Cuzco Quechua (Quechua: Qusqu qhichwa simi) is a dialect of Southern Quechua spoken in Cuzco and the Cuzco Region of Peru.
Cuzco Quechua | |
---|---|
Qosqo runasimi | |
Native to | Peru |
Native speakers | (c. 1.5 million cited 1989–2002)[1] |
Quechuan
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:quz – Cuscoqve – Eastern Apurímac |
Glottolog | cusc1236 Cuscoeast2551 Eastern Apurímac |
ELP | Cuzco Quechua |
It is the Quechua variety used by the Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua in Cuzco, which also prefers the Spanish-based five-vowel alphabet.[2] On the other hand, the official alphabet used by the ministry of education has only three vowels.[3]
Phonology
editThere is debate about whether Cuzco Quechua has five /a, e, i, o, u/ or three vowel phonemes: /a, ɪ, ʊ/.[4] While historically Proto-Quechua clearly had just three vowel phonemes /*a, *ɪ, *ʊ/, and although some other Quechua varieties have an increased number of vowels as a result of phonological vowel length emergence or of monophthongization, the current debate about the Cuzco variety seems to be not phonological in matter but just orthographic.[5]
Phoneme | IPA Phonetic realizations | 3-vowel alphabet | 5-vowel alphabet |
---|---|---|---|
/a/ | [æ, a, ɑ] | a | a |
/ɪ/ | [i, ɪ, e, ɛ] | i | i [i, ɪ], e [e, ɛ] |
/ʊ/ | [u, ʊ, o, ɔ] | u | u [u, ʊ], o [o, ɔ] |
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop | plain | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | q | |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | t͡ʃʰ | kʰ | qʰ | ||
ejective | pʼ | tʼ | t͡ʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ||
Fricative | s | ʃ | x | χ | h | ||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
Approximant | plain | j | w | ||||
lateral | l | ʎ | |||||
Flap | ɾ |
Grammar
editPronouns
edit[6] | Cuzco Quechua | Northern Quechua | Ancash Quechua | English |
---|---|---|---|---|
1º | noqa/ñoqa | ñuka | nuqa | I |
2º | qan | kan | qam | you |
3º | pay | pay | pay | he, she, it |
4º | noqanchis/ñoqanchis | ñukanchik (ñukapash kanpash) | nuqantsik | we (inclusive) |
5º | noqayku/ñoqayku | ñukanchik (shinapash mana kan/kikin) | nuqakuna | we (exclusive) |
6º | qankuna | qamkuna | qamkuna | you (plural) |
7º | paykuna | paykuna | paykuna | they |
Nouns
editFunction | Suffix | Example | Translation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Suffix indicating number | Plural | -kuna | wasikuna | houses |
Possessive suffix | 1st person singular | -y | wasiy | my house |
2nd person singular | -yki | wasiyki | your house | |
3rd person singular | -n | wasin | his/her/its house | |
1st person plural (incl.) | -nchis | wasinchis | our house (incl.) | |
1st person plural (excl.) | -y-ku | wasiyku | our house (excl.) | |
2nd person plural | -yki-chis | wasiykichis | your (pl.) house | |
3rd person plural | -n-ku | wasinku | their house | |
Suffixes indicating case | nominative | – | wasi | the house (subj.) |
accusative | -(k)ta | wasita | the house (obj.) | |
instrumental | -wan | wasiwan | with the house, and the house | |
abessive | -naq | wasinaq | without the house | |
dative | -paq | wasipaq | to the house | |
genitive | -q/-pa | wasiq | of the house | |
causative | -rayku | wasirayku | because of the house | |
benefactive | -paq | wasipaq | for the house | |
locative | -pi | wasipi | at the house | |
directional | -man | wasiman | towards the house | |
inclusive | -piwan, puwan | wasipiwan, wasipuwan | including the house | |
terminative | -kama, -yaq | wasikama, wasiyaq | up to the house | |
transitive | -(rin)ta | wasinta | through the house | |
ablative | -manta, -piqta | wasimanta, wasipiqta | off/from the house | |
comitative | -(ni)ntin | wasintin | along with the house | |
immediate | -raq | wasiraq | first the house | |
intrative | -pura | wasipura | among the houses | |
exclusive | -lla(n) | wasilla(n) | only the house | |
comparative | -naw, -hina | wasinaw, wasihina | like the house |
Adjectives
editThis section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2023) |
Verbs
editThis section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2023) |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Cusco at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Eastern Apurímac at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) - ^ Nancy Hornberger & Kendall King, "Authenticity and Unification in Quechua Language Planning" Language, Culture and Curriculum 11 3 (1998): 390 - 410. http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1059&context=gse_pubs
- ^ Nonato Rufino Chuquimamani Valer. Yachakuqkunapa Simi Qullqa - Qusqu-Qullaw Qhichwa Simipi Archived 2011-08-24 at the Wayback Machine (Quechua-Quechua-Spanish dictionary). Lima: Ministerio de Educación, 2005.
- ^ "SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories". linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
- ^ Adelaar, Willem F. H. (2014). The Andean three-vowel system and its effect on the development of a modern orthography for the Aimaran and Quechuan languages. Scripta, 6, 33–46. Available at <https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/71388>.
- ^ "Personal pronouns in Quechua Cusco". Quechua Language. 2019-12-23. Archived from the original on 2020-04-22. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
External links
edit- Simi Taqe Qheswa - Español - Qheswa (Qheswa simi hamut'ana kuraq suntur), Qosqo, Peru, 2006 (pdf 3,8 MB). Dictionary of the AMLQ: Cusco-Quechua - Spanish, Spanish - Cusco-Quechua.
- Collections in the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America