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Egyptian National Railways

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Egyptian National Railways (ENR; Arabic: السكك الحديدية المصرية, romanized: Al-Sikak al-Ḥadīdiyyah al-Miṣriyyah) is the national railway of Egypt and managed by the parastatal Egyptian Railway Authority (ERA; Arabic: الهيئة القومية لسكك حديد مصر, romanized: Al-Haī'ah al-Qawmiyya li-Sikak Ḥadīd Miṣr, lit. 'National Agency for Egypt's Railways').

Egyptian National Railways
Overview
HeadquartersCairo
Reporting markENR
LocaleEgypt
Dates of operation1854; 170 years ago (1854)–present
Technical
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Length5,625 kilometres (3,495 mi)[1]
Other
WebsiteEgyptian National Railways
Egypt railway network
1435 mm gauge track

History

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1833–1877

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Robert Stephenson (1803–59) was the engineer of Egypt's first railway

In 1833, Muhammad Ali Pasha considered building a railway between Suez and Cairo to improve transit between Europe and India. Muhammad Ali had proceeded to buy the rail when the project was abandoned due to pressure by the French who had an interest in building a canal instead.[citation needed]

 
 
Proposed railway from Cairo to the Sea of Suez by C.F. Cheffins, 1840s; state carriage by Wason Manufacturing built for Sa'id Pasha for state functions, included with 161 less ornate railcars sent by the company in 1860[2]

Muhammad Ali died in 1848, and in 1851 his successor Abbas I contracted Robert Stephenson to build Egypt's first standard gauge railway. The first section, between Alexandria on the Mediterranean coast and Kafr el-Zayyat on the Rosetta branch of the Nile was opened in 1854.[3] This was the first railway in the Ottoman Empire as well as Africa and the Middle East.[4] In the same year Abbas died and was succeeded by Sa'id Pasha, in whose reign the section between Kafr el-Zayyat and Cairo was completed in 1856 followed by an extension from Cairo to Suez in 1858.[3] This completed the first modern transport link between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean, as Ferdinand de Lesseps did not complete the Suez Canal until 1869.

 
Ahmad Rifaat Pasha (1825–63) drowned when his train fell off a car float into the Nile

At Kafr el-Zayyat the line between Cairo and Alexandria originally crossed the Nile with an 80 feet (24 m) car float.[5] However, on 15 May 1858 a special train conveying Sa'id's heir presumptive Ahmad Rifaat Pasha fell off the float into the river and the prince was drowned.[5] Stephenson therefore replaced the car float with a swing bridge nearly 500 metres (1,600 ft) long.[5] By the end of Sa'id's reign branches had been completed from Banha to Zagazig on the Damietta branch of the Nile in 1860, to Mit Bera in 1861 and from Tanta to Talkha further down the Damietta Nile in 1863.[3]

Sa'id's successor Isma'il Pasha strove to modernise Egypt and added momentum to railway development. In 1865 a new branch reached Desouk on the Rosetta Nile and a second route between Cairo and Talkha was opened, giving a more direct link between Cairo and Zagazig.[3] The following year a branch southwards from Tanta reached Shibin El Kom.[3] The network started to push southwards along the west side of the Nile with the opening of the line between Imbaba near Cairo and Minya in 1867.[6] A short branch to Faiyum was added in 1868.[6] A line between Zagazig and Suez via Nifisha was completed in the same year.[3] The following year the line to Talkha was extended to Damietta on the Mediterranean coast and a branch opened to Salhiya and Sama'ana.[3]

Imbaba had no rail bridge across the Nile to Cairo until 1891.[5] However, a long line between there and a junction west of Kafr el-Zayyat opened in 1872, linking Imbaba with the national network.[3] From Minya the line southwards made slower progress, reaching Mallawi in 1870 and Assiut in 1874.[6] On the west bank till Najee Hammady from which goes on east bank of the Nile till Aswan. A shorter line southwards linked Cairo with Tura in 1872 and was extended to Helwan in 1875.[3] In the Nile Delta the same year a short branch reached Kafr el-Sheikh and in 1876 a line along the Mediterranean coast linking the termini at Alexandra and Rosetta was completed.[3]

1877–1888

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By 1877, Egypt had a network of key main lines and the Nile Delta had quite a network, but with this and other development investments, Isma'il had gotten the country deeply into debt. For its first 25 years of operation Egypt's national railway had never even produced an annual report.[7] A Council of Administration with Egyptian, British and French members was appointed in 1877 to put the railway's affairs in order. They published its first annual report in 1879,[7] and in the same year, the British Government had Isma'il Pasha deposed, exiled and replaced with his son Tewfik Pasha. In 1882, the British essentially invaded and occupied Egypt.

