Wikipedia

Foreign relations of Italy

(Redirected from Italy–Luxembourg relations)

The foreign relations of the Italian Republic are the Italian government's external relations with the outside world. Located in Europe, Italy has been considered a major Western power since its unification in 1860.[1] Its main allies are the NATO countries and the EU states, two entities of which Italy is a founding member. Italy was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and it is a member and a strong supporter of a wide number of international organisations, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade Organization (GATT and WTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe, and the Central European Initiative.

Its turns in the rotating presidency of international organisations include the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the G7 and the EU Council. Italy is also a recurrent non-permanent member of the UN Security Council. Italy is an important actor in the Mediterranean region and has close relations with the Romance-speaking countries in Europe and Latin America. Although it is a secular state,[2] Rome hosts the Pope and the headquarters of the Catholic Church, which operates a large diplomatic system of its own. Italy is currently commanding various multinational forces and has significant troops deployed all over the world for peacekeeping missions, and for combating organized crime, illegal drug trade, human trafficking, piracy and terrorism.[3]

History

edit

National unification

edit
See also: Unification of Italy and Kingdom of Italy
 
Animated map of the Italian unification from 1829 to 1871

The Risorgimento was the era from 1829 to 1871 that saw the emergence of a national consciousness. The Northern Italy monarchy of the House of Savoy in the Kingdom of Sardinia, whose government was led by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, had ambitions of establishing a united Italian state. In the context of the 1848 liberal revolutions that swept through Europe, an unsuccessful first war of independence was declared on Austria. In 1855, the Kingdom of Sardinia became an ally of Britain and France in the Crimean War, giving Cavour's diplomacy legitimacy in the eyes of the great powers.[4][5] The Kingdom of Sardinia again attacked the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence of 1859, with the aid of France, resulting in liberating Lombardy. On the basis of the Plombières Agreement, the Kingdom of Sardinia ceded Savoy and Nice to France, an event that caused the Niçard exodus, that was the emigration of a quarter of the Niçard Italians to Italy,[6] and the Niçard Vespers.

In 1860–1861, Giuseppe Garibaldi led the drive for unification in Naples and Sicily conquering the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (the Expedition of the Thousand),[7] while the House of Savoy troops occupied the central territories of the Italian peninsula, except Rome and part of Papal States. This allowed the Sardinian government to declare a united Italian kingdom on 17 March 1861.[8] In 1866, Italy allied with Prussia during the Austro-Prussian War, waging the Third Italian War of Independence which allowed Italy to annex Venetia. Finally, in 1870, as France abandoned its garrisons in Rome during the disastrous Franco-Prussian War to keep the large Prussian Army at bay, the Italians rushed to fill the power gap by taking over the Papal States. Italian unification was completed and shortly afterwards Italy's capital was moved to Rome. Later Italy formed the Triple Alliance (1882) with Germany and Austria.

World War I

edit
See also: Italian entry into World War I and Italian Empire
 
Territories promised to Italy by the Treaty of London (1915), i.e. Trentino-Alto Adige, Julian March and Dalmatia (tan), and the Snežnik Plateau area (green). Dalmatia, after the WWI, however, was not assigned to Italy but to Yugoslavia

Italy defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1911–1912.[9] By 1915, Italy had acquired in Africa a colony on the Red Sea coast (Eritrea), a large protectorate in Somalia and administrative authority in formerly Turkish Libya. Outside of Africa, Italy possessed a small concession in Tientsin in China (following the Boxer Rebellion) and the Dodecanese Islands off the coast of Turkey.

Austria took the offensive against the terms of the alliance and Italy decided to take part in World War I as a principal allied power with France and Great Britain. Two leaders, Prime Minister Antonio Salandra and Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino made the decisions; their primary motivation was seizure of territory from Austria, as secretly promised by Britain and France in the Treaty of London of 1915. Also, Italy occupied southern Albania and established a protectorate over Albania, which remained in place until 1920.[10]

The Allies defeated the Austrian Empire in 1918 and Italy became one of the main winners of the war. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando focused almost exclusively on territorial gains, but he got far less than he wanted, and Italians were bitterly resentful when they were denied control of the city of Fiume. The conference, under the control of Britain, France and the United States refused to assign Dalmatia and Albania to Italy as had been promised in the Treaty of London. Britain, France and Japan divided the German overseas colonies into mandates of their own, excluding Italy. Italy also gained no territory from the breakup of the Ottoman Empire.

Italy did not receive other territories promised by the Treaty of London, so this outcome was denounced as a Mutilated victory. The rhetoric of Mutilated victory was adopted by Benito Mussolini and led to the rise of Italian fascism, becoming a key point in the propaganda of Fascist Italy. Historians regard Mutilated victory as a "political myth", used by fascists to fuel Italian imperialism and obscure the successes of liberal Italy in the aftermath of World War I.[11] Italy also gained a permanent seat in the League of Nations's executive council.

Fascism and World War II

edit
See also: Fascist Italy (1922–1943) and Italian Civil War
 
Italian ethnic regions claimed in the 1930s by Italian irredentists: * Green: Nice, Ticino and Dalmatia * Red: Malta * Violet: Corsica * Savoy and Corfu were later claimed

The Fascist government that came to power with Benito Mussolini in 1922 sought to increase the size of the Italian empire and to satisfy the claims of Italian irredentists. Italian Fascism is based upon Italian nationalism and imperialism, and in particular seeks to complete what it considers as the incomplete project of the unification of Italy by incorporating Italia Irredenta (unredeemed Italy) into the state of Italy.[12][13] To the east of Italy, the Fascists claimed that Dalmatia was a land of Italian culture whose Italians, including those of Italianized South Slavic descent, had been driven out of Dalmatia and into exile in Italy, and supported the return of Italians of Dalmatian heritage.[14] Mussolini identified Dalmatia as having strong Italian cultural roots for centuries, similarly to Istria, via the Roman Empire and the Republic of Venice.[15] To the south of Italy, the Fascists claimed Malta, which belonged to the United Kingdom, and Corfu, which instead belonged to Greece; to the north claimed Italian Switzerland, while to the west claimed Corsica, Nice, and Savoy, which belonged to France.[16][17] The Fascist regime produced literature on Corsica that presented evidence of the island's italianità.[18] The Fascist regime produced literature on Nice that justified that Nice was an Italian land based on historic, ethnic, and linguistic grounds.[18]

 
Areas controlled by the Italian Empire during its existence
  Kingdom of Italy
  Colonies of Italy
  Protectorates and areas occupied during World War II

Mussolini promised to bring Italy back as a great power in Europe, building a "New Roman Empire"[19] and holding power over the Mediterranean Sea. In propaganda, Fascists used the ancient Roman motto "Mare Nostrum" (Latin for "Our Sea") to describe the Mediterranean. For this reason the Fascist regime engaged in interventionist foreign policy. In 1923, the Greek island of Corfu was briefly occupied by Italy, after the assassination of General Tellini in Greek territory. In 1925, Italy forced Albania to become a de facto protectorate. In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia and founded Italian East Africa, resulting in an international alienation and leading to Italy's withdrawal from the League of Nations; Italy allied with Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan and strongly supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War. In 1939, Italy formally annexed Albania. Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940. The Italians initially advanced in British Somaliland, Egypt, the Balkans (establishing the Governorate of Dalmatia and Montenegro, the Province of Ljubljana, and the puppet states Independent State of Croatia and Hellenic State), and eastern fronts. They were, however, subsequently defeated on the Eastern Front as well as in the East African campaign and the North African campaign, losing as a result their territories in Africa and in the Balkans.

An Allied invasion of Sicily began in July 1943, leading to the collapse of the Fascist regime and the fall of Mussolini on 25 July. In the north, the Germans set up the Italian Social Republic (RSI), a Nazi puppet state with Mussolini installed as leader after he was rescued by German paratroopers. Some Italian troops in the south were organised into the Italian Co-belligerent Army, which fought alongside the Allies for the rest of the war, while other Italian troops, loyal to Mussolini and his RSI, continued to fight alongside the Germans in the National Republican Army. Also, the post-armistice period saw the rise of a large anti-fascist resistance movement, the Resistenza.[20] As result, the country descended into civil war;[21][22] the Italian resistance fought a guerrilla war against the Nazi German occupiers and Italian Fascist forces,[20] while clashes between the Fascist RSI Army and the Royalist Italian Co-Belligerent Army were rare.[23] In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north,[24] but was captured and summarily executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to Milan, where it was hung upside down at a service station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise.[25] Hostilities ended on 29 April 1945, when the German forces in Italy surrendered.

Republican era

edit
See also: History of the Italian Republic
 
Alcide De Gasperi, first republican Prime Minister of Italy and one of the Founding Fathers of the European Union

Italy became a republic after the 1946 Italian institutional referendum[26] held on 2 June 1946, a day celebrated since as Festa della Repubblica. This was the first time that Italian women voted at the national level, and the second time overall considering the local elections that were held a few months earlier in some cities.[27][28] Under the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947, Istria, Kvarner, most of the Julian March as well as the Dalmatian city of Zara was annexed by Yugoslavia causing the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus, which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 of local ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic Istro-Romanians, choosing to maintain Italian citizenship.[29] Later, the Free Territory of Trieste was divided between the two states. Italy also lost all of its colonial possessions, formally ending the Italian Empire. In 1950, Italian Somaliland was made a United Nations Trust Territory under Italian administration until 1 July 1960. The Italian border that applies today has existed since 1975, when Trieste was formally re-annexed to Italy.

in 1949 Italy became a member of NATO. The Marshall Plan helped to revive the Italian economy which, until the late 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth commonly called the "Economic Miracle". In the 1950s, Italy became one of the six founding countries of the European Communities, following the 1952 establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community, and subsequent 1958 creations of the European Economic Community and European Atomic Energy Community. In 1993, the former two of these were incorporated into the European Union.

