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Merioneth (UK Parliament constituency)

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Merioneth, sometimes called Merionethshire, was a constituency in North Wales established in 1542, which returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the English Parliament, and later to the Parliament of Great Britain and of the United Kingdom. It was abolished for the 1983 general election, when it was largely replaced by the new constituency of Meirionnydd Nant Conwy.

Merioneth
Former county constituency
for the House of Commons
1542–1983
Seatsone
Replaced byClwyd South West and Meirionnydd Nant Conwy

Overview

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Boundaries

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The constituency consisted of the historic county of Merionethshire. Merioneth was always an almost entirely rural constituency, rocky and mountainous with grazing the only useful agricultural activity that could be pursued; quarrying was its other main economic mainstay. It was also a strongly Welsh-speaking area (a parliamentary paper in 1904 listed that just 6.2% of the population could only speak English, lower than in any other county in Wales), and by the 19th century was a stronghold of non-conformist religion.

Establishment

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Like the rest of Wales, Merioneth was given the right to representation by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542, and first returned an MP to the Parliament of 1542; however, unlike all the other Welsh counties, Merioneth had no towns sufficiently important in the 16th century to merit borough status, so the county MP was its only representative. The MP was chosen by the first past the post electoral system – when there was a contest at all, which was almost unheard of before the second half of the 19th century.

Franchise and political influences before the Reform Act

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As in other county constituencies, the franchise until 1832 was defined by the Forty Shilling Freeholder Act, which gave the right to vote to every man who possessed freehold property within the county valued at £2 or more per year for the purposes of land tax; it was not necessary for the freeholder to occupy his land, nor even in later years to be resident in the county at all. Nevertheless, the electorate was small, probably only a few hundred, though the lack of contested elections make it impossible to be sure: at the 1774 election, the only one to go to a poll in the 18th century, exactly 600 votes were cast. By way of comparison, the population at the time of the 1831 census was about 34,500.

For more than a century before the Reform Act, Merioneth's representation was almost entirely monopolised by the Vaughan family of Corsygedol – they and the Wynns of Wynnstay, who supported them, were the two leading families of the county and the expense of a contested election was presumably seen as futile by any potential opposition candidates. When a magnate from outside the county, The Earl of Powis, did intervene in 1774, his candidate was roundly defeated. Since the Vaughans were not aligned with any of the great aristocratic interests of the rest of Wales, and were generally regarded as maintaining their independence, there was little partisan interest in dislodging them.

Survival as a constituency with low population

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Although the franchise was somewhat extended under the Great Reform Act, Merioneth's registered electorate at the first post-Reform election was only 580. However, it seems that this considerably under-represented those who were eligible, and more voters could be induced to register by vigorous campaigning. The Liberation Society, a body aiming to maximise the non-conformist vote to achieve disestablishment of the church, was active in Merioneth and a number of other Welsh counties in the 1850s and 1860s, and between the elections of 1859 and 1865 Merioneth's electorate rose by 50%, from 1,091 to 1,527. But there was also a dramatic rise in the electorate between 1835 and 1837 (from 698 to 1,336), which is less easy to explain. Nevertheless, even with these occasional peaks, Merioneth was a small constituency by Welsh – let alone English – standards.

By the time of the 1911 census, the population of Merioneth was 46,849, and in other circumstances it would have been too small to survive as a separate constituency, but the physical geography meant that the inconvenience which would be caused to voters and MPs alike by combining it with a neighbouring county outweighed any arguments for mathematical equality of representation. In 1929, the first election at which all adult men and women had the vote, Merioneth's electorate was under 29,000, and it had fallen even further (to 27,619) by the time of the final (1979) election before the constituency was abolished, even with the extension of the franchise to 18- to 21-year-olds in the 1960s.

Political character after the 1860s

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The gentry returned unopposed as MPs in Merioneth's deferential days had usually been Conservatives. At the 1850 general election, the sitting member, W.W.E. Wynne of Peniarth, was challenged by the Liberal, David Williams. In an election characterised by allegations of coercion against the nonconformist tenantry, Wynne held the seat by a small majority. In 1865, Wynne stood down, and was succeeded as Conservative candidate by his son, W.R.M. Wynne. Against some expectations, he held the seat with a slightly reduced majority, and this was attributed by Ieuan Gwynedd Jones to 'a sense of terror' that had struck the mainly nonconformist tenant farmers.[1] In 1868, following the extension of the franchise, Wynne withdrew rather than face another contest which he was likely to lose.[2] With the introduction of the secret ballot, Merioneth became one of the safest Liberal seats in Wales – mainly the effect of the high number of workers in the slate and limestone quarries round Ffestiniog and Corwen. With the foundation of the Labour Party, the seat became less safe, but the Liberals held it through the first half of the 20th century, losing it to Labour, when Emrys Roberts was defeated by T.W. Jones. The Liberals remained the main challengers until the 1960s. However, with the emergence of Plaid Cymru as a political force, Merioneth was natural territory for the nationalists: they overtook the Liberals for second place behind Labour in 1970, and then Dafydd Elis-Thomas captured the seat at the February 1974 election, one of the first two seats the party had won at a general election. They retained it comfortably in October 1974 and 1979.

