The Naval Aircraft Factory N3N is an American tandem-seat, open cockpit, primary training biplane aircraft built by the Naval Aircraft Factory (NAF) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during the 1930s and early 1940s.
| N3N | |
|---|---|
 US Marine Corps N3N-3 over Parris Island, 1942 | |
| General information | |
| Type | Training aircraft |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Naval Aircraft Factory |
| Primary user | United States Navy |
| Number built | 997 |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1935-1942 |
| Introduction date | 1936 |
| First flight | August 1935[1] |
| Retired | 1961 |
Development and design
editBuilt to replace the Consolidated NY-2 and NY-3, the N3N was successfully tested as both a conventional airplane and a seaplane.[1] The seaplane used a single large float under the fuselage and two smaller floats under the outer tips of the lower wings. The conventional airplane used a fixed landing gear. The prototype XN3N-1 was powered by a Wright J-5 radial engine. An order for 179 production aircraft was received.[1] Near the end of the first production run the engine was replaced with the Wright R-760-2 Whirlwind radial. The aircraft is constructed using Alcoa's extruded aluminum, with bolts and rivets, rather than the more common welded steel tubing fuselages. Early production models used aluminum stringers formed for cancelled airship construction orders.[2][3][4][5]
Operational history
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The N.A.F. built 997 N3N aircraft beginning in 1935. They included 179 N3N-1s and 816 N3N-3s, plus their prototypes. Production ended in 1942, but the type remained in use through the rest of World War II. The N3N was the last biplane in US military service - the last (used by the U.S. Naval Academy for aviation familiarization) were retired in 1959. The N3N was also unique in that it was an aircraft designed and manufactured by an aviation firm wholly owned and operated by the U.S. government (the Navy, in this case) as opposed to private industry. For this purpose, the U.S. Navy bought the rights and the tooling for the Wright R-760 series engine and produced their own engines. These Navy-built engines were installed on Navy-built airframes.[3]
According to Trimble, "The N3N-3, sometimes known as the Yellow Bird for its distinctive, high-visibility paint scheme, or less kindly, Yellow Peril for the jeopardy in which student aviators often found themselves, showed itself to be rugged, reliable, and generally forgiving to student pilots."[3]
Four N3N-3s were delivered to the United States Coast Guard in 1941.
Postwar, many surviving aircraft were sold on the US civil aircraft market and bought for operation by agricultural aerial spraying firms and private pilot owners. According to Robinet, "The front cockpit had been replaced with a huge metal hopper that loaded from the top and discharged dust from the bottom through a simple venturi type spreader. The airplane was originally powered by a 235 h.p. Wright Radial engine but for their purposes, these were replaced by 450 h.p. Pratt & Whitney radial engines. The engine, wheels and instruments were obtained from the Army BT-13 which was purchased for less that $350.00 each."[6]
A number are still (as of 2014) active in the USA.
Variants
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- XN3N-1
- First prototype aircraft, Bureau of Aeronautics number 9991.
- N3N-1
- Two-seat primary trainer biplane, powered by a 220 hp (160 kW) Wright R-790 Whirlwind (J-5) radial piston engine. 179 were built.
- XN3N-2
- One prototype only (Bureau number 0265) powered by a 240 hp (180 kW) Wright R-760-96 Whirlwind (J-6-7) radial piston engine.
- XN3N-3
- One production N3N-1 (0020) converted into a 'dash three' prototype.
- N3N-3
- Two-seat primary trainer biplane, powered by a 235 hp (175 kW) Wright R-760-2 Whirlwind (J-6-7) radial piston engine. 816 built.[1]
Operators
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- United States Coast Guard
- U.S. Marines
- United States Navy
- Chilean Naval Airforce 4 N3N-1 received by Lend-Lease Program
- Cuban Naval Airforce 5 N3N-1s received by Lend-Lease Program.
Surviving aircraft
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- 0719 – On display at the Museo Nacional Aeronáutico y del Espacio in Santiago.[citation needed]
- 1918 – On display at the Warhawk Air Museum in Nampa, Idaho.[7]
- 2582 – On display at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon.[8]
- 2621 – On display at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.[9]
- 2693 – On display at the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola, Florida.[10]
- 2733 – Airworthy with the High Sierra Squadron of the Commemorative Air Force in Reno, Nevada.[11][12]
- 2781 - Airworthy with the Houston Wing of the Commemorative Air Force in Houston, Texas[13][14]
- 2782 – On display at the Mid-Atlantic Air Museum in Reading, Pennsylvania.[15]
- 2827 – On display at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.[16]
- 2831 – On display at the Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon.[17]
- 2892 – On display at the Military Aviation Museum in Virginia Beach, Virginia.[18]
- 2951 – On display at the Kalamazoo Aviation History Museum in Kalamazoo, Michigan.[19]
- 2959 – On display at the USS Lexington Museum in Corpus Christi, Texas.[20]
- 3022 – On display at the National Air and Space Museum's Udvar Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia.[21]
- 3033 – Airworthy with Ag Air Squadron Three, LLC in Grant Park, Illinois.