Diplomatic relations

edit

List of countries which Italy maintains diplomatic relations with:

 
# Country Date
1   Belgium 24 February 1851[30]
2   Dominican Republic 22 March 1854[31]
3   Argentina 5 May 1856[30]
4   Spain 5 May 1856[32]
5   Uruguay 5 May 1856[33]
6   Russia 25 September 1856[34]
7   Turkey 25 September 1856[33]
8   United Kingdom 13 April 1859[35]
9   Netherlands 15 September 1859[36]
10   Brazil 6 November 1859[37]
11   Sweden 23 December 1859[38]
12    Switzerland 12 February 1860[33]
13   Portugal 24 October 1860[34]
14   United States 11 April 1861[39]
15   Greece 16 June 1861[36]
16   France 10 August 1861[35]
17   Denmark 2 September 1861[40]
18   Bolivia 25 February 1864[37]
19   Chile 25 February 1864[37]
20   Costa Rica 25 February 1864[35]
21   Ecuador 25 February 1864[35]
22   El Salvador 25 February 1864[41]
23   Guatemala 25 February 1864[36]
24   Honduras 25 February 1864[36]
25   Nicaragua 25 February 1864[36]
26   Peru 25 February 1864[34]
27   Colombia 13 March 1864[37]
28   Venezuela 13 March 1864[33]
29   Mexico 28 December 1864[36]
30   Japan 25 August 1866[42]
31   Paraguay 21 July 1867[34]
32   Thailand 3 October 1868[43]
33   Monaco 25 April 1875[44]
34   Serbia 18 January 1879[45]
35   Bulgaria 25 July 1879[46]
36   Romania 26 December 1879[47]
37   Iran 18 February 1886[48]
38   Luxembourg 7 February 1891[49]
39   Ethiopia 24 June 1897[50]
40   Haiti 24 February 1898[51]
41   Cuba 4 February 1903[52]
42   Panama 15 January 1904[53]
43   Norway 22 March 1906[54]
44   Albania 21 February 1914[55]
45   Czech Republic 16 October 1918[56]
46   Poland 27 February 1919[57]
47   Finland 6 September 1919[58]
48   Austria 10 September 1919[59]
49   Hungary 21 November 1920[60]
50   Afghanistan 3 June 1921[61]
51   Egypt 30 April 1922[62]
52   Yemen 2 September 1926[63]
—   Holy See 24 June 1929[64]
53   South Africa 31 October 1929[60]
54   Saudi Arabia 10 February 1932[65]
55   Ireland 27 September 1937[66]
56   Iceland 15 August 1945[67]
57   Philippines 3 November 1946[68]
58   Lebanon 20 November 1946[69]
59   Canada 13 August 1947[70]
60   Syria 27 September 1947[71]
61   India 25 March 1948[72]
62   Pakistan 7 April 1948[73]
63   Israel 13 July 1949[74]
64   Jordan 14 August 1949[75]
65   Australia 24 November 1949[76]
66   Indonesia 29 December 1949[77]
67   Sri Lanka 18 April 1950[78]
68   Germany 2 December 1950[79]
69   New Zealand 22 August 1950[80]
70   Myanmar 24 November 1950[81]
71   Cambodia 27 July 1951[82]
72   Liberia 5 October 1951[83]
73   Libya 21 February 1952[84]
—   Sovereign Military Order of Malta 12 June 1956[85]
74   Tunisia 20 June 1956[86]
75   Morocco 1 October 1956[87]
76   Sudan 31 October 1956[88]
77   South Korea 24 November 1956[89]
78   Malaysia 31 August 1957[90]
79     Nepal 31 August 1959[91]
80   Guinea 5 December 1959[92]
81   Somalia 1 July 1960[93]
82   Democratic Republic of the Congo 21 July 1960[94]
189   Ghana 8 November 1960[95]
83   Senegal 1 March 1961[95]
84   Ivory Coast 17 May 1961[95]
85   Cyprus 12 September 1961[96]
86   Niger 23 September 1961[97]
87   Benin 30 November 1961[98]
88   Tanzania 9 December 1961[99]
89   Nigeria 1961[100]
90   Togo 1961[101]
91   Cameroon 28 February 1962[102]
92   Mali 27 April 1962[103]
93   Burkina Faso 16 June 1962[104]
94   Algeria 1 October 1962[105]
95   Sierra Leone 1962[106]
96   Gabon 6 February 1963[95]
97   Jamaica 14 February 1963[107]
98   Mauritania 25 February 1963[95]
99   Trinidad and Tobago 4 January 1964[108]
100   Chad 13 February 1964[109]
101   Central African Republic June 1964[110]
102   Uganda 5 July 1964[111]
103   Kenya 7 July 1964[112]
104   Malta 21 September 1964[113]
105   Kuwait 8 November 1964[114]
106   Republic of the Congo 20 April 1965[115]
107   Rwanda 5 May 1965[116]
108   Singapore 28 October 1965[117]
109   Gambia 30 October 1965[118]
110   Laos 7 December 1965[119]
111   Zambia 10 May 1966[120]
112   Malawi 20 September 1966[121]
113   Maldives 1966[122]
114   Guyana 12 April 1967[123]
115   Burundi 1967[124]
116   Mauritius 8 April 1970[125]
117   Mongolia 29 June 1970[126]
118   China 6 November 1970[127]
119   Botswana 1970[128]
120   United Arab Emirates 1971[129]
121   Oman 26 January 1972[130]
122   Fiji 13 October 1972[131]
123   Bangladesh 18 January 1973[132]
124   Qatar 15 February 1973[133]
125   Vietnam 23 March 1973[134]
126   Bahrain 16 December 1973[135]
127   San Marino 1973[136]
128   Mozambique 25 June 1975[137]
129   Angola 4 June 1976[138]
130   Seychelles 29 June 1976[139]
131   Comoros 1 November 1976[140]
132   Cape Verde 18 November 1976[141]
133   Barbados 23 August 1977[142]
134   Djibouti 24 November 1977[143]
135   Grenada 1977[144]
136   Suriname 7 July 1978[145]
137   Bahamas 1978[146]
138   Tuvalu July 1979[147]
139   Saint Lucia 1979[148]
140   Zimbabwe 18 April 1980[149]
141   Lesotho 20 November 1980[150]
142   Tonga 26 November 1981[151]
143   Vanuatu 23 March 1982[152]
144   Belize 1 October 1982[153]
145   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 30 October 1982[154]
146   Guinea-Bissau 15 December 1982[155]
147   Equatorial Guinea 8 March 1985[156]
148   Dominica 23 March 1985[156]
149   Antigua and Barbuda 20 August 1985[157]
150   Solomon Islands 1 March 1987[158]
151   Samoa 25 May 1987[159]
152   São Tomé and Príncipe 24 December 1988[160]
153   Brunei 2 November 1989[161]
154   Namibia 20 April 1990[162]
155   Latvia 30 August 1991[163]
156   Lithuania 30 August 1991[164]
157   Estonia 31 August 1991[165]
158   Croatia 17 January 1992[166]
159   Slovenia 17 January 1992[167]
160   Moldova 21 February 1992[168]
161   Ukraine 29 January 1992[169]
162   Liechtenstein 6 February 1992[170]
163   Armenia 17 March 1992[171]
164   Kyrgyzstan 24 March 1992[172]
165   Uzbekistan 24 March 1992[173]
166   Belarus 13 April 1992[174]
167   Azerbaijan 8 May 1992[175]
168   Georgia 11 May 1992[176]
169   Tajikistan 19 May 1992[177]
170   Turkmenistan 9 June 1992[178]
171   Kazakhstan 21 August 1992[179]
172   Federated States of Micronesia 27 November 1992[180]
173   Slovakia 1 January 1993[181]
174   Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 February 1993[182]
175   Eritrea 24 May 1993[183]
176   Marshall Islands 24 September 1993[145]
177   North Macedonia 16 December 1993[184]
178   Andorra 1 February 1995[185]
179   Kiribati 7 December 1995[160]
180   Saint Kitts and Nevis 7 January 1996[160]
181   Nauru 27 February 1997[186]
182   Papua New Guinea 22 January 1998[160]
183   North Korea 4 January 2000[187]
184   Palau 22 March 2002[188]
—   Cook Islands 9 October 2003[189]
185   East Timor 24 November 2003[190]
186   Montenegro 14 June 2006[191]
—   Kosovo 15 May 2008[192]
187   South Sudan 23 May 2012[193]
—   Niue 12 September 2015[194]
188   Eswatini Unknown
190   Iraq Unknown
191   Madagascar Unknown

Bilateral relations by country

edit

Africa

edit
Country
Beginning of formal relations
 Notes
  Algeria 1 October 1962 See Algeria–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1962.[195]

  Angola 4 June 1976[196] See Angola–Italy relations
  • Angola has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Luanda.
  Burkina Faso 16 June 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 June 1962 when Mr. Renzo Luigi Romanelli, the first Italian Ambassador to Upper Volta, has presented his letters of credence to President Maurice Yameogo.[104]
  Comoros 1 November 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1976[199]
  Democratic Republic of the Congo 21 July 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1960 when accredited first Ambassador of Italy to Congo (Leopoldville) Mr. Pietro Franca[94]
  Egypt 30 April 1922 See Egypt–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1922 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Egypt Mr Lazzaro Negrotto Cambiaso.[204]

Relations between both countries were established during the period of the Roman Empire. However, in World War II, relations were strained as Italy invaded Egypt. However, after the war, relations were re-established and are close. Egypt has representations in Rome and Milan, while Italy has representations in Cairo and Alexandria, also the two nations are members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

Relations deteriorated after the abduction and killing of Italian student Giulio Regeni. Egypt has been accused by Italian authorities and public opinion of lacking of transparence.

  Eritrea 24 May 1993 See Eritrea–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1993.[183]

  Ethiopia 24 June 1897 See Ethiopia–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1897.[50]

  Kenya 1963 See Italy–Kenya relations
  • Relations were formally established after Kenya gained its independence from British rule.
  • Italy has an embassy in Nairobi and 2 counsulates in Malindi and Mombasa.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Rome.
  Libya 21 February 1952 See Italy–Libya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1952 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Libya Mr. Mario Conti.[205]

  Mauritania 25 February 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1963 when first Ambassador of Mauritania to Italy (resident in Paris) Mr. Bakar Ould Ahmedou presented his credentials to President Antonio Segni.[206]
  Morocco 1 October 1956 See Italy–Morocco relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1956[87]

  Nigeria
  • Italy has an embassy in Nigeria and a consulate in Lagos.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Rome.
  Rwanda 5 May 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1965 when Ambassador of Rwanda to Italy Mr. Emanuele Kaberuka presented his credentials to President Giuseppe Saragat.[116]
  Senegal 1 March 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1961.[211]
  Somalia 1 July 1960 See Italy–Somalia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1960.[93]

  South Africa 31 October 1929 See Italy–South Africa relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 October 1929 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Union of South Africa Natale Labia.[60]

  South Sudan 23 May 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 May 2012.[193]
  Sudan 31 October 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 October 1956 when Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sudan to Italy Mr. Omer Abedel Hanid Adeel has presented his credentials to President Giovanni Gronchi.[88]
  Tanzania 9 December 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 1961 when open Embassy of Italy in Dar es Salaam with accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Tanganyika Mr. Luciano Falco[99]
  Tunisia 20 June 1956 See Italy–Tunisia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 June 1956.[86]

  Uganda 5 July 1964

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1964[111]

  Zimbabwe 18 April 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1980.[216]

Americas

edit
Country
Beginning of formal relations
 Notes
  Argentina 5 May 1856 See Argentina–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1856 when has been accredited first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Argentina Marcello Cerruti.[30]

  Belize 1 October 1982
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1982.[153]
  • Belize has a consulate-general in Milan.[220]
  • Italy is represented in Belize through its embassy in Mexico City and an honorary consulate.[221]
  Bolivia 25 February 1864 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Bolivia Antonio Maria Migliorati.[37]
  Brazil 6 November 1859 See Brazil–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 November 1859 when has been appointed first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Brazil Gabriele Galateri di Genola.[37]

  Canada 13 August 1947 See Canada–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 August 1947 when has been established Legation of Canada in Italy.[230]

  Chile 25 February 1864 See Chile–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Chile Antonio Maria Migliorati.[37]

  Colombia 13 March 1864 See Colombia–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Colombia Antonio Maria Migliorati.[37]

  Costa Rica 25 February 1864 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Ecuador Antonio Maria Migliorati.[35]
  Cuba 4 February 1903 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1903.[52]
  Dominican Republic 24 February 1898 See Dominican Republic-Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1898 when has been accredited Minister Resident of Italy to Dominican Republic Chicco Enrico.[243]

  Ecuador 25 February 1864 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Ecuador Antonio Maria Migliorati.[35]
  El Salvador 25 February 1864 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to El Salvador Antonio Maria Migliorati.[41]
  Grenada
  • Italy is accredited to Grenada from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.[244]
  • Grenada has an honorary consulate in Florence.[197]
  Guatemala 25 February 1864 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Guatemala Antonio Maria Migliorati.[36]
  Haiti 24 February 1898 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1898 when has been accredited Minister Resident of Italy to Haiti Chicco Enrico.[245]
  Honduras 25 February 1864 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Honduras Antonio Maria Migliorati.[36]
  Jamaica 14 February 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 February 1963.[107]
  Mexico 28 December 1864 See Italy–Mexico relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 December 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Mexico Vittorio Sallier de la Tour.[36]

  Nicaragua 25 February 1864 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Nicaragua Antonio Maria Migliorati.[36]
  Panama 15 January 1904 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1904[249]
  Paraguay 21 July 1867 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1867 when has been appointed first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Paraguay Luigi Joannini Ceva di San Michele.[34]
  Peru 25 February 1864 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Peru Giovanni Antonio Migliorati.[34]
Main article: Italy–Peru relations
  Trinidad and Tobago 4 January 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1964.[108]
  United States 11 April 1861 See Italy–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 April 1861.[254]

The United States enjoys a peculiar and friendly relation with Italy, as the latter, defeated in WWII, has been a secret battlefield of the Cold War. Italy and the US are NATO allies and cooperate in the United Nations, in various regional organizations, and bilaterally. Italy has worked closely with the United States and with other nations on such issues as NATO and UN operations as well as with assistance to Russia and the New Independent States; the Middle East peace process; multilateral talks.

