A civil parish in England is the lowest unit of local government. There are 284 civil parishes in the ceremonial county of Cumbria, with most of the county being parished. At the 2001 census, there were 359,692 people living in those 284 parishes, accounting for 73.8 per cent of the county's population.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cumbria_numbered_districts_2023.svg/220px-Cumbria_numbered_districts_2023.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/CumbriaNumbered.png)
The extent of modern civil parishes are largely geographically based on historic Church of England parish boundaries, which were ecclesiastical divisions that had acquired civil administration powers managed by the Vestry committee.[1]
History
editThe Highways Act 1555 made parishes responsible for the upkeep of roads. Every adult inhabitant of the parish was obliged to work four days a year on the roads, providing their own tools, carts and horses; the work was overseen by an unpaid local appointee, the Surveyor of Highways.[2]
The poor were looked after by the monasteries, until their dissolution. In 1572, magistrates were given power to 'survey the poor' and impose taxes for their relief. This system was made more formal by the Poor Law Act 1601, which made parishes responsible for administering the Poor Law; overseers were appointed to charge a rate to support the poor of the parish.[3] The 19th century saw an increase in the responsibility of parishes, although the Poor Law powers were transferred to Poor Law Unions.[4] The Public Health Act 1872 grouped parishes into Rural Sanitary Districts, based on the Poor Law Unions; these subsequently formed the basis for Rural Districts.[5]
Parishes were run by vestries, meeting annually to appoint officials, and were generally identical to ecclesiastical parishes,[6] although some townships in large parishes administered the Poor Law themselves; under the Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act 1882, all extra-parochial areas and townships that levied a separate rate became independent civil parishes.[7]
Civil parishes in their modern sense date from the Local Government Act 1894, which abolished vestries; established elected parish councils in all rural parishes with more than 300 electors; grouped rural parishes into Rural Districts; and aligned parish boundaries with county and borough boundaries.[7] Urban civil parishes continued to exist, and were generally coterminous with the Urban District, Municipal Borough or County Borough in which they were situated; many large towns contained a number of parishes, and these were usually merged into one. Parish councils were not formed in urban areas, and the only function of the parish was to elect guardians to Poor Law Unions; with the abolition of the Poor Law system in 1930 the parishes had only a nominal existence.[8]
The Local Government Act 1972 retained civil parishes in rural areas, and many former Urban Districts and Municipal Boroughs that were being abolished, were replaced by new successor parishes; urban areas that were considered too large to be single parishes became unparished areas.[9]
The current position
editRecent governments have encouraged the formation of town and parish councils in unparished areas, and the Local Government and Rating Act 1997 gave local residents the right to demand the creation of a new civil parish.[10]
A parish council can become a town council unilaterally, simply by resolution;[9] and a civil parish can also gain city status, but only if that is granted by the Crown.[9] The chairman of a town or city council is called a mayor.[9] The Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 introduced alternative names: a parish council can now choose to be called a community; village; or neighbourhood council.[11]
List of civil parishes and unparished areas
editAncient parishes and townships and their relationships to modern civil and ecclesiastical organisation
editCumberland
editAllerdale Above Derwent ward
editAncient parish | Medieval townships[65] | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches |
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Arlecdon |
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Beckermet St Bridget |
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Beckermet St John |
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Brigham |
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Bootle |
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Cleator |
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Corney |
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Crosthwaite (part) |
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Dean |
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Distington |
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Drigg and Carleton |
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Egremont |
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Gosforth |
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Haile |
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Harrington |
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Irton |
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Lamplugh |
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Millom |
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Moresby |
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Muncaster |
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Ponsonby |
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St Bees |
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Waberthwaite |
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Whicham |
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Whitbeck |
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Workington |
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Cloffocks (extra-parochial) |
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Low Keekle (extra-parochial) |
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Salter & Eskett (extra-parochial) |
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Ancient parish | Medieval townships | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches |
Allerdale Below Derwent ward
editAncient parish | Medieval townships[65] | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches |
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Allhallows |
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Aspatria |
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Bassenthwaite |
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Bolton(s) |
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Bridekirk |
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Bromfield (part) |
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Caldbeck |
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Camerton |
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Crosscanonby |
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Crosthwaite (part) |
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Dearham |
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Gilcrux |
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Holme Cultram |
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Ireby |
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Isel |
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Plumbland |
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Torpenhow |
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Uldale |
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Westward |
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Briery Cottages (extra-parochial) |
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Skiddaw (extra-parochial) |
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Ancient parish | Medieval townships | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches |
Cumberland ward
editAncient parish | Medieval townships[65] | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches |
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Aikton |
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Beaumont |
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Bowness on Solway |
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Bromfield (part) |
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Burgh by Sands |
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Carlisle St Cuthbert |
