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LAV-25

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The LAV-25 (Light Armored Vehicle) is a member of the LAV II family.[2] It is an eight-wheeled amphibious armored reconnaissance vehicle built by General Dynamics Land Systems and used by the United States Marine Corps and the United States Army.

LAV-25
A LAV-25A2 from the U.S. Army's 4-68th Armor Regiment of the 82nd Airborne Division
TypeArmored reconnaissance vehicle–infantry fighting vehicle[1]
Place of originCanada/United States
Service history
In service1983–present
WarsU.S. invasion of Panama
Persian Gulf War
Operation Uphold Democracy
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Production history
DesignerGeneral Motors Diesel (later General Dynamics Land Systems)
ManufacturerGeneral Motors Diesel (later GDLS)
Specifications (standard variant)
Mass12.80 tonnes (12.60 long tons; 14.11 short tons)
Length6.39 m (21 ft 0 in)
Width2.50 m (8 ft 2 in)
Height2.69 m (8 ft 10 in)
Crew3+6
ArmorWelded steel
Main
armament
M242 Bushmaster 25 mm chain gun with 210 rounds of ammunition
Secondary
armament
Two M240 7.62 mm machine guns with 660 rounds of ammunition, one mounted co-axially and one pintle-mounted on the roof
EngineDetroit Diesel 6V53T
300 hp (205 kW)
Power/weight19.5 hp/sh tn (16.0 kW/t)
TransmissionAllison MT653
Suspension8×8 wheeled
Operational
range
660 km (410 mi)
Maximum speed 100 km/h (62 mph)

History

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Three U.S. Marine LAV-25s in Panama during Operation Just Cause.

During the 1980s, the U.S. Marine Corps began looking for a light armored vehicle (LAV) to give their divisions greater mobility.

In April 1981, the United States Department of Defense opened submissions to the LAV program. Three contractors were downselected.[3]

The Marine Corps evaluated the three LAV submissions. In September 1982, the General Motors submission was selected. GM was awarded initial production contract for 969 LAVs. The Army type designated the 25 mm gun variant as the M1047. The Army sought 2,350 of the 12.7 mm (.50) caliber-armed light squad carrier variant, and at one point was expected to be the LAV's biggest buyer. Congress canceled funds for the LAV-25, causing the Army to drop out of the program. The Marine Corps managed to secure enough funding to buy 758 LAVs in six variants.[3]

The LAV entered service with the Marines in 1983. The Army borrowed at least a dozen LAV-25s for use by the 82nd Airborne Division, 3 squadron-73rd Armor for a scout platoon during the Gulf War. These LAV-25s were returned to the Marine Corps after the conflict.[5] The USMC ordered 758 vehicles of all variants. LAVs first saw combat during the invasion of Panama in 1989 and continued service in the Persian Gulf War, Iraq War, and the War in Afghanistan.[6]

The table of organization and equipment for a USMC light-armored reconnaissance battalion includes 56 LAV-25s, 16 LAV-ATs, 12 LAV-Ls, 8 LAV-Ms, 4 LAV-Rs, 4 LAV-C2s, and an unknown number of LAV-MEWSS vehicles.[7]

Replacement

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The LAV platform is planned to remain in service with the Marine Corps until 2035.[8] The Marines aimed to have prototypes for the LAV's replacement, dubbed the Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle (ARV), by 2023. The ARV was initially planned to be a networked family of wheeled vehicles capable of performing various mission sets, with 500 to be procured.[9]

In April 2021, the Marines revealed they had shifted focus to new capabilities for performing reconnaissance rather than specific types of platforms, and that the LAV-25 replacement may not be a new armored vehicle.[10] Nevertheless, proposals for Advanced Reconnaissance Vehicle prototypes were due in May 2021; requirements were for a vehicle with a tethered unmanned aircraft system (UAS) and an open architecture approach allowing for integration of capabilities including battle management systems and communications suites, weighing less than 18.5 tons and being small enough to fit four on a Ship-to-Shore Connector.[11] Vendors that submitted proposals include General Dynamics Land Systems, Textron, and BAE Systems. The Marine Corps plans to make up to three awards for ARV prototypes for testing and evaluation, then choose up to two to continue into a competitive engineering and manufacturing development phase in 2024, after which a decision will be made as to whether production will be pursued.[12]