Under longstanding bilateral agreements flowing from NATO membership, Italy hosts important U.S. military forces at Vicenza and Pisa (army); Aviano (air force); and Sigonella, Gaeta, and Naples- home port for the U.S. Navy Sixth Fleet. The United States still has about 16,000 military personnel stationed in Italy. The NATO War College is situated at Cecchignola, a neighborhood of Rome.

  Uruguay 5 May 1856 See Italy–Uruguay relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1856 when has been appointed first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Uruguay Marcello Cerruti.[33]

  Venezuela 13 March 1864 See Italy–Venezuela relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 March 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Venezuela Antonio Maria Migliorati.[33]

Asia

edit
Country
Beginning of formal relations
 Notes
  Afghanistan 3 June 1921 See Afghanistan–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1921.[61]

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Rome,[256] which was established as a legation in 1921, and was upgraded to embassy in 1960.[257] Italy has an embassy in Kabul.[258]
  • Italy was among the first nations to recognise Afghanistan's sovereignty, following the 1919 recognition by the Soviet Union.[259]
  • Following Germany's 1935 closening with Afghanistan, Italy also established close relations. Afghanistan resisted calls from Moscow and London to expel the Italian and German diplomatic corps for most of World War II.[260]
  • Italy has served as a place of exile for two former Afghan kings, Amanullah Khan (deposed 1929) and Mohammed Zahir Shah (deposed 1973).
  Armenia 17 March 1992 See Armenia–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 March 1992.[261]

  Azerbaijan 8 May 1992 See Azerbaijan–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1992.[175]

  Bahrain 16 December 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1973.[135]
  Bangladesh 18 January 1973

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 1973 when first Ambassador of Bangladesh to Italy Mr.Ikbal Athar presented his credentials to President Giovanni Leone.[132]

Relations between two countries have been wonderful. Bangladesh is a huge import market for Italy. Italy has an embassy in Dhaka. Bangladesh has an embassy in Rome.

  China 6 November 1970 See People's Republic of China – Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 November 1970.[127] In 2005, Italy and the People's Republic of China have celebrated the 35th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two nations. However, China's massive exports of textile and footwear into Italy are said to be a rising concern to Italy's economy and productivity.[266]

  Georgia 11 May 1992 See Georgia–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 May 1992.[176]

  India 25 March 1948 See India–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 1948.[72]

In 2012, relations deteriorated following the Enrica Lexie Case

  Indonesia 25 June 1950 See Indonesia–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1950.[4]

  • Both nations have shown strong desire to improve their relations, especially in intercultural understanding and trade.[272]
  • Indonesia recognizes Italy's strategic location and important role in the middle of Mediterranean region, while Italy has favoured relations with Indonesia, and sees Indonesia as the leader in Southeast Asia.[273]
  • The relations between two countries not only important to bridge the two regional communities; European Union and ASEAN, but also vital as intercultural and interfaith dialog.[274]
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Rome, that also accredited to Malta, Cyprus, San Marino, while Italy has an embassy in Jakarta.
  Iran 18 February 1886 See Iran–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 February 1886 when has been appointed first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Persia Alessandro De Rege Di Donato.[48]

In 2005, Italy was the third largest trading partner of Iran with 7.5% of all exports to Iran.[275] Italy was the top trading partner of Iran in the European Union in early 2006.[276] Commercial exchanges hit 6 billion euros in 2008.[277]

  Iraq See Iraq–Italy relations

Iraq has an embassy in Rome and Italy has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate-general in Basra.

  Israel 13 July 1949 See Israel–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 1949 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Israel to Italy Mr. Shlomo Ginossar.[278]

  Japan 25 August 1866 See Italy–Japan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 August 1866.[42]

  Jordan 7 March 1950 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 March 1950 when has been accredited first Chargé d'Affaires of Jordan to Italy Mr. Edmond Roch Bey.[286]
  Kazakhstan 21 August 1992 See Italy-Kazakhstan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 August 1992.[179]

  • In 2017, the trade between Kazakhstan and Italy amounted to $9.6 billion, which is an increase of 13.5% compared to 2016.[287]
  • Italy has an embassy in Astana.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Rome.
  Kyrgyzstan 24 March 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 March 1992.[172]
  Lebanon 20 November 1946 See Italy–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1946 when has been accredited first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Lebanon Mr. Adolfo Alessandrini.[288]

  Maldives 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966.[292]
  • Italy has an embassy in Colombo which also functed as non-resident ambassador to Maldives.
  • Maldives is represented in Italy through its permanent mission to UN in Geneva since 2012.
  Malaysia 31 August 1957 See Italy–Malaysia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1957.[90]

  Myanmar 24 November 1950 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 November 1950.[81]
    Nepal 31 August 1959 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1959.[91]
  North Korea 4 January 2000[295] See Italy–North Korea relations
  Oman 26 January 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 January 1972[130]
  Pakistan 7 April 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1948.[296]
  • Pakistan and Italy enjoy close relationship in all fields. Both countries formally have friendly foreign relations.[297] There are over 100,000 Pakistanis living in Italy, mainly living in Milan and Brescia.[298]
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan for representation
  • Italy maintains an embassy in Islamabad, a consulate-general in Karachi and an honorary consulate in Lahore.
  Philippines 3 November 1946 See Italy–Philippines relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 November 1946 when has been accredited first interim Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Philippines Mr. Vittorio Strigari.[299]

  • A Treaty of Friendship which was signed in Rome and ratified in December 1948. Italy has an embassy in Manila and the Philippines has an embassy in Rome.
  Qatar 15 February 1973 See Italy–Qatar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 February 1973[133]

  Saudi Arabia 10 February 1932 See Italy–Saudi Arabia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1932.[65]

  • Italy has an embassy in Riyadh and general consulate in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Rome.
  Singapore 28 October 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 October 1965.[301]
  South Korea 24 November 1956 See Italy–South Korea relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between the kingdom of Italy and the kingdom of Korea began on 26 June 1884 and the Re establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Italian republic the Republic of Korea was on November 24, 1956.[89]

  • Italy has a Working Holiday Program Agreement with South Korea.
  • During the Korean War Italy sent medical staff to help the South Korea.[302]
  • Bilateral Trade in 2014
    • Exports 3,473,000,000 US dollars
    • Imports 6,260,000,000 US dollars
  • Bilateral Investments in 2014
    • South Korea's Investment in Italy 654,000,000 US
    • Italy's Investment in South Korea US$539,000,000
  • The number of the South Koreans living in Italy in 2012 was about 4,054.
  • The Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti visited Seoul in March 2012. (To attend the Seoul Nuclear Security Summit)
  • The President of the Republic of Korea Park Geun-hye visited Rome in October 2014.
  • From 20 to 24 November 2011, 54 participating Italian companies, 8 trade associations and chambers of commerce and 7 banks, held over 300 meetings with 139 Korean companies. The events were promoted by Confindustria (the Italian employers' federation), the Italian Banking Association (ABI), the Ministry for Economic Development (MiSE) and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (MFA). It took the form of seminars, workshops, B2B meetings and institutional events, as well as visits to representations of Korean industry. This was the first structured initiative, with a broad-ranging business representation in Korea, by the Italian economic system since the EU-Korea Free Trade Agreement (FTA) entered into force.[307]
  Sri Lanka 18 April 1950

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1950.[78]

Italy and Sri Lanka maintain a strong relationship dated back from 1st century.[308]

  • Italy aided Sri Lanka with almost 50 million Euros when a tsunami struck Sri Lanka in 2004.
  • Italy has an embassy in Colombo.
  • Sri Lanka has an embassy in Rome.
  • The estimated trade value between these countries were US$604.49 million in 2009.
  Tajikistan 19 May 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 May 1992.[177]
  Thailand 3 October 1868 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1868.[43]
  Timor Leste 24 November 2003 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 November 2003.[190]
  Turkey 25 September 1856 See Italy–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1856 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Turkey Giacomo Durando.[33]

  Turkmenistan 9 June 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1992.[178]
  United Arab Emirates
  Uzbekistan 24 March 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 March 1992.[173]
  Vietnam 23 March 1973 See Italy–Vietnam relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 March 1973.[134]

Europe

edit
Country
Beginning of formal relations
 Notes
  Albania 21 February 1914 See Albania–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1914 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Albania Carlo Aliotti.[55]

The Kingdom of Italy supported Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.
Arbëreshë people
Italian protectorate over Albania
Italian invasion of Albania
Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)
Italian colonists in Albania

  • Albania has an embassy in Rome and a consulate general in Bari and Milan.
  • Italy has an embassy in Tirana and consulates in Gjirokastër, Shkodra, Vlora.
  • Italy and Albania share similar historical, political and cultural backgrounds.[314]
  • Albania is home to 20,000 Italian migrants and has a 5,000 Italian indigenous community.[315]
  • Italy is home to indigenous Arbereshe community, including up to 900,000 Albanian immigrants.
  • Italian is the third most spoken language of Albania, after Albanian and Greek.[316]
  • Italy is considered one of Albania's strongest allies especially within the European Union.
  • Albanian is a prominent language in Italy with Albanian immigrants speaking Albanian in large numbers on top of the over 800,000 Italians who speak the Arbereshe dialect of Albanian (see Albanians in Italy and Arbëreshë people).[316]
  Andorra 1 February 1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1995.[317]

Italy is represented in Andorra through its embassy in Madrid (Spain) and an honorary consulate in Andorra La Vella.

