven_Deadly_Sins&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background-color:gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_deadly_sins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div id="*_Lust_*_Gluttony_*_Greed_*_Sloth_*_Wrath_*_Envy_*_Pride">
<ul><li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluttony" title="Gluttony">Gluttony</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth_(deadly_sin)" title="Sloth (deadly sin)">Sloth</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Wrath</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Persons categorizing<br />and describing the sins</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evagrius_Ponticus" title="Evagrius Ponticus">Evagrius Ponticus</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Binsfeld" title="Peter Binsfeld">Peter Binsfeld</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><div class="floatright"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boschsevendeadlysins.jpg" class="image" title="Hieronymus Bosch – The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things"><img alt="Hieronymus Bosch – The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Boschsevendeadlysins.jpg/120px-Boschsevendeadlysins.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="830" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">In art and culture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i>
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(play)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (play)">The Seven Deadly Sins</a></i> (1585 play)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_and_the_Four_Last_Things" title="The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things">The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things</a></i> (painting)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(ballet_chant%C3%A9)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (ballet chanté)"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i></a> (1933 ballet)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(1952_film)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (1952 film)"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i></a> (1952 film)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(1962_film)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (1962 film)"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i></a> (1962 film)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppet_Show:_Sex_and_Violence" title="The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence">The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence</a></i> (1975)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_(1995_film)" title="Seven (1995 film)"><i>Seven</i></a> (1995 film)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist" title="Fullmetal Alchemist">Fullmetal Alchemist</a></i> (manga series)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist_(TV_series)" title="Fullmetal Alchemist (TV series)">Fullmetal Alchemist</a></i> (2003 anime)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist:_Brotherhood" title="Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood">Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood</a></i> (2009 anime)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(manga)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i></a> (manga series)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_of_Modern_Times" title="The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times">The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times</a></i> (painting)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_(webcomic)" title="Jack (webcomic)"><i>Jack</i></a> (webcomic)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Last_Things_(video_game)" title="Four Last Things (video game)">Four Last Things</a></i> (video game)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shazam!_(film)" title="Shazam! (film)">Shazam!</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven Heavenly Virtues</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Social_Sins" title="Seven Social Sins">Seven Social Sins</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Sin</a>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian views on sin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="image"><img alt="046CupolaSPietro.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="noviewer" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1606355656 |