With these developments, the Egyptian Railway Administration's rail network stagnated until 1888, but it also put its management in much better order.[7] In 1883 the ERA appointed Frederick Harvey Trevithick, nephew of Francis Trevithick, as Chief Mechanical Engineer.[8] Trevithick found a heterogeneous fleet of up to 246 steam locomotives of many different designs from very different builders in England, Scotland, France and the USA.[8] This lack of standardisation of locomotives or components complicated both locomotive maintenance and general railway operation.[8]

From 1877 to 1888, the ERA struggled to keep up with even basic maintenance[7] but by 1887 Trevithick managed to start a programme to renew 85 of the very mixed fleet of locomotives with new boilers, cylinders and motion.[8] He started to replace the others with four standard locomotive types introduced from 1889 onwards: one class of 0-6-0 for freight, one class of 2-4-0 for mixed traffic, one 0-6-0T tank locomotive for shunting and one class of only ten 2-2-2 locomotives for express passenger trains.[8] Trevithick ensured that these four classes shared as many common components as possible, which simplified maintenance and reduced costs still further.[8]

1888–1914

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4-4-0 locomotive number 694: one of a class of 15 built by the North British Locomotive Company in Scotland for Egyptian State Railways in 1905-06
 
Wagons-Lits coaches at the inauguration of a new service between Luxor and Aswan in 1926

By 1888, the ERA was in better order and could resume expanding its network. In 1890 a second line between Cairo and Tura opened.[3] On 15 May 1892 the Imbaba Bridge was built across the Nile, linking Cairo with the line south following the west bank of the river.[5] The civil engineer for the bridge was Gustave Eiffel. (It was reformed and renewed in 1924 which is still the only railway bridge across the Nile in Cairo.)[citation needed] Cairo's main Misr Station was rebuilt in 1892. The line south was extended further upriver from Assiut reaching Girga in 1892, Nag Hammadi in 1896, Qena in 1897 and Luxor and Aswan in 1898.[6] With the railroad's completion, construction began the same year on the first Aswan Dam and the Assiut Barrage, main elements of a plan initiated in 1890 by the government[9] to modernize and more fully develop Egypt's existing irrigated agriculture, export potential, and ability to repay debts to European creditors.[10]

 
Map from "Egypt & how to see it"

In the north in 1891, a link line was opened between Damanhur and Desouk.[3] The line to Shibin El Kom was extended south to Menouf in the same year and reached Ashmoun in 1896.[3] By then a line across the Nile Delta from a junction north of Talkha on the line to Damietta had reached Biyala.[3] By 1898 this reached Kafr el-Sheikh, completing a more direct route between Damietta and Alexandria.[3] An important extension along the west bank of the Suez Canal linking Nifisha with Ismaïlia, Al Qantarah West and Port Said was completed in 1904.[3] Thereafter network expansion was slower but two short link lines north of Cairo were completed in 1911 followed by a link between Zagazig and Zifta in 1914.[3]

Sinai

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The first El Ferdan Railway Bridge over the Suez Canal was completed in April 1918 for the Palestine Military Railway.[5] It was considered a hindrance to shipping so after the First World War it was removed.[5] During the Second World War a steel swing bridge was built in 1942 but this was damaged by a steamship and removed in 1947.[5] A double swing bridge was completed in 1954 but the 1956 Israeli invasion of Sinai severed rail traffic across the canal for a third time.[5] A replacement bridge was completed in 1963[11] but destroyed in the Six-Day War in 1967. A new double swing bridge was completed in 2001 and is the largest swing bridge in the world.[11] However, the construction of the New Suez Canal has since disconnected the Sinai from the rest of Egypt’s rail network again. Instead of the bridge, two rail tunnels are planned under the canal, one near Ismailia and one in Port Said.

Historically, the Palestine Railways main line linked Al Qantarah East with Palestine and Lebanon. It was built in three phases during the First and Second World Wars. Commenced in 1916, it was extended to Rafah on the border with Palestine as part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force's Sinai and Palestine Campaign against the Ottoman Empire. The route was extended through to Haifa in Mandate Palestine after World War I, to Tripoli, Lebanon in 1942 and became a vital part of the wartime supply route for Egypt.