  Austria 27 January 1867 See Austria–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 January 1867 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Austro-Hungary Giulio Camillo De Barral De Monteauvrard.[30]

  Belarus 13 April 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1992.[174]
  • Belarus has an embassy in Rome and 2 honorary consulates (in Naples and Turin).[318]
  • Italy has an embassy in Minsk.[319]
  Belgium 24 February 1851 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1851 when has been appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Belgium Alberto Lupi Di Montalto.[30]
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 February 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1993.[182]
  Bulgaria 25 July 1879 See Bulgaria–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1879.[326][46]

  Croatia 17 January 1992 See Croatia–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 January 1992.[166]

  • Croatia has an embassy in Rome, 2 general consulates (in Milan and Trieste), and 5 honorary consulates (in Bari, Florence, Montemitro, Naples, and Padua).
  • Italy has an embassy in Zagreb, a general consulate in Rijeka, a consulate in Split and 2 honorary consulates (in Buje and Pula).
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union, NATO, Council of Europe and of the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • There are around 19,500 local ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians) living in Croatia, whose number decreased following the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus.
  • There are 21,360 Croats, some of which are local ethnic, living in Italy (see Croats of Italy and Molise Croats).
  Cyprus 12 September 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 September 1961 when the first Ambassador of Italy to Cyprus, Pietro Solari presentation of credentials.[330]
  Czech Republic 24 October 1918 See Czech Republic–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1918.[332]

  Denmark 23 December 1859 See Denmark–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1859 when has been appointed first interim chargé d'affaires Giovanni Antonio Migliorati.[35]

  Estonia 31 August 1991 See Estonia–Italy relations
  Finland 6 September 1919 See Finland–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 September 1919.[58]

  France 25 July 1861 See France–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1861 when has been appointed Envoy Extraordinary and minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to France Costantino Nigra.[35]

  Germany 20 April 1871 See Germany–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 1871 when has been appointed first Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Germany Edoardo De Launay.[341]

  Greece 16 June 1861 See Greece–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 June 1861 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Greece Terenzio Mamiani della Rovere.[36]

  Holy See 24 June 1929 See Holy See – Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1929.[343]

Due to the size of the Vatican City State, embassies accredited to the Holy See are based on Italian territory. Treaties signed between Italy and the Vatican City State permit such embassages. The Embassy of Italy to the Holy See is unique amongst foreign embassages in that it is the only embassy based on its home territory.

The Holy See maintains formal diplomatic relations with 176 sovereign states, the European Union, and the Order of Malta; 69 of the diplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See are situated in Rome, though those countries than have two embassies in the same city, since, by agreement between the Holy See and Italy, the same person cannot be accredited simultaneously to both. This is shown clearly by the fact that Italy recognizes the People's Republic of China, and as such, the Chinese Embassy is in Rome. However, the Vatican City State recognizes the Taiwan, and as such, Taiwan's embassy to the Holy See is also in Rome. As Italy was the first country to recognize the Holy See as a sovereign nation, their embassy was the first one established.

  Hungary 21 November 1920 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1920 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Hungary Gaetano Caracciolo Di Castagneto.[60]
  Iceland 15 August 1945 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1945.[67]
  Ireland 27 September 1937 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1937 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Ireland Mr. Romano Lodi Fe.[349]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Rome and an honorary consulate in Milan.[350]
  • Italy has an embassy in Dublin.[351] and an honorary consulate in Galway.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and the Council of Europe.
  • There are 15,000 Irish people living in Italy.
  • There are 7,656 Italians living in Ireland.
  Kosovo 15 May 2008 See Italy–Kosovo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 2008.[192]

Italy recognized Kosovo on 21 February 2008.[352][353] Italy has an embassy in Pristina since 15 May 2008.[354] Kosovo will open an embassy in Rome.

  • There are upwards to 900,000 ethnic Albanians in Italy, many also from Kosovo.
  Latvia 30 August 1991 Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 30 August 1991.[163]
  Liechtenstein 11 December 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 December 1995 when has been appointed Ambassador of Italy to Liechtenstein with residence in Berne Mr. Arduino Fornara.[160]
  • Italy is represented in Liechtenstein through its embassy in Bern (Switzerland)
  Lithuania 30 August 1991 Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 30 August 1991.[164]
  Luxembourg 7 February 1891 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 February 1891.[49]
  Malta 21 September 1964 See Italy–Malta relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1964.[361]

  Moldova 21 February 1992 See Italy-Moldova relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1992.[168]

  Monaco 25 April 1875

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1875.[362]

  • Italy has an embassy in Monaco.
  • Monaco has an embassy in Rome and an honorary consulate in Venice.
  Montenegro 14 June 2006 See Italy–Montenegro relations
  Netherlands 15 September 1859 See Italy–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1859 when has been appointed first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to the Netherlands Andrea Taliacarne.[36]

  North Macedonia 16 December 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1993.[184]
  • Italy has an embassy in Skopje
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in Rome.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and of NATO.
  Norway 22 March 1906 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 March 1906.[368]
  Poland 27 February 1919 See Italy–Poland relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1919.[57]

  Portugal 24 October 1860 See Italy–Portugal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1860 when has been appointed first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Portugal Minerva Domenico Pes Di San Vittorio.[34]

  Romania 26 December 1879 See Italy–Romania relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 December 1879.[372]

  Russia 25 September 1856 See Italy–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1856 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Russia Francesco Maria Sauli.[34]

Russia has an embassy in Rome and consulates in Genoa, Milan and Palermo, and Italy has an embassy in Moscow, a consulate in Saint Petersburg, two consulte generals (in Ekaterinburg and Kaliningrad), and two embassy branches in (Samara and Volgograd). Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

In 2006, Russia and Italy have signed a protocol of cooperation for fighting crime and defending civil liberties.

The relationship between Russia and Italy goes back a long way. Already in the 1960s, Italy's FIAT built a car-assembling plant in the Soviet city of Tolyatti (a city named after the Italian Communist Party's secretary Palmiro Togliatti). In the past, Russians visited Italy in great numbers. Many Russian students came to Italy each year to study in Italian universities.[377] The Silvio Berlusconi Government (2001–2006) strengthened Italy's ties with Russia, due to his personal friendship with President Vladimir Putin. Cooperation extended also to the aviation sector, between Italy's Alenia and Russia's Sukhoi. Finally, for a long time Italy had the largest communist party in the Western world, with over 2 million members. .[378] Good relations ended in 2022 after the invasion of Russia in Ukraine.

  San Marino See Italy–San Marino relations
  • Italy has an embassy in San Marino.
  • San Marino has an embassy in Rome.
  Serbia 18 January 1879 See Italy–Serbia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 1879.[45]

  Slovakia 1 January 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993.[181]
  Slovenia 17 January 1992 See Italy–Slovenia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 January 1992.[167]

  Spain 5 May 1856 See Italy–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1856 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Spain barone Romualdo Tecco.[32]

Both countries established diplomatic relations after the unification of Italy. Relations between Italy Spain have remained strong and affable for centuries owing to various political, cultural, and historical connections between the two nations.

  Sweden 23 December 1859 See Italy–Sweden relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1859 when has been appointed first interim Chargé d'Affaires Giov. Antonio Migliorati.[38]

   Switzerland 12 February 1860 See Italy–Switzerland relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 1860 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Switzerland Alessandro Jocteau.[33]

  Ukraine 29 January 1992 See Italy–Ukraine relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 January 1992.[169]

  United Kingdom 13 April 1859 See Italy–United Kingdom relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1859 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Great Britain Roberto Taparelli d'Azeglio.[35]

Although enemies during World War II, the United Kingdom and Italy have generally enjoyed a warm and friendly relationship throughout history. Both states embrace membership of the NATO, OSCE and the G7[385]

Between 4 and 5 million British tourists visit Italy every year, while 1 million Italian tourists visit the UK.[386] There are about 30,000 British nationals living in Italy (see British in Italy), and 200,000 Italians living in the UK.[387]

Oceania

edit
Country
Beginning of formal relations
 Notes
  Australia 4 February 1949 See Australia–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1949.[6]

  Fiji 13 October 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1972.[392]
  New Zealand 22 August 1950 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 August 1950.[2]
  Vanuatu

Italy has an honorary consulate in Port Vila.[395]