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Carlisle St Mary (most) |
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Dalston |
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Grinsdale |
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Kirkandrews on Eden |
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Kirkbampton |
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Kirkbride |
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Orton (Cumberland) |
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Rockcliffe |
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Sebergham |
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Thursby |
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Warwick |
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Wetheral |
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Wigton |
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Eaglesfield Abbey (extra-parochial) |
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Ancient parish | Medieval townships | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches |
Eskdale ward
editAncient parish | Medieval townships[65] | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches |
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Arthuret |
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Bewcastle |
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Brampton |
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Castle Carrock |
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Crosby on Eden |
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Cumrew |
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Cumwhitton |
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Easton [till late C14][66] |
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Farlam |
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Hayton |
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Irthington |
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Kirkandrews on Esk |
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Kirkcambeck [till late C14][67] |
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Kirklinton |
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Lanercost |
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Nether Denton |
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Scaleby |
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Stanwix |
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Stapleton |
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Upper Denton |
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Walton |
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Carlatton (extra-parochial) |
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Geltsdale (extra-parochial) |
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Kingmoor (extra-parochial) |
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Midgeholme (extra-parochial) |
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Ancient parish | Medieval townships | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches |
Leath ward
editAncient parish | Medieval townships[65] | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches |
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Addingham |
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Ainstable |
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Alston Moor |
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Carlisle St Mary (part) |
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Castle Sowerby |
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Croglin |
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Dacre |
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Edenhall |
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Great Salkeld |
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Greystoke |
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Hesket in the Forest |
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Hutton in the Forest |
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Kirkland |
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Kirkoswald |
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Langwathby |
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Lazonby |
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Melmerby |
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Newton Reigny |
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Ousby |
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Penrith |
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Renwick |
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Skelton |
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Ancient parish | Medieval townships | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches |
Medieval parishes and chapelries
editThe following lists parishes by ward and includes chapelries in italics.
1chapelry to Crosthwaite in Allerdale Below Derwent ward
Westmorland
editEast ward
editAncient parish | Medieval townships | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches |
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Appleby St Lawrence (from c. 1150) |
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Appleby St Michael |
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Asby |
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Brough (from C16th) |
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Crosby Garrett |
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Dufton |
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Great Musgrave |
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Kirkby Stephen |
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Kirkby Thore |
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Long Marton |
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Newbiggin |
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Ormside |
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Orton (Westmorland) |
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Ravenstonedale |
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Birkbeck Fells (extra-parochial) |
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Ancient parish | Medieval townships | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches |
Kendal ward
editAncient parish | Medieval townships | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches |
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Beetham |
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Bowness on Windermere (from 1348) |
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Burton (part) |
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Grasmere (from C16th) |
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Heversham |
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Kendal |
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Ancient parish | Medieval townships | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches |
Lonsdale ward
editAncient parish | Medieval townships | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches |
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Burton (part) |
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Kendal (part) |
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Kirkby Lonsdale |
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West ward
editAncient parish | Medieval townships | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches |
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Askham |
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Bampton |
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Barton |
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Brougham |
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Cliburn |
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Clifton |
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Crosby Ravensworth |
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Lowther |
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Morland |
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Shap |
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Warcop |
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Ancient parish | Medieval townships | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches and ecclesiastical parishes |
Medieval parishes and chapelries
editThe following lists parishes by ward and includes chapelries in italics.