Textron and GDLS were awarded Other Transaction Authority (OTA) contracts in July 2021 for prototypes to be built and evaluated over the next two years.[13] BAE Systems will also participate in a separate technical study to see if a variant of its Amphibious Combat Vehicle can meet ARV requirements.[14]

There are planned to be six ARV variants: command, control, communications and computers-unmanned aerial system (C4/UAS); organic precision fire-mounted; counter-UAS; 30 mm autocannon and ATGM; logistics; and recovery.[15]

Design

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Developed from the AVGP family built by General Dynamics Land Systems, the LAV-25 is powered by a 6V53T Detroit Diesel turbo-charged engine, they are four-wheel drive (rear wheels) transferable to Eight-wheel drive. These vehicles are also amphibious, meaning they have the ability to "swim" but are limited to non-surf bodies of water (no oceans). While engaged in amphibious operations, the maximum speed is approximately 12 km/h (7.5 mph) using equipped propellers. The current Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) modifications will hinder or eliminate amphibious operations.

Typical land speeds are approximately 100 km/h (62.5 mph) in either 4- or 8-wheel drive; however, fuel economy decreases in 8-wheel drive. The vehicles operate on diesel fuel. They are equipped with a 25 mm M242 Bushmaster autocannon, two 7.62 mm M240 machine guns, and two four-barrel smoke grenade launchers located on the forward left and right sides of the turret. The crew is three; vehicle commander, gunner, and driver; and four passengers (scouts) with combat gear.

 
The LAV-25's power plant
 
An LAV-25 conducts swim test at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune
 
SLEP mods to a LAV-25 show new thermal shrouding over the exhaust
 
The LAV-25's rear passenger compartment

Armor

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A destroyed LAV-25 from friendly fire during the 1991 Gulf War.

The LAV-25 is a lightly armored vehicle. The base model is protected by light gauge high hardness steel armor (MIL-A-46100), varying in nominal thickness from 4.71 mm to 9.71 mm. This level of high-hardness steel armor is intended only to offer protection against small arms rounds such as the common 7.62x39mm M1943 ball used by Kalashnikov rifles such as the AKM, to achieve the lowest possible weight and cost.[16]

Variants

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LAV-25

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The standard LAV is fitted with a turret with 360° traverse, armed with an M242 25 mm chain gun with 420 rounds of 25 mm ammunition, both M791 APDS-T (Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot-Tracer) and M792 HEI-T (High Explosive Incendiary-Tracer), of which half is ready for use. 150 rounds are ready for use from one stowage bin, 60 from another stowage bin, the other 210 rounds are stowed elsewhere in the vehicle. A coaxial M240C machine gun is mounted alongside the M242, and a pintle-mounted M240B/G machine gun, with 1,320 rounds of 7.62 mm ammunition, is mounted on the turret roof. The Canadian Army uses an upgraded version of this chassis for its Coyote Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle.

LAV-25A1

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The vehicle has been through many changes through the late 1990s. The new modification or SLEP has changed the LAV-25 to the LAV-25A1 standard and has been completely fielded.

LAV-25A2

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Airborne certification of the LAV-25A2 (2017)
 
A U.S. Air Force C-17 delivers a U.S. Marine Corps LAV-25A2 at 1,500 ft (457 m) over Fort Bragg
 
and airdropped onto Sicily Drop Zone
 
where U.S. Army paratroopers prepare the LAV and its weapons for action
 
then test-fire its weapons as part of OTC's airdrop certification.
 
U.S. Army's 82nd Airborne, 68th Armor conducts gunnery at Camp Atterbury (0:35)

Funding has been approved for continued upgrades to the LAV family to bring them up to the LAV-A2 standard. Phase I improvements include increased external and internal ballistic armor upgrades, improved fire suppression equipment, and upgrading the vehicle's suspension to the Generation II standard.[17] Phase II upgrades include replacing the turret hydraulics with an electric drive system and replacing the thermal sight with an improved model incorporating a laser range finder for aircraft.

