The Chandalar River (T'eedriinjik[6] in Gwich'in) is a 100-mile (160 km) tributary of the Yukon River in the U.S. state of Alaska.[1] Its French name was "Gens de Large" or "nomadic people" which when written in English from its local pronunciation evolved into "Chandalar."[7] Its peak flow, recorded by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) between 1964 and 1974 at a stream gauge at Venetie, was 62,800 cubic feet per second (1,780 m3/s) on June 9, 1968.[3]
| Chandalar River | |
|---|---|
 East Fork of the Chandalar River, at Arctic Village | |
  Location of the mouth of the Chandalar River in Alaska | |
| Native name | T'eedrinjik (Gwichʼin) |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alaska |
| Census Area | Yukon–Koyukuk |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | confluence of the river's north and middle forks |
| • location | southeastern Brooks Range, 23 miles (37 km) south-southeast of Chandalar |
| • coordinates | 67°10′13″N 148°17′50″W / 67.17028°N 148.29722°W[1] |
| • elevation | 1,203 ft (367 m)[2] |
| Mouth | Yukon River |
• location | 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Fort Yukon, Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge |
• coordinates | 66°36′33″N 146°00′09″W / 66.60917°N 146.00250°W[1] |
• elevation | 387 ft (118 m)[1] |
| Length | 100 mi (160 km)[1] |
| Basin size | 9,330 sq mi (24,200 km2)[3][4] |
| Discharge | |
| • location | near Venetie[3][5] |
| • average | 5,007 cu ft/s (141.8 m3/s)[3][5] |
| • maximum | 62,800 cu ft/s (1,780 m3/s) |
The Chandalar River main stem begins at the confluence of the North Fork Chandalar River and the Middle Fork Chandalar River and flows generally southeast through the state's northern interior southeast of the Philip Smith Mountains of the Brooks Range.[8] The Chandalar enters the Yukon River 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Fort Yukon.[1]
In 2015 the Chandalar became federally recognized by the United States Board on Geographic Names as their indigenous Gwichʼin names Teedriinjik River meaning "shimmering river" and Ch'idriinjik River meaning "heart river". The names had been in use for over a thousand years by the Athabaskans.[9]
Major tributaries
editNorth Fork Chandalar River, 104 miles (167 km) long,[10] begins near Atigun Pass in the Brooks Range and flows generally southeast through Chandalar Lake to meet the Middle Fork and form the main stem.[8] At the North Fork, headwaters is a flat valley known as Chandalar shelf just east of the Dalton Highway, where caribou are known to winter.
The 102-mile (164 km) Middle Fork Chandalar River[11] heads up in the Philip Smith Mountains east of Atigun Pass.[8] It flows generally south from the mountains to join the North Fork.[8]
East Fork Chandalar River, 175 miles (282 km) long,[12] starts near the Romanzof Mountains in the eastern Brooks Range.[8] From there, it flows generally southwest past Arctic Village to enter the main stem upstream of Venetie.[8]
West Fork Chandalar River, a 24-mile (39 km) tributary of the North Fork Chandalar River, flows east from mountainous terrain east of Coldfoot. It joins the North Fork 5 miles (8 km) upstream of that stream's confluence with the Middle Fork.[13]
Climate
editThere is a weather station in the Chandalar Shelf Valley near Atigun Pass. Chandalar Shelf has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc), bordering on a tundra climate (Köppen ET).