Abolition

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The constituency was finally abolished with effect from the 1983 general election, when the alignment of constituency boundaries with the revised Welsh county boundaries necessitated a change. The Boundary Commission's original proposals would have united Merioneth with English-speaking Conwy on the North Wales coast, and would almost certainly have extinguished Plaid Cymru's chances of holding the seat, but after a public enquiry much more modest changes were adopted. The bulk of the electorate formed the core of the new Meirionnydd Nant Conwy constituency, joined by only around 5,000 voters from outside the old county, while about 3,000 voters in that part of Merionethshire which had been placed in Clwyd rather than Gwynedd moved to the new Clwyd South West constituency.

Members of Parliament

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MPs 1542–1640

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Parliament Member
1542 Edward Stanley[3]
1545 Rhys Vaughan[3]
1547 Lewis ap Owen[3]
1553 (Mar) Lewis ap Owen[3]
1553 (Oct) John Salesbury[3]
1554 (Apr) Lewis ap Owen[3]
1554 (Nov) Lewis ap Owen[3]
1555
1558 Ellis Price[3]
1559 (Jan) John Wyn ap Cadwaladr[4]
1563 (Jan) Ellis Price[4]
1571 Hugh Owen[4]
1572 John Lewis Owen[4]
1584 (Nov) Cadwaladr Price[4]
1586 Robert Lloyd[4]
1588 (Nov) Robert Salusbury[4]
1593 Griffith Nanney[4]
1597 (Sep) Thomas Myddelton[4]
1601 (Oct) Robert Lloyd[4]
1604–1611 Sir Edward Herbert
1614 Ellis Lloyd
1621–1622 William Salisbury
1624 Henry Wynn
1625 Henty Wynn
1626 Edward Vaughan
1628–1629 Richard Vaughan
1629–1640 No Parliaments convened

MPs 1640–1983

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Year Member Party
April 1640 Henry Wynn
November 1640 William Price Royalist
February 1644 Price disabled from sitting – seat vacant
1646 Roger Pope
1647 John Jones
1653 Merioneth was not represented in the Barebones Parliament
1654 John Vaughan
1656 Colonel John Jones[5]
January 1659 Lewis Owen
May 1659 Merioneth was not represented in the restored Rump [6]
April 1660 Edmund Meyricke
1661 Henry Wynn
1673 William Price
1679 Sir John Wynn
1681 Sir Robert Owen
1685 Sir John Wynn
1695 Hugh Nanney
1701 Richard Vaughan
1734 William Vaughan Independent
1768 John Pugh Pryse
1774 Evan Lloyd Vaughan Tory[7]
1792 Sir Robert Vaughan Tory[7]
1836 Richard Richards Conservative[7]
1852 William Watkin Edward Wynne Conservative
1865 W. R. M. Wynne Conservative
1868 David Williams Liberal
1870 Samuel Holland Liberal
1885 Henry Robertson Liberal
1886 T. E. Ellis Liberal
1899 Owen Morgan Edwards Liberal
1900 Sir Osmond Williams Liberal
Jan 1910 Sir Henry Haydn Jones Liberal
1945 Emrys Roberts Liberal
1951 Thomas Jones Labour
1966 Will Edwards Labour
Feb 1974 Dafydd Elis-Thomas Plaid Cymru
1983 constituency abolished: see Meirionnydd Nant Conwy

Election results

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Election results since 1900

Elections in the 1830s

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General election 1830: Merioneth [7][8]
Party Candidate Votes %
Tory Robert Vaughan Unopposed
Registered electors 600
Tory hold
General election 1831: Merioneth [7][8]
Party Candidate Votes %
Tory Robert Vaughan Unopposed
Registered electors 600
Tory hold
General election 1832: Merioneth [7][9]
Party Candidate Votes %
Tory Robert Vaughan Unopposed
Registered electors 580
Tory hold
General election 1835: Merioneth [7][9]
Party Candidate Votes %
Conservative Robert Vaughan Unopposed
Registered electors 698
Conservative hold

Vaughan resigned, causing a by-election.