Ward | Parishes |
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East | Appleby St Lawrence • Appleby St Michael • Asby (Little Asby) • Crosby Garrett • Dufton • Great Musgrave • Kirkby Stephen (Brough • Mallerstang) • Kirkby Thore (Milburn • Temple Sowerby) • Long Marton • Newbiggin • Ormside • Orton • Ravenstonedale |
Kendal | Beetham • Heversham (Crosscrake • Crosthwaite) • Kendal (Ambleside • Applethwaite • Bowness • Burneside • Crook • Grasmere • Grayrigg • Kendal All Hallows • Kentmere • Natland • Old Hutton • Over Staveley • Troutbeck • Winster) • Preston Patrick1 |
Lonsdale | Burton • Kirkby Lonsdale (Barbon • Casterton • Hutton Roof • Killington) |
West | Askham • Bampton • Barton (Martindale • Patterdale) • Brougham (Brougham St Wilfrid) • Cliburn • Clifton • Crosby Ravensworth • Lowther • Morland (Bolton) • Shap • Warcop |
Lonsdale (Lancs) | Aldingham • Cartmel • Dalton-in-Furness (Hawkshead • Ireleth) • Kirkby Ireleth (Broughton-in-Furness • Woodland) • Pennington • Ulverston (Lowick) • Urswick |
1chapelry to Burton in Lonsdale ward
Lancashire (Lonsdale hundred)
editAncient parish | Medieval townships | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches and ecclesiastical parishes |
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Aldingham |
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Cartmel |
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Dalton in Furness |
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Kirkby Ireleth |
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Pennington |
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Ulverston |
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Urswick |
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Angerton (extra-parochial) |
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Ancient medieval parish | Townships | Civil parishes, 1866 | Churches and ecclesiastical parishes |
West Riding of Yorkshire (Ewecross wapentake)
editAncient parish | Medieval townships | Civil parishes covering this area from 1866 on | Churches and ecclesiastical parishes |
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Sedbergh |
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Map of ancient parishes
editGrowth and decline of church numbers over time
editAdded | Closed | Total at end of period | |
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Medieval parish churches | Addingham Old, Aikton, Appleby St Lawrence, Appleby St Michael, Arlecdon, Arthuret, Asby, Askham, Bampton, Beaumont, Beckermet St Bridget, Beckermet St John, Bewcastle, Bootle, Bowness-on-Solway, Brampton Old, Brough, Brougham St Ninian, Burgh-by-Sands, Caldbeck, Carlisle Cathedral, Carlisle St Cuthbert, Castle Carrock, Castle Sowerby, Cleator, Cliburn, Clifton, Corney, Crosby Garrett, Crosby-on-Eden, Crosby Ravensworth, Cumrew, Cumwhitton, Dalston, Drigg, Dufton, Easton, Egremont, Farlam, Gosforth, Great Musgrave, Grinsdale, Haile, Hayton, Irton, Irthington, Kirkandrews-on-Eden, Kirkandrews-on-Esk, Kirkbampton, Kirkby Stephen, Kirkby Thore, Kirkcambeck, Kirklinton, Lamplugh, Lanercost, Long Marton, Lowther, Moresby, Morland, Muncaster, Nether Denton, Newbiggin, Ormside, Orton (Cumberland), Orton (Westmorland), Ponsonby, Ravenstonedale, Rockcliffe, St Bees, Scaleby, Sebergham, Shap, Stanwix, Stapleton, Upper Denton, Waberthwaite, Walton, Warcop, Warwick, Wetheral, Whicham, Whitbeck | Addingham Old, Easton | |
Medieval chapels | Bleatarn, Bolton, Brougham St Wilfrid, Carlisle Holy Trinity, Carlisle St Alban, Ennerdale, Eskdale St Catherine, Highhead, Linstock, Little Asby, Mallerstang, Milburn, Nether Wasdale, Raughton Head, Temple Sowerby, Westward Old, Whitehaven St Nicholas, Wreay | Carlisle Holy Trinity, Cockermouth St Helen, Cockermouth St Leonard, Ireleth St Helen, Linstock, Little Asby, Westward Old | |
16th century | Addingham St Michael, Mardale, Thrimby, Walney, Wasdale Head, Westward New | Brackenthwaite, Carlisle St Alban | |
17th century | Nicholforest, Soulby, Stainmore St Stephen, Swindale | Casterton St Columba, Great Broughton, Kirkandrews-on-Eden | |
18th century | Brampton New, Hensingham, Whitehaven Holy Trinity, Whitehaven St James | Applethwaite, Staveley St Margaret | |
1800-1830 | Carlisle Christ Church, Little Strickland | Thrimby | |