International institutions

edit

Italy is part of the UN, EU, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the DAC, the WTO, the G7, the G20, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Latin Union, the Council of Europe, the Central European Initiative, the ASEM, the MEF, the ISA, the Uniting for Consensus and several Contact Groups.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ française, La Documentation. "L'Italie : un destin européen". www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr. Archived from the original on 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2014-10-25.
  2. ^ a b Articles 3, 7, 8, 19, 20 of the Constitution of Italy; Constitutional Court's Decision n. 203/1989
  3. ^ (in Italian) Documento programmatico pluriennale per la Difesa per il triennio 2014-2016 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Italian Ministry of Defence, August 2014.
  4. ^ a b Enrico Dal Lago, "Lincoln, Cavour, and National Unification: American Republicanism and Italian Liberal Nationalism in Comparative Perspective." The Journal of the Civil War Era 3#1 (2013): 85–113.
  5. ^ William L. Langer, ed., An Encyclopedia of World Cup History. 4th ed. 1968. pp 704–7.
  6. ^ a b ""Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi" (in Italian). 28 August 2017. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  7. ^ Mack Smith, Denis (1997). Modern Italy; A Political History. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10895-6
  8. ^ "Everything you need to know about March 17th, Italy's Unity Day". 17 March 2017. Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  9. ^ Charles Stevenson, A Box of Sand: The Italo-Ottoman War 1911–1912: The First Land, Sea and Air War (2014)
  10. ^ Nigel Thomas. Armies in the Balkans 1914–18. Osprey Publishing, 2001, p. 17.
  11. ^ G.Sabbatucci, La vittoria mutilata, in AA.VV., Miti e storia dell'Italia unita, Il Mulino, Bologna 1999, pp.101–106
  12. ^ Aristotle A. Kallis. Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945. London, England, UK; New York City, USA: Routledge, 2000, pp. 41.
  13. ^ Terence Ball, Richard Bellamy. The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. Pp. 133
  14. ^ Jozo Tomasevich. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press, 2001. P. 131.
  15. ^ Larry Wolff. Venice And the Slavs: The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press, P. 355.
  16. ^ Aristotle A. Kallis. Fascist Ideology: Expansionism in Italy and Germany 1922–1945. London, England; UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2000. P. 118.
  17. ^ Mussolini Unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986, 1999. P. 38.
  18. ^ a b Davide Rodogno. Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. P. 88.
  19. ^ Stephen J. Lee (2008). European Dictatorships, 1918–1945. Routledge. pp. 157–58. ISBN 978-0-415-45484-1. Archived from the original on 2024-02-11. Retrieved 2023-07-06.
  20. ^ a b G. Bianchi, La Resistenza, in: AA.VV., Storia d'Italia, vol. 8, pp. 368-369.
  21. ^ "Storia della guerra civile in Italia" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2023-07-06.
  22. ^ See the books from Italian historian Giorgio Pisanò Storia della guerra civile in Italia, 1943–1945, 3 voll., Milano, FPE, 1965 and the book L'Italia della guerra civile ("Italy of civil war"), published in 1983 by the Italian writer and journalist Indro Montanelli as the fifteen volume of the Storia d'Italia ("History of Italy") by the same author.
  23. ^ Pavone, Claudio (1991). Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralità della Resistenza (in Italian). Torino: Bollati Boringhieri. p. 238. ISBN 88-339-0629-9.
  24. ^ Viganò, Marino (2001), "Un'analisi accurata della presunta fuga in Svizzera", Nuova Storia Contemporanea (in Italian), 3
  25. ^ "1945: Italian partisans kill Mussolini". BBC News. 28 April 1945. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  26. ^ Damage Foreshadows A-Bomb Test, 1946/06/06 (1946). Universal Newsreel. 1946. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  27. ^ "Italia 1946: le donne al voto, dossier a cura di Mariachiara Fugazza e Silvia Cassamagnaghi" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  28. ^ "La prima volta in cui le donne votarono in Italia, 75 anni fa". Il Post (in Italian). 10 March 2021. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  29. ^ Tobagi, Benedetta. "La Repubblica italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere". Treccani.it. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  30. ^ a b c d e Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1886. p. 53. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  31. ^ Mario J. Gallego, Cosme (2014). "CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO E INTERNACIONAL DE LAS RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA CON ESPAÑA DURANTE LA SEGUNDA MITAD DEL SIGLO XIX1" (PDF) (in Spanish): 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-01-14. Retrieved 2024-01-03. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  32. ^ a b Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1865. p. 58. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1886. p. 59. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1886. p. 57. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1886. p. 55. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1886. p. 56. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1886. p. 54. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  38. ^ a b Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1886. p. 58. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  39. ^ "All Countries". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  40. ^ "L'Italia celebra i primi 150 anni - I documenti ufficiali relativi al riconoscimento dell'Italia quale nuovo Stato nazionale". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy (in Italian). 28 September 2011. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  41. ^ a b Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1886. p. 58. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  42. ^ a b "Italia-Giappone: 150 anni di amicizia costante". Ambasciata del Giappone (in Italian). Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  43. ^ a b "Ambassador of Italy to Thailand paid an introductory call on Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kingdom of Thailand. 8 March 2023. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  44. ^ "Rapport de Politique Extérieure 2007" (in French). p. 44. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  45. ^ a b "Italy". Republic of Serbia Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  46. ^ a b "Storia delle relazioni diplomatiche fra Italia e Bulgaria". Ambasciata d'Italia Sofia (in Italian). Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  47. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  48. ^ a b Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1931. p. 53.
  49. ^ a b P. Ruppert (1892). Le grand-duché de Luxembourg dans ses relations internationales (in French). la cour V. Bück, L. Bück successeur. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  50. ^ a b I trattati di commercio, dogana e navigazione fra l'Italia e gli altri stati in vigore al ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero delle Finanze. 1911. p. 360. Archived from the original on 2024-03-14. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
  51. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Terza Serie: 1896-1907 Volume II (1 maggio 1897 - 23 giugno 1898)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 369. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  52. ^ a b "Cuba e Italia: la certeza de que se puede hacer más juntos". misiones.cubaminrex.cu (in Spanish). 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  53. ^ "Relaciones diplomaticas de la Reublica de Panama" (PDF). Memoria 2011-2012 (in Spanish). p. 197. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  54. ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). April 27, 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  55. ^ a b Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1931. p. 31.
  56. ^ "Přehled velvyslanců Československa a ČR v Itálii - od roku 1918 do současnosti" (in Czech). Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  57. ^ a b "Polonia in Italia". gov.pl (in Italian). Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  58. ^ a b "Finland and Italy". Finland in Italy. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  59. ^ "Die Gesandtschaft bzw. Botschaft der Republik Österreich in Rom seit 1921" (in German). Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  60. ^ a b c d Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1931. p. 63.
  61. ^ a b "Centenario relazioni diplomatiche Italia – Afghanistan". Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale Italia (in Italian). June 3, 2021. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  62. ^ "Rappresentanti Diplomatici in Egitto" (PDF). Personalita Istituzionali Italiane (in Italian). p. 286. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  63. ^ "Britain's position of the Italian Treaty of Yemen 1926-1936 AD". Iraqi Academic Scientific Journals (in Arabic). 2009. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  64. ^ "Diplomatic relations of the Holy See". Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  65. ^ a b "Italia-Arabia Saudita: guardando al futuro dopo 80 anni di relazioni". formiche (in Italian). 4 October 2013. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  66. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Ottava Serie: 1935-1939 Volume VII (1 luglio- 31 dicembre 1937)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 887. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  67. ^ a b "Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  68. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Decima Serie: 1943-1948 Volume IV (13 luglio 1946 - l o febbraio 1947)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 855. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  69. ^ "I DOCUMENTI DIPLOMATICI ITALIANI DECIMA SERIE: 1943-1948 VOLUME IV (13 luglio 1946 - l o febbraio 1947)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 857. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  70. ^ Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  71. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Decima Serie: 1943-1948 Volume VI (31 maggio - 14 dicembre 1947)" (in Italian). p. 1021. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  72. ^ a b Lorenzo Angeloni, Maria Elettra Verrone (2018). There's Something in the Air Life Stories from Italy and India. Juggernaut Books. p. xiii.
  73. ^ Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: Pakistan : struggling for survival, 1 January-30 September 1948. Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, National Archives of Pakistan. 1993. p. XLVI.
  74. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Undicesima Serie: 1948-1953 Volume III (1 luglio 1949 - 26 gennaio 1950)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 688. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  75. ^ Federico Vidic. "«L'Italia è come la Giordania paese mediterraneo»: lo stabilimento della Missione diplomatica italiana ad Amman". jstor.org (in Italian). Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  76. ^ "AUSTRALIAN ENVOY". Sydney Morning Herald. 25 November 1949. p. 3. Retrieved 29 May 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
  77. ^ "Italia" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  78. ^ a b "Dates of Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Sri Lanka. 30 July 2021. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  79. ^ "Länder" (in German). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  80. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Undicesima Serie: 1948-1953 Volume IV (27 gennaio – 31 ottobre 1950)" (PDF) (in Italian). p. 585. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  81. ^ a b "Diplomatic Relations". Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar in Brazil. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  82. ^ "LIST OF MEMBER STATES OF THE UNITED NATIONS (193) HAVING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH CAMBODIA". mfaic.gov.kh. Archived from the original on 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  83. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Undicesima Serie: 1948-1953 Volume VI (26 luglio 1951 – 30 giugno 1952)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 867. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  84. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Undicesima Serie: 1948-1953 Volume VI (26 luglio 1951 – 30 giugno 1952)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 868. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  85. ^ "Giovedì - 12 Iuglio 1956: Il Presidente della Repubblica riceve in udienza" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  86. ^ a b Chronologie Internationale (in French). France. Direction de la documentation. 1956. p. 43.
  87. ^ a b "Storia". Ambasciata d'Italia Rabat (in Italian). Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  88. ^ a b "Presidenza Giovanni Gronchi. Omer Abedel Hanid Adeel, Ministro del Sudan: presentazione lettere credenziali". Portale storico della Presidenza della Repubblica (in Italian). 31 October 1956. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  89. ^ a b "Search | Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea". Archived from the original on 2020-04-03. Retrieved 2019-07-29.
  90. ^ a b "History". Embassy of Malaysia, Rome. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  91. ^ a b "Nepal- Italy Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  92. ^ "Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 5 dicembre 1959, n. 1382 Istituzione in Conakry (Guinea) di un'Ambasciata e di una Cancelleria consolare alle dipendenze della stessa". Gazzetta Ufficiale (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 March 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
  93. ^ a b Rivista di studi politici internazionali 45 (in Italian). F. le Monnier. 1978. p. 638.
  94. ^ a b Relazioni internazionali, Volume 26 (in Italian). Istituto per gli studi di politica internazionale. 1962. p. 758.
  95. ^ a b c d e "Archivio storico della Presidenza della Repubblica Archivio Storico della Presidenza della Repubblica - Ufficio per gli affari diplomatici (1955-1999)" (PDF) (in Italian). March 2009. p. 31-32 and 60. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
  96. ^ "Italy and Cyprus 60 years of diplomatic relations" (PDF). Embassy of Italy Nicosia. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  97. ^ Bulletin de la Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger Issues 64-79 (in French). Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger. 1961. pp. A-25.
  98. ^ Europe, France outremer Issues 382-392 (in French). 1961. p. 48.
  99. ^ a b Relazioni Internazionali, Volume 25 (in Italian). Istituto per gli studi di politica internazionale. 1961. p. 819.
  100. ^ "Nigeria, Our Strategic Partner for Development, Says Italian Ambassador". THISDAYLIVE. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  101. ^ Afrique Volumes 1-7 (in French). Société internationale de publications commerciales, culturelles et artistiques. 1961. p. 44. Lomé . M. Renzo Luigi Romanelli , premier ambassadeur d'Italie à Lomé , a remis ses lettres de créance à M. Sylvanus Olympio , président de la république du Togo
  102. ^ "FICHE ITALIENNE: Les relations entre le Cameroun et l'Italie (1)" (PDF). prc.cm (in French). p. 12 / 30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  103. ^ "Archivio storico della Presidenza della Repubblica Archivio Storico della Presidenza della Repubblica - Ufficio per gli affari diplomatici (1955-1999)" (PDF) (in Italian). March 2009. p. 31-33. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
  104. ^ a b West Africa. West Africa Publishing Company, Limited. 1962. p. 655.
  105. ^ Jean-François Juilliard, Françoise Moussu (1962). "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1962 / 8 /". Annuaire Français de Droit International (in French). 8 (1): 1088. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  106. ^ Relazioni internazionali Volume 26 (in Italian). Istituto per gli studi di politica internazionale. 1962. p. 739.
  107. ^ a b "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". mfaft.gov.jm. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  108. ^ a b Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 5-6. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  109. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1964. p. 28.
  110. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 133-134. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964. p. 12. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  111. ^ a b "Storia". Ambasciata d'Italia Kampala (in Italian). Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  112. ^ Kenya Directory of the Diplomatic Corps. Kenya. Protocol Office. 1968. p. 67. Embassy of Italy Ambassador H.E. Marquis Giovanni Revedin di San Martino ( 7-7-64 )
  113. ^ "PRESS RELEASE BY THE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT: Dinner speech delivered by the President of Malta Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca on the occasion of the state visit of the President of Italy Sergio Mattarella (13-14 September 2017), at Verdala Palace, Buskett". gov.mt. 13 September 2017. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  114. ^ "KUNA : Kuwaiti FM arrives in Italy". 9 September 2003. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  115. ^ "Storia". Ambasciata d'Italia Brazzaville (in Italian). Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  116. ^ a b "Presidenza Giuseppe Saragat Emanuele Kaberuka, nuovo ambasciatore del Ruanda: presentazione lettere credenziali". Portale storico della Prezidenza della Repubblica (in Italian). 5 May 1965. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  117. ^ "Diplomatic & Consular List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. 20 August 2017. p. 111. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  118. ^ Diplomatic and Consular List. Gambia. Government Printer. 1966. p. 1.
  119. ^ "Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Laos. Archived from the original on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  120. ^ Filippo Scammacca del Murgo (27 July 2021). Sulle tracce di Livingstone Storia di Zambia e Malawi e degli italiani che vi hanno viaggiato (in Italian). Infinito Edizioni. ISBN 978-88-6861-537-6.
  121. ^ Diplomatic and Consular List Issue 3. Malawi. Ministry of External Affairs. 1967. p. 1.
  122. ^ "Countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  123. ^ "Countries with which Guyana has Establishment Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  124. ^ Monde colonial illustré Volume 45, Issues 453-464 (in French). Société nouvelle des Editions France Outremer S.A. 1967. p. 55. Italie : Ambassadeur (résidant à Nairobi) : M. Revendi Di San Martino
  125. ^ "Joseph Guy Forget, nuovo ambasciatore di Mauritius: presentazione lettere credenziali". Portale storico della Presidenza della Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  126. ^ "List of Countries Maintaining Diplomatic Relations with Mongolia" (PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  127. ^ a b "Major events in China-Italy relations". xinhuanet.com. 7 May 2004. Archived from the original on 2 July 2004. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  128. ^ "Dr. Filippo Scammacca Del Murgo e Dell Agnone presented his credentials to Dr. Sertese Khama Ian Khama". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Botswana in Facebook. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  129. ^ "UAE Embassy in Rome-Bilateral Relationship". www.mofa.gov.ae. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  130. ^ a b "Bilateral relations". Embassy of the Sultanate of Oman, Rome, Italy. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  131. ^ "Formal diplomatic relations list" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  132. ^ a b "Presidenza Giovanni Leone: Ikbal Athar, nuovo ambasciatore del Bangladesh: presentazione lettere credenziali". Portale storico della Presidenza della Repubblica (in Italian). 18 January 1973. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  133. ^ a b "Presidenza Giovanni Leone. Ibrahim Hamad Al-Nasr, nuovo ambasciatore del Qatar: presentazione lettere credenziali". Portale storico della Presidenza della Republica (in Italian). 15 February 1973. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  134. ^ a b "I rapporti bilaterali". Ambasciata d'Italia Hanoi (in Italian). Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  135. ^ a b "Bilateral Relations". Kingdom of Bahrain Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  136. ^ Ispi - Annuario Di Politica Internazionale 1973 (in Italian). 1973. p. 1167.