By-election, 27 June 1836: Merioneth [7][9]
Party Candidate Votes %
Conservative Richard Richards 501 77.0
Whig William Wynn 150 23.0
Majority 351 54.0
Turnout 651 82.9
Registered electors 785
Conservative hold
General election 1837: Merioneth[7][9]
Party Candidate Votes %
Conservative Richard Richards Unopposed
Registered electors 1,336
Conservative hold

Elections in the 1840s

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General election 1841: Merioneth [9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Richard Richards Unopposed
Registered electors 1,306
Conservative hold
General election 1847: Merioneth [9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Richard Richards Unopposed
Registered electors 1,180
Conservative hold

Elections in the 1850s

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General election 1852: Merioneth [9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative William Watkin Edward Wynne Unopposed
Registered electors 1,006
Conservative hold
General election 1857: Merioneth [9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative William Watkin Edward Wynne Unopposed
Registered electors 1,126
Conservative hold
General election 1859: Merioneth [9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative William Watkin Edward Wynne 389 52.6 N/A
Liberal David Williams 351 47.4 New
Majority 38 5.2 N/A
Turnout 740 67.8 N/A
Registered electors 1,091
Conservative hold Swing N/A

Elections in the 1860s

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General election 1865: Merioneth [9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative W. R. M. Wynne 610 51.3 −1.3
Liberal David Williams 579 48.7 +1.3
Majority 31 2.6 −2.6
Turnout 1,189 77.9 +10.1
Registered electors 1,527
Conservative hold Swing −1.3
General election 1868: Merioneth [9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal David Williams Unopposed
Registered electors 3,185
Liberal gain from Conservative

Elections in the 1870s

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Williams' death caused a by-election.

By-election, 17 January 1870: Merioneth [9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Samuel Holland 1,610 62.6 N/A
Conservative Charles John Tottenham[10] 963 37.4 New
Majority 647 25.2 N/A
Turnout 2,573 80.7 N/A
Registered electors 3,187
Liberal hold Swing N/A
General election 1874: Merioneth [9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Samuel Holland Unopposed
Registered electors 3,335
Liberal hold

Elections in the 1880s

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General election 1880: Merioneth [9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Samuel Holland 1,860 63.4 N/A
Conservative Alexander Milne Dunlop[11] 1,074 36.6 New
Majority 786 26.8 N/A
Turnout 2,934 82.2 N/A
Registered electors 3,571
Liberal hold Swing
General election 1885: Merioneth [12][13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Henry Robertson 3,784 47.9 −15.5
Conservative W. R. M. Wynne 2,209 28.0 −8.6
Independent Liberal Morgan Lloyd 1,907 24.1 New
Majority 1,575 19.9 −6.9
Turnout 7,900 84.6 +2.4
Registered electors 9,333
Liberal hold Swing −3.5
 
T.E. Ellis
General election 1886: Merioneth [12][13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal T. E. Ellis 4,127 59.1 +11.2
Conservative John Vaughan 2,860 40.9 +12.9
Majority 1,267 18.2 −1.7
Turnout 6,987 74.9 −9.7
Registered electors 9,333
Liberal hold Swing −0.9

Elections in the 1890s

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General election 1892: Merioneth [12][13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal T. E. Ellis 5,175 72.8 +13.7
Conservative Henry Owen 1,937 27.2 −13.7
Majority 3,238 45.6 +27.4
Turnout 7,112 77.8 +2.9
Registered electors 9,137
Liberal hold Swing +13.7

Ellis was appointed a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, requiring a by-election.

By-election, 1892: Merioneth [13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal T. E. Ellis Unopposed
Liberal hold
General election 1895: Merioneth [12][14][13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal T. E. Ellis 5,173 69.9 −2.9
Conservative Charles Edward Jones Owen 2,232 30.1 +2.9
Majority 2,941 39.8 −5.8
Turnout 7,405 82.4 +4.6
Registered electors 8,983
Liberal hold Swing −2.9

Ellis' death caused a by-election.