As a result of the 1947–1949 Palestine war, the Palestine Railways main line was severed at the 1949 Armistice Line. The 1956 Israeli invasion severed Sinai's rail link with the rest of Egypt was reconnected its rail link with Israel. Israel captured a 4211 class 0-6-0 diesel shunting locomotive and five 545 class 2-6-0 steam locomotives.[12] Israel also captured rolling stock including a six-wheel coach dating from 1893 and a 30-ton steam crane built in 1950, both of which Israel Railways then appropriated into its breakdown fleet.[13] Before being forced to withdraw from Sinai in March 1957, Israel systematically destroyed infrastructure including the railway.[14] By 1963 the railway in Sinai was reconnected to the rest of Egypt but remained disconnected from Israel.

In the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel captured more Egyptian railway equipment including one EMD G8, four EMD G12 and three EMD G16 diesel locomotives[15] all of which were appropriated into Israel Railways stock. After 1967 Israel again destroyed the railway across occupied Sinai and this time used the materials in the construction of the Bar Lev Line of fortifications along the Suez Canal.

After long service on Israel Railways, the 30-ton crane, 1893 Belgian 6-wheel coach and one of the EMD G16 diesels are all preserved in the Israel Railway Museum in Haifa.[13]

Museum

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Egypt's railway museum was built in 1932 next to Misr Station (now Ramses Station) in Cairo.[6][16] The museum opened in January 1933 to mark the city's hosting of the International Railway Congress.[6][16] Its stock of over 700 items[16] includes models, historic drawings and photographs.[6] Among its most prominent exhibits are three preserved steam locomotives:

  • 2-2-4 no. 30, built by Robert Stephenson and Company in 1862[17]
  • 0-6-0 no. 986 (originally 189, then 142), built by Robert Stephenson and Company in 1861[17]
  • 4-4-2 no. 194 (originally 678) built by the North British Locomotive Company in 1905[17]

Operations

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In 2005 ENR operated 5,625 kilometres (3,495 mi) of standard gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) track. Most of the rail system is focused on the Nile delta with lines essentially fanning out from Cairo. In addition, there is a line to the west along the coast that eventually could link to Libya as it did during World War II. From Cairo goes a major line south along the west bank and after Nag Hammadi along the east bank of the Nile to Aswan (Sellel) in Upper Egypt. Neighboring Israel uses the same standard gauge but has been disconnected since 1948.[18] In the South the railway system of Sudan operates on a narrow gauge and is reached after using the ferry past the Aswan dam. Rail service is a critical part of the transportation infrastructure of Egypt but of limited service for transit. 63 kilometres (39 mi) of the network is electrified, namely commuter lines between Cairo-Helwan and Cairo-Heliopolis.[18] As of today[when?] the total length of railways in Egypt is 10,500 kilometres (6,500 mi), with another 5,500 kilometres (3,400 mi) of railway lines are currently in construction.

ENR buys locomotives and rail abroad but passenger coaches are built and refurbished in Egypt by the Société Générale Egyptienne de Matériel de Chemins de Fer (SEMAF).[19]

Cargo volume transported by ENR is about 12 million tonnes annually.[19]

Services were severely disrupted during the political protests in early 2011; operating hours of the Cairo Metro were shortened to comply with the curfew.[20]

On 16 January 2015, Egyptian National Railways signed a €100 million contract with Alstom to supply signalling equipment for the 240 km Beni Suef-Asyut line and maintain services for five years. Also, Alstom will provide smartlock electronic interlocking system to replace the existing electromechanical system, which in turn will increase the number of trains that operate on the route by more than 80%.[21][22]

Ferdan/Beir Al Abd line

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The Ferdan/Beir Al Abd line is a rail line that serves northern Egypt, in the Sinai desert. It is expected to end at the port of Arish,[23] completed only as far as Bir al-Abed, west of Arish.[24] The route was formerly part of the Palestine Railways built during World War I and World War II to connect Egypt with Turkey. The railway was cut during the formation of Israel. [25][26] The line is part of the Arish-Taba Logistic Corridor, stretching from Ismailia to Taba.[23] It includes stations in Beir El Abd, East Qantara, Gelbana, and Ramanah.

