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Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff

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Wolf-Heinrich Julius Otto Bernhard Fritz Hermann Ferdinand Graf von Helldorff (14 October 1896 – 15 August 1944) was an SA-Obergruppenführer, German police official and politician. He served as a member of the Landtag of Prussia during the Weimar Republic, as a member of the Reichstag for the Nazi Party from 1933, and as Ordnungspolizei Police President in Potsdam and in Berlin. From 1938 he became involved with the anti-Nazi resistance, and was executed in 1944 for his role in the 20th July plot to overthrow Adolf Hitler's regime.

Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff
Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff
Berlin Police Chief
In office
19 July 1935 – 24 July 1944
Preceded byMagnus von Levetzow
Succeeded byKurt Göhrum
Potsdam Police President
In office
25 March 1933 – 18 July 1935
Succeeded byWilhelm Ernst Graf von Wedel
Member of the Reichstag
In office
12 November 1933 – 10 August 1944
Personal details
Born(1896-10-14)14 October 1896
Merseburg, Province of Saxony, Prussia, German Empire
Died15 August 1944(1944-08-15) (aged 47)
Plötzensee Prison, Berlin, Nazi Germany
Cause of deathExecution by hanging
Political partyNSFB (1924–1925)
NSDAP (1925–1944)
Military service
Allegiance German Empire
Branch/service Imperial German Army
Years of service1914–1919
RankLeutnant
UnitHussar Regiment 12
Battles/warsWorld War I
AwardsIron Cross, first and second class

Early life

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Helldorff was born in Merseburg. A noble landowner's son, Helldorff was educated by private tutors in his youth, and then graduated from the gymnasium in Wernigerode in 1914. He volunteered for military service with the 12th Thuringian Hussars headquartered in Torgau. He served on both the western front and the eastern front in the First World War, attaining the rank of Leutnant and earning the Iron Cross first and second class. After the war, he was a member of the right-wing Freikorps, seeing service with both the Freikorps Lutzow and Roßbach in 1919 and 1920. From 1920 to 1924 he was a member of the nationalist paramilitary organisation Stahlhelm.[1]

He became a member of the National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFB) in 1924, which served as a legal front for the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), which had been banned after the Beer Hall Putsch, and he also joined its paramilitary force, the Frontbann. He was elected to the Landtag of Prussia in 1924 on the NSFB list, representing constituency 11 (Regierungsbezirk Merseburg) until 1928.[2]

Nazi career

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Helldorf formally joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1930 (membership number 325,408) and in January 1931 he joined the Sturmabteilung (SA). By July he became the leader of SA-Gruppe Greater Berlin with the rank of SA-Oberführer and, later that year, for all of Brandenburg. The scope of his work expanded when he was also given responsibility for the leadership of the Schutzstaffel (SS) in Brandenburg. On 12 September 1931 (Jewish new year, Rosh Hashanah), von Helldorff organized[3][4][5][6] a riot at Kurfürstendamm, where about a thousand men appeared from within the crowd on the streets and started attacking people who they thought were Jewish, beating them and screaming anti-Jewish threats at them. Helldorff and his Chief-of-Staff Karl Ernst were arrested and tried but their subsequent acquittal with just a small fine turned Helldorff into a Nazi cause-celebre.[3] At their trial Helldorff and Ernst were defended by NSDAP lawyers Hans Frank and Roland Freisler.

In April 1932 Helldorff was returned to the Prussian Landtag as a member of the Nazi Party, this time representing constituency 3 (Potsdam II). In September 1932 he was promoted to SA-Gruppenführer and made leader of SA-Obergruppe I, commanding multiple SA Gruppe covering all northeast Germany.[7]

After the Nazi seizure of power, Helldorff was made Police President of Potsdam on 25 March 1933. In November 1933, he was also elected to the Reichstag. He remained in Potsdam until being named Police President of Berlin on 19 July 1935. In December 1935, he was made a member of the Prussian Provincial Council (Provinzialrat).[8]

In his new post, Helldorff was closely allied with Joseph Goebbels, Gauleiter of Berlin and Reich Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. As chief of the Berlin police, Helldorff played an instrumental role in the harassment and plundering of Berlin's Jewish population in the early and the mid-1930s. In his diary entry of 19 June 1936, Goebbels commented: "Helldorff is now proceeding radically on the Jewish question ... many arrests ... We will free Berlin of Jews."[8] Goebbels noted on 2 July 1938, that "Helldorff wants to construct a Jewish ghetto in Berlin. The rich Jews will be required to fund its construction." Helldorff was the organizational brains behind the arson and looting of Berlin's synagogues and Jewish businesses in the November pogroms 1938.[9][10][11] On 8 November 1938, the day that November pogroms began, he was quoted in The New York Times as saying: "as a result of a police activity in the last few weeks the entire Jewish population of Berlin had been disarmed".[12] On 9 November 1938, Helldorff was promoted to SA-Obergruppenführer. Though never officially a member of the SS, owing to his position as a Police President, he was authorized to wear the uniform of a General der Polizei, (a rank equivalent to an Obergruppenführer in the SS.)[13] Helldorff was additionally named as the Higher Police Leader of Greater Berlin in 1943.[14] In this position, he commanded police who guarded deportation trains carrying German Jews.[15]