  137. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa. Vol. 5021–5096. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1975. p. 4.
  138. ^ "Relação Diplomática na Itália". mirex.gov.ao (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  139. ^ "The new Italian Ambassador to Seychelles accredited". statehouse.gov.sc. 28 April 2023. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  140. ^ "1976 Testi e Documenti sulla politica estera dell'Italia" (PDF). farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 159. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  141. ^ "1976 Testi e Documenti sulla politica estera dell'Italia" (PDF). farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 145. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  142. ^ "List of countries with which Barbados has diplomatic relations (by regions)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade Barbados. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  143. ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1849-1856. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1977. p. 13. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  144. ^ "GIS News: Ambassador of Italy to Grenada presents credentials". 27 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  145. ^ a b "Diplomatic relations between Italy and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  146. ^ "Ambassador of The Bahamas Presents Credentials in Italy". Archived from the original on 2022-09-29. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
  147. ^ "Europe". Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  148. ^ "List of countries with which Saint Lucia has established Diplomatic Relations". Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  149. ^ 1980 testi e documenti sulla politica estera dell'Italia (PDF) (in Italian). 1980. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  150. ^ Kingdom of Lesotho - Diplomatic list January 1982. 1982. p. 5.
  151. ^ "Archivio storico della Presidenza della Repubblica - Ufficio per gli affari diplomatici (1955-1999)" (PDF) (in Italian). March 2009. p. 373. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  152. ^ "Vanuatu Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). mfaicet.gov.vu. p. 49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  153. ^ a b "Diplomatic Relations – Belize" (PDF). mfa.gov.bz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  154. ^ "Diplomatic Relations - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (by geographic location)" (PDF). Diplomatic and Consular List. February 2020. p. 109. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  155. ^ "Leonel Sebastiano Vieira, nuovo ambasciatore della Guinea Bissau: presentazione lettere credenziali" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  156. ^ a b 1985 Testi e Documenti sulla politica estera dell'Italia (in Italian). 1985. pp. 9–11.
  157. ^ "Chronology of Antigua and Barbuda's Bilateral relations". Government of Antigua and Barbuda. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  158. ^ Briefing Notes for Minister of Foreign Affairs, The Rt. Honourable Sir Peter Kenilorea. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Solomon Islands. 1988. p. 32.
  159. ^ "Countries with Established Diplomatic Relations with Samoa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Samoa. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  160. ^ a b c d e "Stati di servizio del personale della carriera diplomatica e della dirigenza del ministero degli affari esteri e della cooperazione internazionale che ha cessato di far parte dell'amministrazione dal 1° Gennaio 2000 al 5 Luglio 2016" (PDF) (in Italian). p. 94. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  161. ^ Brunei Darussalam. Broadcasting and Information Department, Prime Minister's Office. 1989. p. 169.
  162. ^ Samuel Abraham Peyavali Mushelenga (November 2008). "Foreign policy-making in Namibia : the dynamics of the smallness of a state" (PDF). p. 255. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  163. ^ a b "Dates of Establishment and Renewal of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Latvia. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  164. ^ a b "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  165. ^ a b "Italy and Estonia". Ambasciata d'Italia Tallinn. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  166. ^ a b "Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  167. ^ a b "30° anniversario dell'instaurazione delle relazioni diplomatiche tra Slovenia e Italia". gov.si (in Italian). 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  168. ^ a b "Relazioni politiche e diplomatiche". Ambasciata della Repubblica di Moldova nella Repubblica Italiana e nella Repubblica Malta (in Italian). Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  169. ^ a b "Dialogo bilaterale politico". Ambasciata d'Ucraina nella Repubblica Italiana (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  170. ^ "Neu akkreditierte FL-Botschafter" (in German). 7 February 1992. p. 2. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  171. ^ "Italy - Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  172. ^ a b "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения". mfa.gov.kg (in Russian). Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  173. ^ a b "States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Uzbekistan. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  174. ^ a b "Relazioni diplomatiche tra la Repubblica di Belarus e la Repubblica Italiana". Ambasciata della Repubblica di Belarus nella Repubblica Italiana (in Italian). Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  175. ^ a b "The Italian Republic". Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  176. ^ a b "Italian Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  177. ^ a b "Bilateral relations of Tajikistan with Italy". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  178. ^ a b "States with which Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  179. ^ a b "Informazioni generali". Ambasciata della Repubblica del Kazakhstan nella Repubblica Italiana (in Italian). Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  180. ^ "Countries With Which the Federated States of Micronesia Has Established Diplomatic Relations". fsmgov.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  181. ^ a b "Štáty a teritóriá" (in Slovak). Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  182. ^ a b "Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bosnia and Herzegovina. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  183. ^ a b Rivista di diritto internazionale - Volume 77 (in Italian). Tip. dell 'Unione cooperativa editrice. 1994. p. 228.
  184. ^ a b "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  185. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Andorra. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  186. ^ "President David Adeang had a courtesy meeting with Italian Special Envoy Guglielmo Picchi, today, 7Nov, on strengthening mutual cooperation between Nauru and Italy". The Government of the Republic of Nauru. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  187. ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK. 2016. pp. 8–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  188. ^ "Countries with which Palau has Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  189. ^ "STATI DI SERVIZIO DEL PERSONALE DELLA CARRIERA DIPLOMATICA E DELLA DIRIGENZA DEL MINISTERO DEGLI AFFARI ESTERI CHE HA CESSATO DI FAR PARTE DELL'AMMINISTRAZIONE DAL 1° GENNAIO 2000 AL 30 MAGGIO 2014" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  190. ^ a b "Diplomatic Missions - Accredited Embassies to Timor-Leste from overseas". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation Timor Leste. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  191. ^ a b "Italy". Government of Montenegro. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  192. ^ a b Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
  193. ^ a b "[SouthSudanInfo] GoSS website : latest ..." www.mail-archive.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  194. ^ "Niue Establish Diplomatic Relations with Italy" (PDF). Government of Niue. 2015-09-21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-29. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  195. ^ Jean-François Juilliard, Françoise Moussu (1962). "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1962 / 8 /". Annuaire Français de Droit International (in French). 8 (1): 1088. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  196. ^ "1976 Testi e Documenti sulla politica estera dell'Italia" (PDF) (in Italian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy). p. 132. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024. I Governi della Repubblica italiana e della Repubblica popolare di Angola hanno convenuto di stabilire relazioni diplomatiche a livello di ambasciatori con effetto dal 4 giugno 1976.
  197. ^ a b c "CONSOLATI DI CARRIERA ED ONORARI ESTERI IN ITALIA" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  198. ^ "Rete diplomatica". Archived from the original on 2019-12-27. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  199. ^ "1976 Testi e Documenti sulla politica estera dell'Italia" (PDF). farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 159. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  200. ^ "AMBASCIATE ESTERE IN ITALIA" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  201. ^ "Country of accreditation". Archived from the original on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2019-09-04.
  202. ^ "Consular network". Archived from the original on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2019-09-04.
  203. ^ "Three killed in attack on UN World Food Programme convoy in DR Congo". UN News. 2021-02-22. Archived from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  204. ^ "Rappresentanti Diplomatici in Egitto" (PDF). Personalita Istituzionali Italiane (in Italian). p. 286. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  205. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Undicesima Serie: 1948-1953 Volume VI (26 luglio 1951 – 30 giugno 1952)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 868. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  206. ^ "Presidenza Antonio Segni Bakar Ould Ahmedou, nuovo ambasciatore della Mauritania: presentazione lettere credenziali". Portale storico della Presidenza della Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  207. ^ "Rete diplomatica".[permanent dead link‍]
  208. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-01-03. Retrieved 2019-09-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  209. ^ "Annuaire". Archived from the original on 2023-03-08. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
  210. ^ "Coronavirus: Moroccan Embassy in Italy Ensures Community's Safety". Archived from the original on 2020-12-05. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
  211. ^ "Presidenza Giovanni Gronchi: Sua Eccellenza Edouard Basse, nuovo ambasciatore del Senegal: presentazione delle lettere credenziali". Portale storico della Presidenza della Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  212. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Pretoria". www.ambpretoria.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2015-09-19. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  213. ^ "Consolato - Cape Town". www.conscapetown.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2015-08-03. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  214. ^ "Ambasciata del Sudafrica Roma/Italia". www.sudafrica.it. Archived from the original on 2011-04-06. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  215. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Tunisi". www.ambtunisi.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  216. ^ "1980 testi e documenti sulla politica estera dell'Italia" (PDF) (in Italian). 1980. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  217. ^ "Bienvenido a República Italiana - República Italiana". eital.cancilleria.gov.ar. Archived from the original on 2018-11-26. Retrieved 2014-11-09.
  218. ^ "Bienvenido a Consulado General y Centro de Promoción Comercial en Milán - Consulado General y Centro de Promoción Comercial en Milán". cmila.cancilleria.gov.ar. Archived from the original on 2014-11-09. Retrieved 2014-11-09.
  219. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Buenos Aires". www.ambbuenosaires.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2016-02-15. Retrieved 2014-11-09.
  220. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belize" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-07-07. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
  221. ^ "Mexico - New Italian honorary consul appointed in Playa del Carmen". www.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2016-12-31. Retrieved 2016-12-30.
  222. ^ "Resident diplomatic missions of Brazil in Italy". Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
  223. ^ "Embassy of Italy in Brasilia". Archived from the original on 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
  224. ^ "Consulate-General of Italy in Curitiba". Archived from the original on 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
  225. ^ "Consulate-General of Italy in Porto Alegre". Archived from the original on 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
  226. ^ "Consulate-General of Italy in Rio de Janeiro". Archived from the original on 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
  227. ^ "Consulate-General of Italy in São Paulo". Archived from the original on 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
  228. ^ "Consolato - Belo Horizonte". consbelohorizonte.esteri.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  229. ^ "Consulate of Italy in Recife". Archived from the original on 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
  230. ^ Linwood DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  231. ^ Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada (29 July 2009). "Contact Us". Archived from the original on 12 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  232. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Ottawa". www.ambottawa.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2013-07-17. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  233. ^ "Consolato Generale - Toronto". www.constoronto.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2013-07-14. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  234. ^ "Consolato Generale - Vancouver". www.consvancouver.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  235. ^ Chile, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de. "Embajada de Chile en Italia - Chile en el Exterior". Chile en el Exterior. Archived from the original on 2014-11-09. Retrieved 2014-11-09.
  236. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Santiago". www.ambsantiago.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2014-11-09. Retrieved 2014-11-09.
  237. ^ "- Embajada de Colombia en Italia". italia.embajada.gov.co. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-29.
  238. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Bogota". www.ambbogota.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-29.
  239. ^ "La rete consolare". www.ambbogota.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-29.
  240. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - San José de Costa Rica" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  241. ^ "Embassy of Cuba in Italy". Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  242. ^ "Embassy of Italy in Havana". Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  243. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Terza Serie: 1896-1907 Volume II (1 maggio 1897 - 23 giugno 1898)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 371. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  244. ^ "Countries of concurrent accreditation". Archived from the original on 2019-04-26. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
  245. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Terza Serie: 1896-1907 Volume II (1 maggio 1897 - 23 giugno 1898)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 369. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  246. ^ "Inicio". embamex.sre.gob.mx. Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2014-11-09.
  247. ^ "Inicio". consulmex.sre.gob.mx. Archived from the original on 2014-11-09. Retrieved 2014-11-09.
  248. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Citta del Messico". www.ambcittadelmessico.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2014-11-09. Retrieved 2014-11-09.
  249. ^ "Relaciones diplomaticas de la Reublica de Panama" (PDF). Memoria 2011-2012 (in Spanish). p. 197. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  250. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Assunzione". www.ambassunzione.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  251. ^ "Paraguay embassy in Rome (in Spanish only)". Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  252. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Lima". www.amblima.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  253. ^ "Embassy of Peru in Rome (in Italian and Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
  254. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Italy". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  255. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Montevideo". www.ambmontevideo.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-07-20. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  256. ^ "Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in Italy". Archived from the original on 2011-02-03. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  257. ^ Embassy history Archived 2010-01-07 at the Wayback Machine, Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in Italy
  258. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Kabul". www.ambkabul.esteri.it. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012.
  259. ^ Amin Saikal, Ravan Farhadi, Kirill Nourzhanov. Modern Afghanistan: a history of struggle and survival Archived 2023-04-15 at the Wayback Machine. I.B.Tauris, 2006. ISBN 1-84511-316-0, ISBN 978-1-84511-316-2. Pg 64
  260. ^ Tom Lansford. A bitter harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan Archived 2023-05-06 at the Wayback Machine. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003 ISBN 0-7546-3615-1, ISBN 978-0-7546-3615-1. Pg 2
  261. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  262. ^ Armenian embassy in Rome Archived December 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  263. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Jerevan". www.ambjerevan.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2011-11-05. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  264. ^ FS. "Ambasciata della Repubblica dell'Azerbaigian". www.azembassy.it. Archived from the original on 2013-03-16. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  265. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Baku". www.ambbaku.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  266. ^ "People's Daily Online -- China-Italy relations experiencing "powerful acceleration": Fini". english.people.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
  267. ^ "Georgian embassy in Rome". Archived from the original on 2012-07-11.