Al Arish/Al Nakhl/Al Tamd/Taba line

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The Al-Arish/Al Nakhl/Al Tamd/Taba line is a rail line that will connect the port city of Arish to the city of Taba through the Sinai Desert.[27]

High-speed rail project

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See also: High-speed rail in Egypt

On 1 September 2021, the National Authority for Tunnels signed a $4.5 billion contract with Siemens Mobility, Orascom Construction S.A.E. and Arab Contractors to build and maintain a 660 km (410 mi) high-speed electrified line connecting Ain Sokhna to Mersa Matruh and Alexandria. The line has been dubbed "Green Line" or "Suez Canal on rails",[28][29] and is to be used by both freight and passenger trains. In addition to carrying out electrification and installation of ETCS Level 2, Siemens will supply Velaro high-speed trains, Desiro regional sets, and Vectron freight locomotives. Two further lines, one connecting the Greater Cairo region to Aswan, and Luxor via Hurghada to Safaga, were included in May 2022.[30][29][31]

Passenger trains

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Talgo train

ER is the backbone of passenger transportation in Egypt with 800 million passengers annually.[19] Air-conditioned passenger trains usually have 1st and 2nd class service, while non-airconditioned trains have 2nd and 3rd class. Most of the network connects the densely populated area of the Nile delta with Cairo and Alexandria as hubs. Train fares in commuter trains and 3rd class passenger trains are kept low as a social service.

There are large volumes of tourist traffic during Eid; this causes problems due to a shortage of rolling stock.[32]

Sleeper trains

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Interior of a sleeper car

The Alexandria–Cairo–Luxor–Aswan route is served daily in both directions by air-conditioned sleeper trains of Abela Egypt.[33] This service is especially attractive to tourists who can spend the night on the train as it covers the stretch between Cairo and Luxor. A luxury express train also links Cairo with Marsa Matruh towards the Libyan border.

Rolling stock

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See also: List of rolling stock used by Egyptian National Railways

Bus and ferry services

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ENR serves a number of places by bus services including Abu Simbel (bus/ferry), Sharm el Sheik, Siwa Oasis, and Hurghada. In 1936, the company owned 64 buses, 6 steamships, 12 barges, 18 pontoon boats.[34]

Accidents

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Main article: List of rail accidents in Egypt

Railways in Egypt have been notorious for many accidents mainly due to poor maintenance. The most recent accidents include:

Problems

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The debacle of the 2002 Al Ayyat railway accident showed significant deficiencies in the status and maintenance of the equipment. In the aftermath, the ERA initiated a program to update equipment and improve safety.[19] While some services have been privatized (i.e. food service, sleeper trains), ENR is considering further steps in privatization to increase efficiency and improve service. In addition, ENR has dormant real estate holding that it plans to utilize in a more profitable way.

The 2006 Qalyoub train collision led to further criticism of the management of the ENR raising issues of underfunding and corruption.[42] The head of the ERA, Hanafy Abdel-Qawi, was dismissed one day after the accident.[43] In response to the accidents an investment programme was launched in 2007 with the aim of modernising the rail network and improving safety standards.[44]

Poor maintenance, lack of investment and negligent railway employees have led to frequent crashes on Egypt’s railway system. The 2002 Al Ayyat railway accident was the deadliest train disaster that killed over 373 people.[45]

Major stations

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Main article: Railway stations in Egypt
 
Sugar cane railway.

Most major lines originate from Ramses Station, Cairo or Misr Station, Alexandria:

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Narrow gauge

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Sugar cane railway by a police post.

There is a modest network of narrow gauge railways at Kurna, on the west Nile bank opposite Luxor. It has a gauge of 2 ft (610 mm) and is used for transporting sugar cane. A smaller network of the same gauge and for the same purpose exists on the east bank, around the southern outskirts of Luxor.