20 July plot

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Main article: 20 July plot

It is asserted that Helldorff was in some form of communication with the military opposition to Hitler as early as 1938.[16] Goebbels certainly ensured that Helldorf took the blame for the November pogroms by declaring "the police act with an appearance of legality, the party provides spectators". The police took orders not to arrest or to treat too harshly rioters who beat up Jews.[17]

Helldorff collaborated closely with his subordinate the Kripo head Arthur Nebe, and was supposed to direct all police forces in Berlin to stand down and not interfere in the military actions to seize the government. However, his half-hearted actions on 20 July had minimal influence on the events. [18]

In contrast, Hans Gisevius's book To the Bitter End described Helldorff as playing an important role in a circle of conspirators and anti-Nazis. On 20 July 1944, he was in communication with the coup d'état plotters attempting to assassinate the Führer. His planned role would be to keep the police from interfering with the military takeover and then to aid the new government.[19]

Trial and execution

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For his involvement in 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler at the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia, Helldorff was arrested on 24 July and, under interrogation by the Gestapo, confessed his role in the plot. Expelled from the Party on 8 August and from the Reichstag two days later, he was put on trial and condemned by Roland Freisler at the People's Court on 15 August. He was by far the most senior Nazi Party member to be convicted of involvement in the plot.

He was put to death at Plötzensee Prison that same day.[20] So enraged was Hitler at Helldorff's participation in the plot that he insisted Helldorff be forced to watch his fellow conspirators being hanged before his own execution.[21]

Personal indebtedness

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Helldorff was friends with the stage magician and psychic Erik Jan Hanussen, who constantly lent him money for his debts. "The count was always in debt, and his private life was a wreck. He was separated from his wife and was on bad terms with his mother after welching on his promise to pay her rent. Sometimes he was behind in his own rent. On one occasion he 'forgot' to pay for a new Mercedes. And he was always late paying his personal tailor and the trainer he hired for his racehorse. There were other debts as well, all from a gambling habit Helldorff couldn't shake. Luckily, he could always count on a handout from Hanussen. All he had to do was sign an IOU, which Hanussen would add to his growing pile of chits he kept safe in his apartment".[22]

Career summary

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  • 2 August 1914 – Spring 1918: Service on Western and Eastern Fronts[13]
  • 1919: Service with Freikorps Lützow, involved in fighting against communist uprisings in Brunswick, Jena and Munich[13]
  • 1919–1920: Leader of Offiziers-Stoßtrupp in Freikorps Roßbach, which participated in the Kapp Putsch of 13 March 1920[13]
  • 1919–1924: Member of Der Stahlhelm[2]
  • August 1924: Joined the Frontbann[2]
  • 7 December 1924 – 3 March 1928: Member of the Landtag of Prussia.[2]
  • 1 May 1925 – 22 September 1925: Commander of the Frontbann[2]
  • 1 August 1930: Joined the NSDAP, member number 325,408[2]
  • January 1931: Joined the Sturmabteilung (SA)[2]
  • 24 7 April 1932 – 14 October 1933: Member of the Landtag of Prussia.[23]
  • 25 March 1933 – 18 July 1935: Police President in Potsdam[8]
  • 2 November 1933 – 10 August 1944: Member of the Reichstag[8]
  • 19 July 1935 – 24 July 1944: Police President in Berlin[8]

Family

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Helldorff married Ingeborg Ellinor von Wedel (* 10. November 1894 in Darmstadt; † 8. April 1971 in Munster) on 11th Oktober 1920 in Rothenburg ob der Tauber. They had 5 children together:

  • Wolf-Ingo Ferdinand Julius Heinrich Benno (* 23 October 1921 in Leipzig; † 22 February 1991)
  • Joachim Ferdinand Hans Heinrich Wedego (* 6 March 1923 in Wohlmirstedt; † 14 June 1997)
  • Oda Carmen Gisela Henriette (* 20 January 1927 in Wohlmirstedt; † 7 November 2012)
  • Hans-Benno Ferdinand Heinrich (* 3rd Märch 1929 in Harzburg; † 10 August 2016)
  • Olaf Rüdiger Heinrich (* 15 May 1936 in Berlin; † 14 January 2022)

Awards and decorations

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Notes

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  1. ^ Miller & Schulz 2015, pp. 535–536.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Miller & Schulz 2015, p. 536.
  3. ^ a b "The Rioter | 12 Years That Shook the World Podcast". www.ushmm.org. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
    It’s Saturday night, September 12, 1931. Today is Rosh Hashanah— the Jewish New Year. In Berlin, people are out walking and socializing with friends on restaurant patios. Many have flocked to a popular boulevard they call Ku'damm, short for Kurfürstendamm. And just around the corner, Helldorff is ready to riot. He climbs into his open car, and starts driving down Ku’damm boulevard. Suddenly, his men — more rioters— appear out of nowhere...