  268. ^ "Italian embassy in Tbilisi". Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  269. ^ "Embassy of India, Rome, Italy". www.indianembassyrome.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2018-09-01. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
  270. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - New Delhi". www.ambnewdelhi.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
  271. ^ "Consolato Generale - Mumbai". www.consmumbai.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-07-06. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
  272. ^ png/dic (June 2, 2012). "Italy to boost relations with RI, honors 3 Indonesians". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  273. ^ "Italy-Indonesia: possible trade increase from $4.5 to 25 billion - partnership for major investments, says Terzi". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy. 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  274. ^ Mathias Hariyadi (2012-04-24). "Jakarta and Rome promoting interfaith dialogue to counter extremism". Asia News. Archived from the original on 2022-10-15. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  275. ^ "The Cost of Economic Sanctions on Major Exporters to Iran". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-09. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
  276. ^ "Italy remains top trading partner of Iran in EU". www.payvand.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-25. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  277. ^ Iran-daily.com Archived June 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  278. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Undicesima Serie: 1948-1953 Volume III (1 luglio 1949 - 26 gennaio 1950)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 688. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  279. ^ "Italian general consulates in West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem". Archived from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
  280. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Telaviv". www.ambtelaviv.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  281. ^ "Israeli embassy in Rome (in Italian only)". Archived from the original on 2011-10-16. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  282. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Tokyo". www.ambtokyo.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-07-03. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  283. ^ "Italian general consulate in Osaka". Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  284. ^ "Ambasciata del Giappone in Italia". www.it.emb-japan.go.jp. Archived from the original on 2009-06-19. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  285. ^ "Japanese general consulate in Milan (in Italian and Japanese only)". Archived from the original on 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  286. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Undicesima Serie: 1948-1953 Volume IV (27 gennaio – 31 ottobre 1950)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 593. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  287. ^ "Meeting in Rome: Kazakhstan, Italy discuss cooperation across many spheres". inform.kz. Archived from the original on 2018-05-02. Retrieved 2018-05-01.
  288. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Decima Serie: 1943-1948 Volume IV (13 luglio 1946 - l o febbraio 1947)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 857. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  289. ^ "Relazioni tra il Libano e l'Italia". L'Ambasciata del Libano in Italia (in Italian). Archived from the original on 4 December 2007. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  290. ^ "LEGGE 22 dicembre 1950, n. 1281" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  291. ^ Alizzi, Antonio; Fiorani, Valeria Piacentini (6 June 2014). Nel paese dei cedri: Gli studenti dell'Università Cattolica raccontano (in Italian). EDUCatt - Ente per il diritto allo studio universitario dell'Università Cattolica. ISBN 9788867803910. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  292. ^ "Countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  293. ^ "Ambasciata d' Italia a Kuala Lumpur" (in Italian). Ambasciata d' Italia a Kuala Lumpur. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  294. ^ "Malaysia Embassy In Rome". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  295. ^ "북한과의 수교관계". Archived from the original on 2019-07-29. Retrieved 2019-07-29.
  296. ^ Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: Pakistan : struggling for survival, 1 January-30 September 1948. Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, National Archives of Pakistan. 1993. p. XLVI.
  297. ^ "Pakistantimes.net". Archived from the original on 2005-03-01. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  298. ^ Idea.int Archived 2010-08-21 at the Wayback Machine
  299. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Decima Serie: 1943-1948 Volume IV (13 luglio 1946 - l o febbraio 1947)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 855. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  300. ^ a b "Qatar-Italy Relations". Qatar Embassy in Rome. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  301. ^ "Diplomatic & Consular List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. 20 August 2017. p. 111. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  302. ^ "Guerra di Corea, 70 anni fa la prima missione militare internazionale italiana" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  303. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia a Seoul, Home Page". Archived from the original on 2015-03-12. Retrieved 2017-10-03.
  304. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Seoul". Archived from the original on 2019-08-12. Retrieved 2019-07-29.
  305. ^ 주 이탈리아 대한민국 대사관 (in Korean). Ita.mofa.go.kr. 2018-03-30. Archived from the original on 2017-12-09. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
  306. ^ "주 이탈리아 대한민국 대사관". Archived from the original on 2018-01-27.
  307. ^ "System Italy: Stronger economic relations between Italy and South Korea". www.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
  308. ^ "Sri Lanka - Italy Relations". Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  309. ^ "La rete consolare". Ambasciata d'Italia Bangkok. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  310. ^ "Thai embassy in Rome". Archived from the original on 2012-06-05. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  311. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Ankara". www.ambankara.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  312. ^ "Benvenuto – Bobi 2001 – Just another WordPress site". www.ambasciataditurchia.it. Archived from the original on 2009-08-31. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  313. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Hanoi". www.ambhanoi.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-07-20. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  314. ^ "Microsoft Word - Cult prof English version.doc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-13. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
  315. ^ "Italians 'seeking work in Albania'". BBC News. 6 June 2014. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  316. ^ a b "In Italy Online - Ethnic Italy - The History of Albanians in Italy". www.initaly.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
  317. ^ "Diplomatic Relations". Afers Exteriors Andorra. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  318. ^ "Belarus Fake Embassy – I'm a student from Belarus, passionate about politics and this is my personal blog". www.belembassy.it. Archived from the original on 2009-04-22. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  319. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Minsk". www.ambminsk.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-07-20. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  320. ^ "Diplomatie.be". www.diplomatie.be. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  321. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Bruxelles". www.ambbruxelles.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  322. ^ "Consolato Generale - Charleroi". www.conscharleroi.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2010-11-19. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  323. ^ "Italian general consulate in Liège (in French and Italian only)". Archived from the original on 2009-06-07. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
  324. ^ "Italian consulate in Genk (in Dutch and Italian only)". Archived from the original on 2009-04-27. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
  325. ^ "Italian consulate in Mons (in French and Italian only)". Archived from the original on 2009-06-07. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
  326. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on August 26, 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  327. ^ "Министерство на външните работи". Министерство на външните работи. Archived from the original on 2009-04-16. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  328. ^ "Bulgarian embassy in Rome". Archived from the original on 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  329. ^ Italian embassy in Sofia Archived 2009-07-20 at the Wayback Machine.
  330. ^ "Italy and Cyprus 60 years of diplomatic relations" (PDF). Embassy of Italy Nicosia. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  331. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Nicosia". www.ambnicosia.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-07-21. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  332. ^ Sylva Sklenářová (2010). "Diplomatické vztahy Československa a Nizozemska v letech 1918–1948 a jejich představitelé" (PDF) (in Czech). p. 20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  333. ^ "Czech embassy in Rome". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  334. ^ "Czech general consulate in Milan". Archived from the original on 2010-04-15. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  335. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Praga". www.ambpraga.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2015-07-07. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
  336. ^ "La Rete Consolare - Brno". www.ambpraga.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2019-08-06. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
  337. ^ "Estonian Embassy in Rome". www.estemb.it. Archived from the original on 2015-02-20. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
  338. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Tallinn". www.ambtallinn.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
  339. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Helsinki". www.ambhelsinki.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  340. ^ "Suomen suurlähetystö, Rooma". www.finland.it. Archived from the original on 2015-02-19. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  341. ^ Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1931. p. 44.
  342. ^ "Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland in den Jahren 2015 und 2016". statista (in German). Archived from the original on 2020-05-26. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
  343. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  344. ^ "Hungarian embassy in Rome (in Hungarian and Italian only)". Archived from the original on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
  345. ^ "Hungarian general consulate in Milan (in Hungarian and Italian only)". Archived from the original on 2017-09-14. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
  346. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Budapest". www.ambbudapest.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2016-04-27. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
  347. ^ "Icelandic embassy in Paris (also accredited to Italy)". Archived from the original on 2011-05-28. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
  348. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Oslo". www.amboslo.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-08-11. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
  349. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Ottava Serie: 1935-1939 Volume VII (1 luglio- 31 dicembre 1937)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 887. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  350. ^ "Irish embassy in Rome". Embassyofireland.it. 2010-05-21. Archived from the original on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
  351. ^ "Italian embassy in Dublin". Ambdublino.esteri.it. 2009-05-19. Archived from the original on 2010-11-05. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
  352. ^ "Consiglio dei Ministri n. 93 del 21 febbraio 2008" (in Italian). Italian Council of Ministers. 2008-02-21. Archived from the original on 2008-04-02. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
  353. ^ "Kosovo, Italia riconosce indipendenza". La Stampa (in Italian). 2008-02-21. Archived from the original on 2008-04-30. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
  354. ^ "Italy appoints Ambassador to Kosovo" Archived 2016-03-14 at the Wayback Machine newkosovareport.com 16 May 2008 Link accessed 15/05/08
  355. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Riga". www.ambriga.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-07-20. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  356. ^ "Embassy of Latvia in Italy". www.mfa.gov.lv. Archived from the original on 2009-08-09. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  357. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Vilnius". www.ambvilnius.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  358. ^ "Lithuanian embassy in Rome". Archived from the original on 2013-05-22. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  359. ^ "Anagrafe". www.amblussemburgo.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2015-07-09. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  360. ^ "Ambasciata del Lussemburgo a Roma: Tutte le info che cerchi". Ambascita Lussemburgo. Archived from the original on 2021-05-01. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  361. ^ "PRESS RELEASE BY THE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT: Dinner speech delivered by the President of Malta Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca on the occasion of the state visit of the President of Italy Sergio Mattarella (13-14 September 2017), at Verdala Palace, Buskett". gov.mt. 13 September 2017. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  362. ^ "Rapport de Politique Extérieure 2007" (in French). p. 44. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  363. ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse. "Nederland wereldwijd - Nederlandwereldwijd.nl". www.mfa.nl. Archived from the original on 2007-05-05.
  364. ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse. "Nederland wereldwijd - Nederlandwereldwijd.nl". www.mfa.nl. Archived from the original on 2007-03-19.
  365. ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse. "Nederland wereldwijd - Nederlandwereldwijd.nl". www.mfa.nl. Archived from the original on 2007-05-02.
  366. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - L'Aja". www.amblaja.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-05-09. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  367. ^ "Italian general consulate in Amsterdam (in Dutch and Italian only)". Archived from the original on 2014-07-08. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  368. ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). April 27, 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  369. ^ "Gli uffici". www.ambvarsavia.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  370. ^ Poland embassy in Rome Archived 2009-02-10 at the Wayback Machine
  371. ^ "Maleje liczba Polaków we Włoszech" [The number of Poles in Italy is decreasing]. Naszswiat.net (in Polish). Archived from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  372. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Romania. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  373. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Bucarest". www.ambbucarest.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-07-16. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  374. ^ "AMBASADA ROMÂNIEI în Republica Italiană". roma.mae.ro. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  375. ^ * Romanian general consulate in Milan Archived 2009-02-02 at the Wayback Machine
  376. ^ "4 milioane de români, rezidenți în Italia, Marea Britanie, Spania și Germania. Statistica românilor stabiliți în alte state" [4 million Romanians, residents in Italy, Great Britain, Spain and Germany. The statistics of the Romanians established in other states]. G4Media (in Romanian). 2021-08-14. Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
  377. ^ "Studiare in Italia: come iscriversi all'università se sei un cittadino russo?" (in Italian). 17 June 2021. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  378. ^ Italy, Russia sign 'protocol of cooperation' - Pravda.Ru Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
  379. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Belgrado". www.ambbelgrado.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-07-20. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  380. ^ Zupančič, Jernej (August 2004). "Ethnic Structure of Slovenia and Slovenes in Neighbouring Countries" (PDF). Slovenia: a geographical overview. Association of the Geographic Societies of Slovenia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
  381. ^ Zupančič, Jernej (author), Orožen Adamič, Milan (photographer), Filipič, Hanzi (photographer): Slovenci po svetu. In publication: Nacionalni atlas Slovenije (Kartografsko gradivo) / Inštitut za geografijo, Geografski inštitut Antona Melika. Ljubljana: Rokus, 2001.COBISS 18593837(in Slovene)
  382. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Kiev". www.ambkiev.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  383. ^ "Sedi consolari ucraine in Italia". www.ucrainaviaggi.com. Archived from the original on 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2015-08-06.
  384. ^ "BBC News: Why are Ukrainians working abroad?". 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2022-07-07. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
  385. ^ "Embassy of Italy in London: Political Cooperation". Archived from the original on 2015-11-08. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  386. ^ "Foreign & Commonwealth Office - GOV.UK". Archived from the original on 2008-03-07. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  387. ^ Bilateral Relations British Embassy, Italy Archived 2007-06-08 at the Wayback Machine
  388. ^ Trade, corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and. "Australian Embassy in". www.italy.embassy.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2009-07-03. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  389. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Canberra". www.ambcanberra.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-07-20. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  390. ^ "Consolato Generale - Sydney". www.conssydney.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-07-21. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  391. ^ "Consolato - Perth". www.consperth.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2009-08-04. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  392. ^ "Formal Diplomatic Relations (FDR) List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs Fiji. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  393. ^ "Ambasciata d'Italia - Wellington". www.ambwellington.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 2016-08-07. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  394. ^ Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade acts in the world to make New Zealanders safer and more prosperous". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 2010-01-02. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  395. ^ "Vanuatu" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.