To reflect the improved significant survivability and capability enhancements occurring today, the LAV is being renamed as the LAV-A2. The LAV-A2 project involved developing and installing an internal and external ballistic protection upgrade package, developed by Armatec Survivability,[18] for the Light Armored Vehicles, an automatic fire suppression system for the interior of the vehicle and a Generation II suspension upgrade to support the added weight of the new armor. The suspension upgrade includes new struts/steering knuckles, torsion bars, shocks and mounts and driveshaft. The three-kit armor system provides the LAV with additional survivability against improvised explosive devices (IED) and direct-fire kinetic energy weapons.

The LAV-25A2 includes the Improved Thermal Sight System (ITSS) developed by Raytheon. The ITSS provides the gunner and commander with thermal images, an eye-safe laser range finder, a fire-control solution and far-target location target grid information.[19]

The new armor will provide protection from 14.5 mm armor-piercing rounds, and include an anti-spall lining on the inside to further protect crew members. It will be similar to the protection found on the U.S. Army's LAV III "Stryker" variant.[20][21]

Tests by the U.S. Army's Operational Test Command (OTC), Airborne and Special Operations Test Directorate at Fort Bragg demonstrated that the LAV-25A2 could be airdropped from transport aircraft, a capability of interest to Army airborne units.[22] In October 2018, Alpha Company, 4th Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment, 1st Brigade Combat Team of the 82nd Airborne Division was activated and equipped with ex-USMC LAV-25A2s for test and evaluation; the unit was deactivated in September 2020 differing to wait for the creation of the U.S. Army's Mobile Protected Firepower units planned for 2025/2026.[23][24][25]

LAV-25A3

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In January 2019, General Dynamics was awarded a $37.2 million contract to upgrade the Marine Corps' LAV fleet. Designated the LAV A3, upgrades include improvements to the powerpack to improve reliability, cooling capacity, diagnostics, and fuel economy, a new drivetrain for improved towing capability, a steering dampener to improve road feel and usability, and a digitized drivers' instrument panel. The initial contract was for 60 hardware kits which are planned for installation by 2021.[26]

Derivatives

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Five variants of the LAV-25 were originally envisioned. Only six were initially production ready. Other than the LAV-25, these were:[3]

 
A LAV-AT with the 901A1 TOW-2 in 1997.
  • LAV-AT (Anti-Tank)
LAV fitted with an Emerson 901A1 TOW-2 anti-tank guided missile launcher, the same turret that was fitted on the M901 ITV. It is also armed with a pintle-mounted M240E1 or M240B general-purpose machine gun. It carries a total of 16 TOW missiles and 1,000 rounds of 7.62 mm ammunition.
LAV-ATM (Modernization) replaces the Emerson turret with the modified target acquisition system turret. Improvements include always being in the up position to scan and track while moving and a more reliable digital design.[27] The turret is also unmanned, can fire both wire-guided and radio frequency TOW missiles, has an improved thermal sight, far target location system, new commander/gunner video sight displays, and an electric elevation and azimuth drive system to rotate the system onto target.[28]
  • LAV-M (Mortar)
LAV fitted with opening doors on the top, inside it is fitted with an 81 mm M252 mortar, with 360° traverse, and a pintle-mounted M240E1 machine gun. It carries 99 81 mm mortar shells, and 1,000 rounds of 7.62 mm ammunition.
In June 2021, the Marine Corps selected the UVision Hero-120 loitering munition to be integrated onto the LAV-M, as well as other platforms, under the Organic Precision Fire Mounted (OPF-M) effort to enable them to employ a mid-range, anti-armor weapon system.[29] The multi-canister launcher (MCL) mounted on the LAV-M can hold eight munitions.[30]
  • LAV-R (Recovery)
LAV fitted with a boom crane, and recovery winch, for use in recovery of vehicles, specifically other LAVs. It is armed with a pintle-mounted M240E1/G machine gun, and carries 1,000 rounds of 7.62 mm ammunition.
  • LAV-C2 (Command & Control)
LAV with a raised roof to accommodate several VHF, UHF and HF radios. It is armed with a pintle-mounted M240E1/G machine gun, and carries 1,000 rounds of 7.62 mm ammunition. Generally referred to as the C2 ("C-square" or "C-two").
  • LAV-LOG (Logistics)
LAV for use in a logistics role (e.g., cargo transport).