| Climate data for Chandalar Shelf, Alaska, 1991–2020 normals, precip/snowfall 2001-2012: 3250ft (991m) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 0.9 (−17.3) |
4.6 (−15.2) |
8.8 (−12.9) |
23.8 (−4.6) |
40.6 (4.8) |
57.6 (14.2) |
57.7 (14.3) |
51.6 (10.9) |
39.3 (4.1) |
20.0 (−6.7) |
8.5 (−13.1) |
3.5 (−15.8) |
26.4 (−3.1) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | −4.8 (−20.4) |
−1.8 (−18.8) |
1.3 (−17.1) |
15.5 (−9.2) |
33.7 (0.9) |
49.0 (9.4) |
51.0 (10.6) |
44.2 (6.8) |
32.0 (0.0) |
14.2 (−9.9) |
2.6 (−16.3) |
−2.3 (−19.1) |
19.6 (−6.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | −10.6 (−23.7) |
−8.2 (−22.3) |
−6.2 (−21.2) |
7.3 (−13.7) |
26.8 (−2.9) |
40.3 (4.6) |
44.3 (6.8) |
36.8 (2.7) |
24.8 (−4.0) |
8.5 (−13.1) |
−3.3 (−19.6) |
−8.1 (−22.3) |
12.7 (−10.7) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.73 (19) |
0.84 (21) |
0.31 (7.9) |
0.65 (17) |
0.91 (23) |
1.37 (35) |
2.24 (57) |
1.86 (47) |
1.39 (35) |
1.10 (28) |
0.67 (17) |
0.85 (22) |
12.92 (328.9) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 13.1 (33) |
16.2 (41) |
6.5 (17) |
14.9 (38) |
6.9 (18) |
0.8 (2.0) |
trace | 0.1 (0.25) |
2.7 (6.9) |
17.1 (43) |
13.6 (35) |
13.6 (35) |
105.5 (269.15) |
| Source 1: NOAA[14] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: XMACIS2 (precipitation & snowfall)[15] | |||||||||||||
Recreation
editAlthough the lower river can be fished for northern pike, sheefish, and salmon, the upper river, its tributaries, headwaters, and nearby lakes offer "the most exciting fishing possibilities".[16] The main sportfishing species in the basin are northern pike, Arctic grayling, charr, and lake trout.[16]
Anglers and hunters typically enter the region by airplane or, in winter, by snowmobile. It is possible for experienced boaters to float and fish the river system in rafts or kayaks. Hazards include shallows and rapids. There are no public campgrounds or other facilities; however, there is a fishing lodge at Chandalar Lake.[16]
Gallery
edit-
Sunrise over the East Fork of the Chandalar River, in the Brooks Range -
Chandalar River in summer -
Chandalar River in winter -
Mountain in the Chandalar River Valley
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f "Chandalar River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. January 1, 2000. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
- ^ Derived by entering source coordinates in Google Earth.
- ^ a b c d "Peak Streamflow for Alaska: USGS 15389500 Chandalar River near Venetie". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
- ^ Upstream of Venetie
- ^ a b "USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics for Alaska: USGS 15389500 Chandalar River near Venetie". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 1, 2013. For water years 1964–73.
- ^ Holton, Gary (July 16, 2013). "Alaska Native Language Archive: Alaska Place Names". University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
- ^ "Chandalar River". Alaska Guide. Retrieved 2024-05-31.
- ^ a b c d e f Alaska Atlas & Gazetteer (7th ed.). Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. 2010. pp. 136–37. ISBN 978-0-89933-289-5.
- ^ Shalev, Asaf (2016-05-31). "Feds recognize Native names of major Alaska river system". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
- ^ Alaska Place Names, p. 698
- ^ Alaska Place Names, p. 638
- ^ Alaska Place Names, p. 296
- ^ Alaska Place Names, p. 1036
- ^ "Chandalar Shelf Dot, Alaska 1991-2020 Monthly Normals". Retrieved November 7, 2023.
- ^ "xmACIS". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
- ^ a b c Limeres, Rene; Pedersen, Gunnar; et al. (2005). Alaska Fishing: The Ultimate Angler's Guide (3rd ed.). Roseville, California: Publishers Design Group. pp. 286–87. ISBN 1-929170-11-4.
Works cited
edit- Orth, Donald J.; United States Geological Survey (1971) [1967]. Dictionary of Alaska Place Names: Geological Survey Professional Paper 567 (PDF). University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via United States Government Printing Office.