Further reading

edit

Pre 1945

edit
  • Abbondanza, Gabriele. "The Odd Axis: Germany, Italy, and Japan as Awkward Great Powers." in Awkward Powers: Escaping Traditional Great and Middle Power Theory (2022): 43–71. online Archived 2023-05-29 at the Wayback Machine
  • Azzi, Stephen Corrado. "The Historiography of Fascist Foreign Policy," Historical Journal (1993) 36#1 pp. 187–203 in JSTOR Archived 2019-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
  • Bosworth, Richard. Italy and the wider world 1860-1960 (2013) excerpt
  • Bosworth, Richard. Italy: The Least of the Great Powers: Italian Foreign Policy Before the First World War (1979)
  • Bosworth, Richard. Mussolini (2002) excerpt and text search Archived 2022-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
  • Burgwyn, H. James. The legend of the mutilated victory: Italy, the Great War, and the Paris Peace Conference, 1915-1919 (1993).
  • Burgwyn, H. James. Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918-1940 (1997) excerpt and text search Archived 2016-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
  • Cassels, Alan. Italian Foreign Policy, 1918-1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials (1997)
  • Chabod, Federico. Italian Foreign Policy: The Statecraft of the Founders, 1870-1896 (1996) excerpt and text search Archived 2016-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
  • Gooch, John. Mussolini and his Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922-1940 (2007) excerpt and text search Archived 2017-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
  • Knox, MacGregor. Common Destiny: Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany (2000)
  • Lowe, C. J. and F. Marzari. Italian Foreign Policy, 1870-1940 (2001) online
  • Maurizio Marinelli, Giovanni Andornino. Italy's Encounter with Modern China: Imperial dreams, strategic ambitions (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
  • Maurizio Marinelli, "The Genesis of the Italian Concession in Tianjin: A Combination of Wishful Thinking and Realpolitik". Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 15 (4), 2010: 536–556.
  • Sette, Alessandro. "L'Albania nella strategia diplomatica italiana (1871-1915)", Nuova Rivista Storica, Vol. CII, n. 1 (2018), 321–378.
  • Mack Smith, Denis. Modern Italy: A Political History (1997)
  • Taylor, A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (1954), covers all European diplomacy

Since 1945

edit
  • Barberini, Pierluigi. "What strategy for Italy in the Mediterranean basin: rethinking the Italian approach to foreign, security and defense policy." (2020). online Archived 2022-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
  • Baraggia, Antonia. "The Italian regions in the European Union." in Federalism and Constitutional Law: The Italian Contribution to Comparative Regionalism (2021).
  • Cladi, Lorenzo, and Mark Webber. "Italian foreign policy in the post-cold war period: a neoclassical realist approach." European security 20.2 (2011): 205–219.
  • Cladi, Lorenzo, and Andrea Locatelli. "Explaining Italian foreign policy adjustment after Brexit: a Neoclassical realist account." Journal of European Integration 43.4 (2021): 459–473.
  • Collina, Cristian. "A bridge in times of confrontation: Italy and Russia in the context of EU and NATO enlargements." Journal of Modern Italian Studies 13.1 (2008): 25–40.
  • Coticchia, Fabrizio, and Jason W. Davidson. Italian Foreign Policy During Matteo Renzi's Government: A Domestically Focused Outsider and the World (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019).
  • Coticchia, Fabrizio, and Valerio Vignoli. "Italian Foreign Policy: Still the Days Seem the Same?." in Foreign policy change in Europe Since 1991 (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) pp. 179–204.
  • Coticchia, Fabrizio, and Francesco Niccolò Moro. "From enthusiasm to retreat: Italy and military missions abroad after the Cold War." Italian Political Science 15.1 (2020): 114–131.
  • Coticchia, Fabrizio. "A sovereignist revolution? Italy's foreign policy under the "Yellow–Green" government." Comparative European Politics 19.6 (2021): 739-759. online Archived 2022-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
  • Coticchia, Fabrizio, and Jason W. Davidson. "The limits of radical parties in coalition foreign policy: Italy, hijacking, and the extremity hypothesis." Foreign Policy Analysis 14.2 (2018): 149–168.
  • Croci, Osvaldo. "The 'Americanization' of Italian foreign policy?" Journal of Modern Italian Studies 10.1 (2005): 10–26.
  • Cusumano, Eugenio, and Kristof Gombeer. "In deep waters: The legal, humanitarian and political implications of closing Italian ports to migrant rescuers." Mediterranean Politics 25.2 (2020): 245–253. online Archived 2022-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
  • Dentice, Giuseppe, and Federico Donelli. "Reasserting (middle) power by looking southwards: Italy's policy towards Africa." Contemporary Italian Politics 13.3 (2021): 331–351.
  • Diodato, Emidio, and Federico Niglia. Berlusconi 'The Diplomat': Populism and Foreign Policy in Italy (Springer, 2018).
  • Faherty, Douglas M. Italian Foreign Policy: Trends for the Twenty-First Century (2012) excerpt Archived 2016-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
  • Giuntini, Federico Mariano. "Italian 'Yellow-Green Government' and the European Union: a complicated relationship." Journal of Governance and Politics 2 (2019): 19+
  • Giurlando, Philip. "Populist foreign policy: the case of Italy." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 27.2 (2021): 251–267.
  • Lupo, Nicola, and Giovanni Piccirilli, eds. The Italian Parliament in the European Union (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2017)
  • Monteleone, Carla. Italy in Uncertain Times: Europeanizing Foreign Policy in the Declining Process of the American Hegemony (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019). online Archived 2023-09-02 at the Wayback Machine
  • Natalizia, Gabriele, and Mara Morini. "Sleeping with the enemy: The not-so-constant Italian stance towards Russia." Italian Political Science 15.1 (2020): 42–59. online Archived 2021-08-14 at the Wayback Machine
  • Prontera, Andrea. "Italy, Russia and the Great Reconfiguration in East–West Energy Relations." Europe-Asia Studies 73.4 (2021): 647–672.
  • Ratti, Luca. "Italy and NATO in the 21st century: Still a formidable partnership?" in NATO and Transatlantic Relations in the 21st Century (Routledge, 2020) pp. 188–206.
  • Siddi, Marco. "Italy-Russia relations: Politics, energy and other businesses." in Eurasian Challenges. Partnerships with Russia and Other Issues of the Post-Soviet Area (2012). online Archived 2022-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Italy&oldid=1262684478"