- 3046 – On display at the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola, Florida.[22]
- 4402 - Airworthy with Joe McBryan (Buffalo Airways) in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories.[citation needed]
- 4406 – Airworthy with Birnie Air Services in Sandown, Isle of Wight.[citation needed]
- 4480 – On display at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.[23]
- 4497 – On display at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.[24]
Specifications (N3N-3)
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Data from Holmes, 2005. p. 96.
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Length: 25 ft 6 in (7.77 m)
- Wingspan: 34 ft 0 in (10.36 m)
- Height: 10 ft 10 in (3.3 m)
- Wing area: 305 sq ft (28.3 m2)
- Empty weight: 2,090 lb (948 kg)
- Gross weight: 2,792 lb (1,266 kg)
- Powerplant: 1 × Wright R-760-2 Whirlwind radial , 235 hp (175 kW)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 126 mph (203 km/h, 109 kn)
- Range: 470 mi (756 km, 410 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 15,200 ft (4,635 m)
- Rate of climb: 900 ft/min (4.6 m/s)
Communications were done by the instructor through a speaking tube to the student in the front cockpit. Communications back were agreed-upon gestures.[25]
See also
editAircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- Avro Cadet
- Avro Tutor
- Boeing-Stearman Kaydet
- Breda Ba.25
- Focke-Wulf Fw 44
- Polikarpov U-2
- Yokosuka K5Y
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d Holmes, 2005. p. 98.
- ^ Gene Smith (February 1989). "A Dream of Wings". Air Progress.
- ^ a b c Trimble, William (1990). Wings for the Navy: a history of the Naval Aircraft Factory, 1917-1956. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. pp. 127–139, 336–337. ISBN 9780870216633.
- ^ "Military Aircraft, Trainers". Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
- ^ Bailey, Stewart (2009). "N3N-3 Yellow Peril Joins the Museum Collection" (PDF). Evergreen Museum. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
- ^ Robinet, Bill (1997). By The Skin of My Teeth: A Cropduster's Story. Veneta: Billville Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780965747301.
- ^ ""YELLOW PERIL"". Warhawk Air Museum. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ "Naval Aircraft Factory N3N-3". Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum. WAAAM. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ "Naval Aircraft Factory N3N-3". Yanks Air Museum. Yanks Air Museum. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ "N3N "YELLOW PERIL" (FLOATPLANE)". National Naval Aviation Museum. Naval Aviation Museum Foundation. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ "N3N High Sierra Squadron". Commemorative Air Force. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "FAA Registry [N4009A]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "N3N Canary". Houston Wing Commemorative Air Force. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
- ^ "N44741 Aircraft Registration". FlightAware. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
- ^ Rambow, Bill. "Naval Aircraft Factory N3N-3 "Yellow Peril"". Mid-Atlantic Air Museum. Avialantic. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ "Naval Aircraft Factory N3N-3". Yanks Air Museum. Yanks Air Museum. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ "Military Aircraft". Evergreen Museum Campus. Evergreen Museum. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ "Navy Hangar". Military Aviation Museum. Military Aviation Museum. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ "Naval Aircraft Factory Yellow Peril". Air Zoo. Air Zoo. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ "N3N YELLOW PERIL". USS Lexington. USS LEXINGTON Museum On The Bay. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ "Naval Aircraft Factory N3N". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ "N3N "YELLOW PERIL" (CONVENTIONAL GEAR)". National Naval Aviation Museum. Naval Aviation Museum Foundation. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ "Naval Aircraft Factory N3N-3". Yanks Air Museum. Yanks Air Museum. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ "YELLOW PERIL". Pima Air & Space Museum. Pimaair.org. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ "National Naval Aviation Museum - Online Exhibits". Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
Bibliography
edit- Ford, Daniel (September–October 1999). "Sought After Classic: N3N-3 Canary — Often Misidentified, Always Loved!". Air Enthusiast (83): 68–71. ISSN 0143-5450.
- Holmes, Tony (2005). Jane's Vintage Aircraft Recognition Guide. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-719292-4.
- Sapienza, Antonio Luis (May 2001). "L'aviation militare paraguayenne durant la seconde guerre mondiale" [Paraguayan Military Aviation During the Second World War]. Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (98): 30–33. ISSN 1243-8650.
External links
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- "NAVAL AIRCRAFT FACTORY N3N YELLOW PERIL", by Jack McKillop, provides a detailed description of the N3N and its development.