 
1899 Merionethshire by-election[13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Owen Morgan Edwards Unopposed
Liberal hold

Elections in the 1900s

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Osmond Williams
General election 1900: Merioneth [12][14][13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Osmond Williams Unopposed
Liberal hold
General election 1906: Merioneth [12][13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Osmond Williams Unopposed
Liberal hold

Elections in the 1910s

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General election January 1910: Merioneth [15][13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Henry Haydn Jones 6,065 76.4 N/A
Conservative Robert John Morris 1,873 23.6 New
Majority 4,192 52.8 N/A
Turnout 7,938 84.8 N/A
Registered electors 9,365
Liberal hold Swing N/A
General election December 1910: Merioneth [15][13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Henry Haydn Jones Unopposed
Liberal hold

General Election 1914–15:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;

General election 1918: Merioneth [17]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Henry Haydn Jones Unopposed
Liberal hold

Elections in the 1920s

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General election 1922: Merioneth [17]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Henry Haydn Jones 9,903 58.3 N/A
Labour John Jones Roberts 7,070 41.7 New
Majority 2,833 16.6 N/A
Turnout 16,973 77.1 N/A
Liberal hold Swing N/A
General election 1923: Merioneth [18]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Henry Haydn Jones 11,005 60.5 +2.2
Labour John Jones Roberts 7,181 39.5 −2.2
Majority 3,824 21.0 +4.4
Turnout 18,186 80.2 +3.1
Liberal hold Swing +2.2
General election 1924: Merioneth[17]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Henry Haydn Jones 9,228 47.8 −12.7
Labour John Jones Roberts 6,393 33.1 −6.4
Conservative Robert Vaughan 3,677 19.1 New
Majority 2,835 14.7 −6.3
Turnout 19,298 83.9 +2.7
Liberal hold Swing
General election 1929: Merioneth [19]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Henry Haydn Jones 11,865 48.3 +0.5
Labour John Jones Roberts 7,980 32.5 −0.6
Conservative Charles Phibbs 4,731 19.3 +0.2
Majority 3,885 15.8 +1.1
Turnout 24,576 85.2 +1.3
Liberal hold Swing +0.6

Elections in the 1930s

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General election 1931: Merioneth[17]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Henry Haydn Jones 9,756 40.8 +7.5
Labour James Henry Howard 7,807 32.6 +0.1
Conservative Charles Phibbs 6,372 26.6 +7.3
Majority 1,949 8.1 −7.7
Turnout 23,935 82.6 −2.6
Liberal hold Swing
General election 1935: Merioneth[17]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Henry Haydn Jones 9,466 40.0 −0.8
Labour Thomas Jones 8,317 35.2 +2.6
Conservative Charles Phibbs 5,868 24.8 −1.8
Majority 1,149 4.9 −3.2
Turnout 23,651 81.6 −1.0
Liberal hold Swing

A General election was due to take place before the end of 1940, but was postponed due to the Second World War. By the Autumn of 1939, the following candidates had been selected to contest this constituency;

Elections in the 1940s

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General election 1945: Merioneth [20]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Emrys Roberts 8,495 35.8 −4.2
Labour Huw Morris Jones 8,383 35.4 +0.2
Conservative Craig Parry Hughes 4,374 18.5 −6.3
Plaid Cymru Gwynfor Evans 2,448 10.3 New
Majority 112 0.4 −4.5
Turnout 23,700 82.2 +0.6
Liberal hold Swing -2.2

Elections in the 1950s

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General election 1950: Merioneth[21]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Emrys Roberts 9,647 38.8 +3.0
Labour O Parry 8,577 34.5 −0.9
Conservative John Francis Williams-Wynne 4,374 18.5 0.0
Plaid Cymru Gwynfor Evans 2,754 11.0 +0.7
Majority 1,070 4.3 +3.9
Turnout 25,352 88.8 +6.6
Liberal hold Swing
General election 1951: Merioneth[22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Thomas Jones 10,505 43.0 +8.5
Liberal Emrys Roberts 9,457 38.6 −0.2
Conservative Geraint Morgan 4,505 18.4 −0.1
Majority 1,048 4.4 N/A
Turnout 24,467 87.3 −1.5
Labour gain from Liberal Swing
General election 1955: Merioneth[22][23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Thomas Jones 9,056 38.3 −4.7
Liberal Henry Evans Jones 6,374 26.9 −11.7
Plaid Cymru Gwynfor Evans 5,243 22.1 New
National Liberal John V Jenkins 3,001 12.7 −5.7
Majority 2,682 11.3 +6.9
Turnout 23,674
Labour hold Swing
General election 1959: Merioneth[22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Thomas Jones 9,095 40.7 +2.4
Liberal Ben Jones 8,119 36.3 +9.4
Plaid Cymru Gwynfor Evans 5,127 23.0 +0.9
Majority 976 4.4 −6.9
Turnout 22,341
Labour hold Swing