Development continued with two other variants:

 
A LAV-AD during live-fire exercise in 1999.
  • LAV-AD (Air Defense)
LAV fitted with an electric turret mounting a General Dynamics GAU-12 Equalizer 25 mm (0.984 in) 5-barreled Gatling cannon, and two missile pods each with 4 FIM-92 Stinger missiles for short range air defense duties. Capacity for 990 rounds of 25 mm ammunition, and 16 (including 8 reload rounds) FIM-92 Stinger missiles. A variant using the Mistral missile in place of Stingers was developed for the export market.[31][unreliable source?]
  • LAV-AG (Assault Gun) In 1987, General Motors tested an EX35 105 mm gun on a LAV chassis. In June 1990, the Marine Corps awarded Cadillac Gage Textron a contract to provide three LAVs, designated the LAV-105, with the EX35 gun. This project was canceled in 1991 due to a lack of funds.[3] However, funding was restored by Congress under the stipulation that the Army and Marine Corps integrate the turret and gun of the LAV-105 with the Armored Gun System chassis.[32] Amid concerns about the potential mismatch between the two components, Congress later nixed this requirement.[33] The Marine Corps revived the LAV-105 in 1993. None were ultimately ordered, though the vehicle did perform well during testing.[3]

Other variants:

  • LAV-MEWSS (Mobile Electronic Warfare Support System)
LAV modified for use in an electronic warfare role. Specific details of this variant are classified.
  • LAV-EFSS (Expeditionary Fire Support System)
Proposed replacement for LAV-M, LAV fitted with provisions to use Dragon Fire, a 120 mm recoil mortar system.

An unknown variant is used by at least one civilian law enforcement agency.[34]

Operators

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An U.S. Marine Corps LAV-25 engaging insurgents in Helmand Province, Afghanistan in 2011.