1830s | Carlisle Holy Trinity, Houghton | ||
1840s | Calder Bridge, Holme Eden, Rosley, Talkin, Upperby, Whitehaven Christ Church | ||
1850s | Colby, Gilsland, Murton-with-Hilton, Scotby | Wythop Old | |
1860s | Barrow St George, Barrow St James, Carlisle St James, Carlisle St John, Carlisle St Paul, Carlisle St Stephen, Cotehill, Frizington, Gaitsgill, Ivegill, Stainmore St Mary | ||
1870s | Barrow St John, Barrow St Luke, Barrow St Mark, Barrow St Matthew, Barrow St Paul, Blackford, Carlisle St Mary's Church, Cleator Moor, Cumdivock, Eamont Bridge, Great Strickland, Hethersgill, Keekle, Welton | ||
1880s | Bigrigg, Kirkland, Seascale, Tebay | ||
1890s | Barrow St Perran, Carlisle St Aidan, Carlisle St Andrew, Carlisle St Barnabas, Eskdale St Bega, Newbiggin-on-Lune, Wath Brow | ||
1900s | Knock, Moresby Parks | ||
1910s | |||
1920s | Cummersdale | ||
1930s | Barrow St Francis, Carlisle St Herbert, Kells, Kingmoor, Thornhill | Carlisle Christ Church, Eamont Bridge, Swindale, Mardale | |
1940s | Whitehaven Holy Trinity | ||
1950s | Barrow St Aidan, Belah St Mark, Carlisle St Luke, Harraby, Mirehouse | Carlisle St Mary's Church, Colby, Kirkcambeck, Kirksanton, Swarthmoor | |
1960s | Carlisle St Stephen, Uldale St John | ||
1970s | Appleby St Michael, Brougham St Ninian, Brampton Old, Carlisle St Paul, Gaitsgill, Highhead, Hunsonby, Ireby Old, Knock, Little Salkeld, Newton, Stainmore St Mary, Ulverston Holy Trinity, Upper Denton, Whitehaven Christ Church | ||
1980s | Ambleside St Anne, Blawith, Dalton St Margaret, Newbiggin-on-Lune, Vale of Lune | ||
1990s | Windermere St John | ||
2000s | Gamblesby, Grinsdale, Kendal All Hallows, Low Wray, Moresby Parks, Papcastle, Sandsfield, Sandside, Soulby | ||
2010s | Barrow St Luke, Barrow St Matthew, Barrow St Perran, Broughton Moor, Causewayhead, Grizebeck, Keekle, Lindale, Maryport Christ Church, Rampside, Warwick, Wath Brow, West Seaton | ||
2020s | Brougham St Wilfrid, Carlisle Holy Trinity, Cummersdale, Lowther, Waverton |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Angus Winchester, 2000, Discovering Parish Boundaries. Shire Publications. Princes Risborough, 96 pages ISBN 978-0-7478-0470-3
- ^ RAC Foundation : What Went Wrong? British Highway Development Before Motorways[permanent dead link] Retrieved 22 August 2009
- ^ The Victorian Web : The Poor Law : Introduction Retrieved 22 August 2009
- ^ Staffordshire University : Poor Law Unions and Registration Districts Archived 2012-09-14 at archive.today Retrieved 22 August 2009
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Status Details for Rural Sanitary District Retrieved 22 August 2009
- ^ Robert Tittler, The Reformation and the Towns in England, 1998, Oxford University Press, 395 pages, ISBN 978-0-19-820718-4
- ^ a b Modern British Surnames : Selected Events in the History of Civil Registration and Boundary Changes 1801-1996 Archived August 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 22 August 2009
- ^ Alex MacMorran and T R Colquhoun Dill, The Local Government Act 1894 and the Subsequent Statutes Affecting Parish Councils, 1907, Butterworth and Co, London, 626 pages
- ^ a b c d Office of Public Sector Information : Local Government Act 1972 Archived 2012-12-05 at archive.today Retrieved 22 August 2009
- ^ Office of Public Sector Information : Local Government and Rating Act 1997 Archived 2012-08-05 at archive.today Retrieved 22 August 2009
- ^ Office of Public Sector Information : Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 Archived 2012-08-05 at archive.today Retrieved 22 August 2009
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af A Vision of Britain Through Time : Cockermouth Rural District Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Allerdale Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa A Vision of Britain Through Time : Wigton Rural District Archived 2007-10-01 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Cockermouth Urban District Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Keswick Urban District Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Maryport Urban District Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Lands common to Holme Abbey; Holme Low; and Holme St Cuthbert civil parishes Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Workington Municipal Borough Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Barrow in Furness County Borough Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Archived 2015-04-22 at the Wayback Machine Barrow Island; Central; Hawcoat; Hindpool; Newbarns; Parkside; Ormsgill; Risedale; Roosecote; Walney North; and Walney South wards. Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ Westmorland and Furness (Reorganisation of Community Governance) Order 2022 Retrieved 12 November 2023