    Dr. Lindsay MacNeill: About a thousand men basically appear from within the crowd on the streets and start attacking people.  Erin Harper: That’s Dr. Lindsay MacNeill, a historian at the Museum. Dr. Lindsay MacNeill:

    They grab people who they think are Jewish. They scream at them and then they beat them. They scream things like “Germany awaken,” “Jews die.” So this is really violent and terrifying.
  4. ^ Dimitrov, G. (1934). The Reichstag Fire Trial: The Second Brown Book of the Hitler Terror. United Kingdom: Bodley. p.214.
  5. ^ TIMES, Special Cable to THE NEW YORK (8 November 1931). "'NAZI' STORM LEADERS SENTENCED FOR RIOTS; Hitler's Legal Aide Defends Men Charged With Attacks on Jews, Denying Participation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  6. ^ Loberg, Molly (29 March 2018). The Struggle for the Streets of Berlin: Politics, Consumption, and Urban Space, 1914–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-108-28486-8.

    Officers hesitated to make arrests on Kurfürstendamm in 1935 because they had a new boss: Wolf-Heinrich von Helldorf. In his prior role as leader of the Berlin SA, Helldorf had instigated in September 1931 the very same kind of street violence that took place on Kurfürstendamm in July 1935. In 1931, he had faced criminal charges for his actions.
  7. ^ Miller & Schulz 2015, pp. 536, 540.
  8. ^ a b c d e Miller & Schulz 2015, p. 541.
  9. ^ Kershaw, Ian (2000). Hitler: 1936-1945 Nemesis. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 135. ISBN 9780393049947. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  10. ^ MacDonogh, Giles (10 May 2011). 1938 : Hitler's Gamble. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465022052. Retrieved 22 February 2013.[permanent dead link]
  11. ^ Fröhlich,Elke. Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, Teil I Aufzeichnungen 1923-1941. Helldorff (Polizeipräsident) will in Berlin ein Judenghetto errichten. Das sollen die reichen Juden selbst bezahlen. Das ist richtig. Ich unterstütze ihn dabei." (Fröhlich, I.3, S. 470)
  12. ^ Tolischuswireless, Otto D. (9 November 1938). "NAZIS ASK REPRISAL IN ATTACK ON ENVOY - Press Links Shooting in Paris to 'World Conspiracy' and Warns Jews of Retaliation MASS EXPULSIONS FEARED Berlin Police Head Announces 'Disarming' of Jews-Victim of Shots in Critical State New Fear Aroused Round-up in Vienna Diplomat's Condition Critical - Article - NYTimes.com". Select.nytimes.com. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  13. ^ a b c d Miller & Schulz 2015, p. 535.
  14. ^ Miller & Schulz 2015, p. 547.
  15. ^ "The Rioter | 12 Years That Shook the World Podcast". www.ushmm.org. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  16. ^ Ted Harrison: "Alter Kämpfer" im Widerstand. Graf Helldorff, die NS-Bewegung und die Opposition gegen Hitler. Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 45(1997) (PDF, 6,5 MB), p. 385-423.
  17. ^ T.Thacker, Goebbels: Life and Death, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009
  18. ^ Ted Harrison: "Alter Kämpfer" im Widerstand. Graf Helldorff, die NS-Bewegung und die Opposition gegen Hitler. Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 45(1997) (PDF, 6,5 MB), pp. 385–423.
  19. ^ H. Gisevius, Part Two, section 3, "Too Late – 20 July 1944"
  20. ^ Miller & Schulz 2015, p. 548.
  21. ^ Fröhlich,Elke. Goebbels, Joseph: Die Tagebücher, Teil 2, Bd. 13, S. 245.
  22. ^ Magida, Arthur J. 2011. The Nazi Seance: The Strange Story of the Jewish Psychic in Hitler's Circle. Palgrave Macmillan Books, pp. 3-4.
  23. ^ Miller & Schulz 2015, p. 540.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g Miller & Schulz 2015, p. 550.

References

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  • Miller, Michael; Schulz, Andreas (2015). Leaders of the Storm Troops Volume 1. England: Helion & Company. ISBN 978-1-909982-87-1.

Further reading

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