  Saudi Arabia

  United States

  Kuwait

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Michael Green; Greg Stewart (2003). Modern U.S. tanks & AFVs. Zenith Imprint. ISBN 9780760314678. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  2. ^ Gordon, John; Schaefer, Agnes Gereben; Shlapak, David A.; Baxter, Caroline; Boston, Scott; McGee, Michael; Nichols, Todd; Tencza, Elizabeth (2014). "CHAPTER FOUR A Proposed Airborne Light Armored Infantry Force". A Proposed Airborne Light Armored Infantry Force. RAND Corporation. p. 34. ISBN 9780833082169. JSTOR 10.7249/j.ctt14bs1w5.12. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Hunnicutt, R. P. (2002). Armored Car: A History of American Wheeled Combat Vehicles. Echo Point Books & Media. pp. 220–222. ISBN 978-1-62654-155-9.
  4. ^ Hunter, Andrew P.; Obecny, Kristina; Sanders, Gregory; Ruedlinger, James; Ellman, Jesse (1 June 2017). "Case Studies". U.S.-Canadian Defense Industrial Cooperation. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS): 38.
  5. ^ "3rd Battalion, 73rd Armor Regiment". globalsecurity.org.
  6. ^ "LAV-25". Military-Today.com. ARG. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  7. ^ Lamothe, Dan (11 May 2009). "Corps has big plans to upgrade LAV fleet". Marine Corps Times. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  8. ^ A force of one: LAV-ATs test modernization upgrades – Dvidshub.net, 27 March 2014
  9. ^ "Marines Want Armored Recon Prototypes By 2023: F-35 On Wheels Or FCS Redux?". Breaking Defense. 10 May 2018.
  10. ^ Here are some big changes that may be coming to the Marine Corps. Marine Corps Times. 26 April 2021.
  11. ^ JUST IN: Textron Unveils New Advanced Reconnaissance Vehicle Prototype. National Defense Magazine. 4 May 2021.
  12. ^ Major players bid for chance to build US Marine Corps’ next recon vehicle. Defense News. 4 May 2021.
  13. ^ US Marine Corps picks 2 companies to build prototypes for new recon vehicle. Defense News. 16 July 2021.
  14. ^ Textron, General Dynamics, BAE in Hunt to Build New Marine Advanced Reconnaissance Vehicle. USNI News. 19 July 2021.
  15. ^ What is the Marine Corps’ Advanced Reconnaissance Vehicle?. Breaking Defense. 6 September 2022.
  16. ^ Thomas G. Melvin. "LAV ARMOR PLATE STUDY". U.S. ARMY MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY, April 1992. Page 1.
  17. ^ "MCA Continues LAV Upgrades". Archived from the original on September 25, 2006.
  18. ^ GovTribe. "Contract Activity: LAV Armor and Ballistic Protection Upgrade Packages". govtribe.com.
  19. ^ "Light Armored Vehicle (LAV)". Olive-drab.com. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
  20. ^ "Spending outlook: Marine Corps procurement forecast clouded by bleak budget projections. – Free Online Library". Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
  21. ^ "DEFENSE NEWS: DTN News: General Dynamics To Supply 24 Light Armored Vehicles To the U.S. Marine Corps". Defensenews-updates.blogspot.com. 2010-08-14. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
  22. ^ 82nd Airborne Division's 3rd Brigade Combat Team airdrop tests Light Armor Vehicle – Army.mil, 25 January 2018
  23. ^ "Army's Newest Airborne Unit Gets Second-Hand But Air Droppable USMC LAV-25 Armored Vehicles". The Drive. 29 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  24. ^ "Army Light Armored Vehicles | U.S. Marines LAV-25A2". Popularmechanics.com. 2018-11-01. Retrieved 2019-01-16.
  25. ^ A/4-68 AR Deactivation; FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 25, 2020 AT 11 AM EDT – 11:30 AM EDT; Ft. Bragg, N.C., A Company, 4th Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division official Facebook page, dated 8 September 2020, last accessed 27 November 2020
  26. ^ Marine Corps Awards Contract for LAV Fleet Upgrade. Military.com/Defense Tech. 17 January 2019.
  27. ^ New LAV Anti-Tank Modernization A2 armored models with new rocket launcher for U.S. Marines – Armyrecognition.com, 24 June 2017
  28. ^ Program office begins fielding upgraded LAV Anti-Tank Weapon System to Marines – Marines.mil, 16 November 2017
  29. ^ UVision to provide Hero-120 Organic Precision Fires-Mounted Aerial Loitering Munition Systems to US Marine Corps. Army Recognition. 21 June 2021.
  30. ^ This Is Our First Look At The Marines' Loitering Munition-Armed Light Armored Vehicle. The Drive.com/The War Zone. 11 October 2021.
  31. ^ "LAV-AD, United States of America". Army-Technology.com. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  32. ^ "Army, Marine Corps Told to Join Forces and Develop New Armored Vehicle". Inside the Pentagon. Vol. 7, no. 30. Inside Washington Publishers. 25 July 1991. p. 5. JSTOR 43987311. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  33. ^ "Senate Appropriators Say: Army Does Not Have Funding to Follow Through With Force Modernization Plans". Inside the Pentagon. Vol. 7, no. 39. Inside Washington Publishers. 26 September 1991. p. 12. JSTOR 43989173. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  34. ^ Duchnowski, Jillian (15 June 2009). "Sheriff's vehicle has many uses". Northwest Herald. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  35. ^ Office of the Inspector General (June 26, 1995). Selected Aspects of the Saudi Arabian National Guard Security Assistance Program (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Defense. p. 27. Report No. 95-253. Retrieved August 17, 2024. In January 1994, when the fielding of the LAV-25 variant of the armored vehicle started, the Program Office discovered errors in the spare parts package.
  36. ^ "Saudi Arabia – Light Armored Vehicles and Related Support | Defense Security Cooperation Agency".
  37. ^ "Why is the Army is Borrowing Armored Vehicles from the Marines?". November 2018.
  38. ^ "Reactivated unit gives 82nd Airborne an armored component that packs a Marine Corps-style punch". 31 October 2018.
  39. ^ "Army's Newest Airborne Unit Gets Second-Hand but Air Droppable USMC LAV-25 Armored Vehicles". 29 October 2018.
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