- ^ a b c A Vision of Britain Through Time : Dalton in Furness Urban District Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ a b c Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Barrow in Furness Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj A Vision of Britain Through Time : Border Rural District Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Carlisle Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Carlisle County Borough Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Archived 2015-04-22 at the Wayback Machine Belah; Belle Vue; Botcherby; Castle; Currock; Denton Holme; Harraby; Morton; St Aidans; Stanwix Urban (part); Upperby; and Yewdale wards. Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ "Kirkandrews on Esk Parish Council". sites.google.com. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q A Vision of Britain Through Time : Ennerdale Rural District Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Copeland Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ Capper, Tim; Shaw, Stephanie. "Community Governance Review: Egremont, Beckermet, Haile, Lowside Quarter, Ponsonby" (PDF). Copeland Borough Council. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k A Vision of Britain Through Time : Millom Rural District Archived 2011-09-02 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Whitehaven Municipal Borough Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Archived 2015-04-22 at the Wayback Machine Bransty; Harbour; Hensingham; Hillcrest; Kells; Mirehouse; and Sandwith (part) wards. Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ "The Copeland Borough Council (Reorganisation of Community Governance) Order 2014" (PDF). Copeland Borough Council. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t A Vision of Britain Through Time : Penrith Rural District Archived 2011-06-28 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Eden Archived 2014-10-09 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Alston with Garrigill Rural District Archived 2011-06-28 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Appleby Municipal Borough Archived 2011-06-28 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay A Vision of Britain Through Time : North Westmorland Rural District Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The Eden District Council (Reorganisation of Community Governance) (Barton) Order 2019" (PDF). Local Government Boundary Commission for England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
- ^ including Thrimby which was a parishe until 2019
- ^ "The Eden District Council (Reorganisation of Community Governance) (Little Strickland and Thrimby) Order 2019" (PDF). Local Government Boundary Commission for England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
- ^ "The Eden District Council (Reorganisation of Community Governance) (Ousby and Melmerby) Order 2019" (PDF). Local Government Boundary Commission for England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
- ^ including Melmerby which became a separate parish in 2019
- ^ "The Eden District Council (Reorganisation of Community Governance) (Ousby and Melmerby) Order 2019" (PDF). Local Government Boundary Commission for England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
- ^ a b A Vision of Britain Through Time : Lakes Urban District Archived 2007-10-01 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ A Vision of Britain Through Time : Penrith Urban District Archived 2011-06-28 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 26 October 2010
- ^ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population Archived 2015-04-22 at the Wayback Machine Penrith Carleton; Penrith East; Penrith North; Penrith Pategill; Penrith South; and Penrith West wards. Retrieved 26 October 2010
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