An ordinance is a term used by certain Christian denominations for a religious ritual that was instituted by Jesus for Christians to observe.[1]
Examples of ordinances include baptism and the Lord's Supper, both of which are practiced in denominations including the Anabaptist, Baptist, Churches of Christ, and Pentecostal denominations.[2][3] Some churches, including those of the Anabaptists, include headcovering and footwashing as ordinances.[4][5][6]
The number of ordinances depends on the Christian denomination, with Mennonite Anabaptists counting seven ordinances,[7] while some Baptists may name two or three.[8]
Distinctions
editChristian traditions, including Anabaptists (such as Mennonites and Schwarzenau Brethren), Baptists, Churches of Christ, Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Disciples of Christ, refer to "ordinances", rather than "sacraments".[9][8][10] While a sacrament is seen as a means of grace from God, an ordinance is a practice that rather demonstrates the participants' faith. Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and many historic Protestant traditions (Lutherans, Anglicans, Methodists, Moravians, Continental Reformed, Presbyterians and Congregationalists) prefer the use of the term "sacrament".[1]
Anabaptism
editFor Anabaptists, "ordinances brought one into conformity with the truth of Jesus Christ, whose life, crucifixion, death, and resurrection had so fundamentally altered all of humanity and creation that human beings were now capable of works of loving obedience that revealed the indwelling presence of God in Christ in all people."[11]
Seven ordinances have been taught in many Conservative Mennonite churches, which include "baptism, communion, footwashing, marriage, anointing with oil, the holy kiss, and the prayer covering."[7]
The Dunkard Brethren Church, a Conservative Anabaptist denomination in the Schwarzenau Brethren tradition, includes baptism, feetwashing, communion, the holy kiss, headcovering, and anointing of the sick among the ordinances of the Church. Feetwashing, communion and the holy kiss occur during the lovefeast.[12]
Baptists
editSome Baptists teach two ordinances, baptism and the Lord's Supper, as established explicitly by Jesus Christ, while other sacraments include additional ordinances instituted by the Church Fathers in the New Testament, such as "the laying on of hands" or anointing of the sick, as expressed in the Standard Confession (1660).[8][13]
Mormonism
editThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) uses the term "ordinance", however the underlying belief is sacramental.[1][2] Rituals such as baptism, confirmation, initiatory (Chrismation)[see: washing and anointing], ordination, endowment (formal vows and reception of sacred vestments)[3] and marriage are referred to as "saving ordinances"[4], as they are considered transformative and necessary for salvation and exaltation. Similar to Catholic sacraments, Mormon ordinances are only considered valid if performed by ordained clergy with apostolic succession reaching back to Jesus through Peter.[5][6][7][8]
Pentecostalism
editThe Calvary Holiness Association, a Holiness Pentecostal denomination, affirms the ordinances of baptism, the Lord's Supper, and the washing of the Saint's feet.[14]
Certain Pentecostal denominations, such as the Ukrainian Pentecostal Church and the Christian Congregation, among others, observe the ordinance of women's headcovering in obedience to 1 Corinthians 11:4–13.[15]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Krahn, Cornelius; Rempel, John D. (1989). Ordinances. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia.
The term "ordinance" emphasizes the aspect of institution by Christ and the symbolic meaning.
- ^ Engle, Paul E.; Armstrong, John H. (30 August 2009). Understanding Four Views on Baptism. Zondervan. p. 60. ISBN 9780310866985.
John Calvin and most other Protestant leaders rejected the Roman Catholic sacramental system but retained its vocabulary, applying the term "sacrament" only to ordinances instituted by God himself (cf. Westminster Confession of Faith 27; Belgic Confession 33). ... Unlike Baptists and Anabaptists, who tend to speak of baptism only as an "ordinance," Calvinists have characteristically spoken of baptism not only as an ordinance but also as a sacrament or a mystery, a rite through which God applies grace.
- ^ Howe, Claude (1991). Holman Bible Dictionary. Broadman & Holman.
Christians agree universally that baptism and the Lord's Supper were instituted by Christ and should be observed as "ordinances" or "sacraments" by His followers.
- ^ Olson, Roger (2004). The Westminster Handbook to Evangelical Theology. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 259. ISBN 0664224644.
- ^ William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 219
- ^ Chris Green, Pentecostal Ecclesiology: A Reader, BRILL, Leiden, 2016, p. 176
- ^ a b Hartzler, Rachel Nafziger (30 April 2013). No Strings Attached: Boundary Lines in Pleasant Places: A History of Warren Street / Pleasant Oaks Mennonite Church. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-62189-635-7.
- ^ a b c Cross, Anthony R.; Thompson, Philip E. (28 September 2020). Baptist Sacramentalism, Volume 3. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-7252-8608-5.
- ^ "Third Way Café: Sacraments/ordinances". Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
- ^ Durnbaugh, Donald F. (1983). The Brethren Encyclopedia. Brethren Encyclopedia, Incorporated. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-936693-04-0.
- ^ Volf, Miroslav; Volf, Dorothy C. (26 October 2001). Practicing Theology: Beliefs and Practices in Christian Life. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-8028-4931-1.
- ^ Dunkard Brethren Church Polity. Dunkard Brethren Church. 1 November 2021. p. 6.
- ^ Pinson, Jr, Wm M. (9 February 2012). "Baptists' Two Ordinances: Baptism and the Lord's Supper". Baptist Distinctives.
- ^ "Articles of Faith". Riverside Holiness Church. 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
- ^ Bendroth, Margaret Lamberts; Brereton, Virginia Lieson (2002). Women and Twentieth-century Protestantism. University of Illinois Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-252-06998-7.
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