Haulage is by diesel locomotive. Rolling stock includes rakes of bogie bolster wagons, typically seen loaded high with sugar cane.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Directorate of Intelligence (14 November 2012). "The World Factbook - Egypt". Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  2. ^ Strahan, Derek (2017). Lost Springfield, Massachusetts. Arcadia Publishing. p. 70. ISBN 9781467136662.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Hughes, 1981, page 12
  4. ^ Raafat, Jordan (5 March 1998). "Desert Train Heralds Train Tourism In Egypt". Jordan Star. Archived from the original on 7 December 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hughes, 1981, page 17
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Hughes, 1981, page 15
  7. ^ a b c d Hughes, 1981, page 13
  8. ^ a b c d e f Hughes, 1981, page 32
  9. ^ Sidney Peel, The Binding of the Nile and the New Soudan[permanent dead link], Oxford, 1904
  10. ^ Ewald Bloche, Constructing Modern Egypt:Modernization and Development Discourses in the Context of British and Egyptian Water Engineering, p.6-7 (Abstract)
  11. ^ a b "El Ferdan Swing Bridge". Structurae. Nicolas Janberg Internet Content Services. 1998–2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  12. ^ Cotterell, 1984, page 137
  13. ^ Chomsky, Noam (1983). The Fateful Triangle. New York: South End Press. p. 194. ISBN 0-89608-187-7.
  14. ^ Cotterell, 1984, page 136
  15. ^ a b c "Welcome to the ENR Museum Page". Egyptian National Railways. Egyptian National Railways. 2010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.
  16. ^ a b c Proud & Smith, 1946, page 7
  17. ^ a b "CIA World Factbook". Retrieved 21 August 2006.
  18. ^ a b c d "Strategies to improve safety". Archived from the original on 10 September 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2006.
  19. ^ "Egypt's Train Running Again". Railways Africa. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  20. ^ "Alstom wins €100m Egyptian signalling contract". Railway Gazette. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  21. ^ "Alstom to deliver signalling equipment for Egyptian Railway". railway-technology. Kable. 20 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  22. ^ a b "Egypt to re-introduce railways in Sinai within Arish-Taba Logistic Corridor". EgyptToday. 2023-10-24. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
  23. ^ Omran, El-Sayed Ewis (2017). "Soil potentiality map of the project area - Bir el-Abd". Springer. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  24. ^ Hegazy, Ibrahim Rizk (June 2021). "Towards sustainable urbanization of coastal cities: The case of Al-Arish City, Egypt". Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 12 (2): 2275–2284. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  25. ^ Aziz, Sahar (30 April 2017). "De-securitizing counterterrorism in the Sinai Peninsula". Brookings. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  26. ^ "Egypt Advances Arish-Taba Logistic Corridor for "Arab Trade" Line with Jordan and Iraq". Shafaq News. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
  27. ^ "High-speed train El Ain El Sokhna - Marsa Matrouh". National Authority for Tunnels. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  28. ^ a b "Egypt signs €8 billion deal with Siemens for high-speed rail system | DW | 29.05.2022". DW.COM. 29 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  29. ^ "Siemens Mobility secures high-speed rail contract in Egypt". Railway Technology. 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  30. ^ "Siemens seals $8.5bln deal to build mega hi-speed rail in Egypt". Zawya. 29 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  31. ^ "EGYPT'S LIMIT FOR EID IS 14 EXTRA TRAINS". Railways Africa. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  32. ^ "Abela sleeper trains". Retrieved 21 August 2006.
  33. ^ World Survey of Foreign Railways. Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C. 1936. p. 153.
  34. ^ "At least 32 people killed as train derails in Egypt". Al Arabiya English. 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  35. ^ Mostafa Salem, Magdy Samaan and Lina Wardani. "Two trains collide in Egypt's Sohag governorate, killing dozens". CNN. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  36. ^ "Deadly train collision in Egypt". BBC. 25 October 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
  37. ^ "Five dead in Egypt rail accident". BBC. 5 September 2006. Retrieved 6 September 2006.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g Fatemah Farag (28 February 2002). "One Way Ticket". Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2006.
  39. ^ "Suezbalady | السويس بلدي - بعض حوادث القطارات في مصر خلال الـ 20 عامًا الأخيرة ..!". Suezbalady | السويس بلدي.
  40. ^ a b c d "Egypt's history of train disasters". BBC News. 20 February 2002. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  41. ^ "Egypt's Minister Admits Railway Problems". Retrieved 29 August 2006.
  42. ^ "National Rail Head fired over Train Tragedy". Egypt: The Daily Star. 23 August 2006. Archived from the original on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2006.
  43. ^ "Egyptian investment will raise safety standards". Railway Gazette International. August 2007. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
  44. ^ "Egypt:Fatal train crash kills 11". DW. Retrieved 18 April 2021.

Bibliography

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  • Cotterell, Paul (1984). The Railways of Palestine and Israel. Abingdon: Tourret Publishing. ISBN 0-905878-04-3.
  • Goldfinch, Gary (2003). Steel in the Sand - The History of Egypt & its Railways. ISBN 1-900467-15-1.
  • Hughes, Hugh (1981). Middle East Railways. Harrow: Continental Railway Circle. ISBN 0-9503469-7-7.
  • Proud, Peter; Smith, C, eds. (1946). The Standard Gauge Locomotives of the Egyptian State Railways and The Palestine Railways 1942-1945. London: Railway Correspondence and Travel Society.
  • Robinson, Neil (2009). World Rail Atlas and Historical Summary. Volume 7: North, East and Central Africa. Barnsley, UK: World Rail Atlas Ltd. ISBN 978-954-92184-3-5.
  • Shimmin, Andrew D (2023). Locomotives of Egypt. Chippenham, Wilts, UK: Mainline & Maritime. ISBN 9781900340885.
  • Wiener, Lionel [in French] (1932). L'Egypte et ses Chemins de Fer [Egypt and its Railways] (in French). Brussels: Weissenbruch. OCLC 901756499.
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