The Mixed Order (French: Ordre Mixte) was a tactical formation originally used by demi-brigades of the French Revolutionary Army and then later by Napoleon's Grande Armée to great effect.[1]
First proposed by the French theorist Comte de Guibert,[2] the Mixed Order could be adapted to be used by companies or battalions and involved two or more of these units using a combination of Line and Column formations.[3] Its origins were in the revolutionary wars where massed French militias lacked the training and experience to complete complicated manoeuvres and by necessity adopted a mixed order of veteran trained units and newly recruited/conscripted units. The regular troops moving in line along with the recruits moving in column, which required far less training to perfect, either on the flanks, the centre or in the rear of the veteran units.[1]
The column formation allowed for rapid movement, a very effective charge (due to weight of numbers), and could quickly be formed into an infantry square to resist cavalry attacks, but by its nature only a fraction of its muskets would be able to open fire.[4] The line offered a substantially larger musket frontage allowing for greater shooting capability but required extensive training to allow the unit to move over ground as one while retaining the line.[4]
The mixed order remained a part of French tactical doctrine as the French army grew in discipline, capitalising as it did on the strengths of both the line and column formations, while avoiding some of their inherent weaknesses. It was used extensively by Napoleon when commanding the Grande Armée.[5]
List of key battles it was used in
editSee also
editNotes and references
edit- ^ a b Books, Amber; Michael Pavkovic; Rob S. Rice; Frederick S. Schneid; Chris Scott (2008-04-15). Fighting Techniques of the Napoleonic Age: Equipment, Combat Skills, and Tactics. Macmillan. ISBN 9780312375874.
- ^ Guibert, Jacques Antoine Hippolyte (1775). Essai général de tactique. Liège, C. Plomteux, imprimeur. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
- ^ Neiberg, Michael S.; Dennis E. Showalter (2006-10-30). Soldiers' Lives Through History: The Nineteenth Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313332692.
- ^ a b Britt, Albert Sidney (2003). The Wars of Napoleon: The West Point Military History Series. Square One Publishers, Inc. ISBN 9780757001543.
- ^ Fisher, Herbert Albert Laurens (1913). Napoleon. H. Holt.
- ^ Roberts, Andrew (2015). Napoleon the Great. Great Britain: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-141-03201-6.