Elections in the 1960s

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General election 1964: Merioneth[22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Thomas Jones 8,420 38.37
Liberal Richard O Jones 7,171 32.68
Plaid Cymru Elystan Morgan 3,697 16.85
Conservative A E Campbell L Jones-Lloyd 2,656 12.10 New
Majority 1,249 5.69
Turnout 21,944 83.15
Labour hold Swing
General election 1966: Merioneth[22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour William Edwards 9,628 44.17
Liberal Edward Gwyn Jones 7,733 35.47
Plaid Cymru Ieuan Lewis Jenkins 2,490 11.42
Conservative A E Campbell L Jones-Lloyd 1,948 8.94
Majority 1,895 8.70
Turnout 21,799 85.84
Labour hold Swing

Elections in the 1970s

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General election 1970: Merioneth[22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour William Edwards 8,861 39.76
Plaid Cymru Dafydd Wigley 5,425 24.34
Liberal Emlyn Thomas 5,034 22.59
Conservative D Elgan H Edwards 2,965 13.30
Majority 3,436 15.42
Turnout 22,285 84.24
Labour hold Swing
General election February 1974: Merioneth[22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Plaid Cymru Dafydd Elis-Thomas 7,823 34.61
Labour William Edwards 7,235 32.01
Liberal IAE Jones 4,153 18.37
Conservative RR Owen 3,392 15.01
Majority 588 2.60 N/A
Turnout 22,603 85.26
Plaid Cymru gain from Labour Swing
General election October 1974: Merioneth[22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Plaid Cymru Dafydd Elis-Thomas 9,543 42.49
Labour William Edwards 6,951 30.95
Liberal Richard O Jones 3,454 15.38
Conservative RR Owen 2,509 11.17
Majority 2,592 11.54
Turnout 22,457 84.02
Plaid Cymru hold Swing
General election 1979: Merioneth[22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Plaid Cymru Dafydd Elis-Thomas 9,275 40.8 −1.7
Conservative Robert Harvey 5,365 23.6 +12.4
Labour RH Jones 5,332 23.5 −7.4
Liberal John Parsons 2,752 12.1 −3.3
Majority 3,910 17.2 +5.7
Turnout 22,724 83.4 −0.6
Plaid Cymru hold Swing

References

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  1. ^ Jones 1981, p. 86.
  2. ^ Jones 1981, p. 163.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "History of Parliament". Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "History of Parliament". Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  5. ^ Jones, brother-in-law of Oliver Cromwell, was summoned to the new Upper House for the second session of the Parliament, but no replacement as Merioneth's MP was elected
  6. ^ Although Jones was still alive in 1659, he is not listed as one of those who sat as a member of the restored Rump
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Stooks Smith, Henry (1845). The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. pp. 194–195. Retrieved 6 May 2020 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ a b Escott, Margaret. "Merioneth". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.
  10. ^ "Colonel Tottenham". North Wales Chronicle. 21 December 1878. p. 4. Retrieved 6 January 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  11. ^ "Merionethshire". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 2 April 1880. p. 5. Retrieved 4 December 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  12. ^ a b c d e f The Liberal Year Book, 1907
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Craig, FWS, ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885–1918. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 9781349022984.
  14. ^ a b Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1901
  15. ^ a b Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1916
  16. ^ Liverpool Echo 21 Feb 1914
  17. ^ a b c d e British parliamentary election results, 1918–1949, FWS Craig
  18. ^ Etholiadau'r ganrif 1885–1997, Beti Jones
  19. ^ British Parliamentary Election Results 1918–1949, FWS Craig
  20. ^ "Politicsresources.net – Official Web Site ✔".
  21. ^ "Politicsresources.net – Official Web Site ✔".
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Politicsresources.net – Official Web Site ✔".
  23. ^ The Times' Guide to the House of Commons. 1955.

Sources

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  • The BBC/ITN Guide to the New Parliamentary Constituencies (Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services, 1983)
  • Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808) [1]
  • Matthew Cragoe, Culture, Politics, and National Identity in Wales 1832–1886 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)
  • F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989)
  • F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918–1949 (Glasgow: Political Reference Publications, 1969)
  • Jones, Ieuan Gwynedd (1981). Explorations and Explanations. Essays in the Social History of Victorian Wales. Llandysul: Gomer. ISBN 0850886449.
  • Lewis Namier & John Brooke, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1754-1790 (London: HMSO, 1964)
  • J E Neale, The Elizabethan House of Commons (London: Jonathan Cape, 1949)
  • Henry Pelling, Social Geography of British Elections 1885–1910 (London: Macmillan, 1967)
  • J Holladay Philbin, Parliamentary Representation 1832 – England and Wales (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965)
  • Robert Waller, The Almanac of British Politics (1st edition, London: Croom Helm, 1983)
  • Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "M" (part 2)
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