In Malaysia, cities (Malay: bandaraya) are officially designated under the governance of city councils (Malay: Majlis bandaraya), although there are several exceptions. As of 2024[update], 20 areas in the country are officially termed cities by law. Among them, 16 are from Peninsular Malaysia, while 3 are from East Malaysia. George Town, the capital city of Penang, was declared a city on 1 January 1957 by Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom, making it the first city in the country, and the only city declared before Malayan independence. George Town remained the sole city of Malaya until 1963, when Singapore was formally incorporated into Malaysia. However, Singapore's expulsion in 1965 meant that George Town would remain Malaysia's only city until Kuala Lumpur's declaration as a city in 1972, by Abdul Halim of Kedah, the fifth Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia. In 1988, Kuching was chartered as the first city in East Malaysia. Klang is the most recent municipality in the country declared a city, doing so on 5 February 2024.
There are also highly urbanised and populated areas across the country that did not attain city status, but are sometimes referred as cities. Officially, these areas are classified as municipalities or townships.
Cities in Malaysia
editCurrent cities
editGeneral information | Administrative | Notes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Image | State | Local governments | Date of declaration | Pop. | ||
Flag | Seal | ||||||
George Town City of Penang Island Bandaraya Pulau Pinang |
Penang
|
Penang Island City Council Majlis Bandaraya Pulau Pinang |
1 January 1957 by Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom, as the City of George Town 31 March 2015 by Abdul Halim of Kedah, Yang di-Pertuan Agong XIV, as the City of Penang Island |
794,313 | [1][2][3] | ||
Kuala Lumpur Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur |
Selangor
|
Kuala Lumpur City Hall Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur |
1 February 1972 by Abdul Halim of Kedah, Yang di-Pertuan Agong V, as the City of Kuala Lumpur |
1,982,112 | [4] | ||
Ipoh City of Ipoh Bandaraya Ipoh |
Perak | Ipoh City Council Majlis Bandaraya Ipoh |
27 May 1988 by Azlan Shah of Perak, 34th Sultan of Perak, as the City of Ipoh |
759,952 | [5] | ||
Kuching City of Kuching Bandaraya Kuching |
Sarawak | Commission of Kuching North City Hall Suruhanjaya Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara |
1 August 1988 by Iskandar of Johor, Yang di-Pertuan Agong VIII, as the City of Kuching |
349,147 | [6] | ||
– | |||||||
Council of the City of Kuching South Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan | |||||||
– | |||||||
Johor Bahru City of Johor Bahru Bandaraya Johor Bahru |
Johor | Johor Bahru City Council Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru |
1 January 1994 by Iskandar of Johor, 24th Sultan of Johor, as the City of Johor Bahru |
858,118 | [7] | ||
Putrajaya Federal Territory of Putrajaya Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya |
Federal Territories | Putrajaya Corporation Perbadanan Putrajaya |
1 October 1995 by Ja'afar of Negeri Sembilan, Yang di-Pertuan Agong X, as the Federal Territory of Putrajaya |
109,202 | |||
Kota Kinabalu City of Kota Kinabalu Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu |
Sabah | Kota Kinabalu City Hall Dewan Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu |
2 February 2000 by Salahuddin of Selangor, Yang di-Pertuan Agong XI, as the City of Kota Kinabalu |
500,425 | [8] | ||
Shah Alam City of Shah Alam Bandaraya Shah Alam |
Selangor | Shah Alam City Council Majlis Bandaraya Shah Alam |
10 October 2000 by Salahuddin of Selangor, Yang di-Pertuan Agong XI, as the City of Shah Alam |
812,327 | [9] | ||
Malacca City City of Malacca Bandaraya Melaka |
Malacca | Malacca City Council Majlis Bandaraya Melaka |
15 April 2003 by Sirajuddin of Perlis, Yang di-Pertuan Agong XII, as the City of Malacca |
453,904 | [10] | ||
– | |||||||
Alor Setar City of Alor Setar Bandaraya Alor Setar |
Kedah | Alor Setar City Council Majlis Bandaraya Alor Setar |
21 December 2003 by Sirajuddin of Perlis, Yang di-Pertuan Agong XII, as the City of Alor Setar |
423,868 | [11] | ||
Miri City of Miri Bandaraya Miri |
Sarawak | Miri City Council Majlis Bandaraya Miri |
20 May 2005 by Abang Muhammad Salahuddin, 6th Governor of Sarawak, as the City of Miri |
248,877 | [12][6] | ||
– | |||||||
Petaling Jaya City of Petaling Jaya Bandaraya Petaling Jaya |
Selangor | Petaling Jaya City Council Majlis Bandaraya Petaling Jaya |
20 June 2006 by Sharafuddin of Selangor, 9th Sultan of Selangor, as the City of Petaling Jaya |
771,687 | [13][9] | ||
– | |||||||
Kuala Terengganu City of Kuala Terengganu Bandaraya Kuala Terengganu |
Terengganu
|
Kuala Terengganu City Council Majlis Bandaraya Kuala Terengganu |
1 January 2008 by Tengku Muhammad Ismail, Crown Prince of Terengganu, as the City of Kuala Terengganu |
375,424 | [14][15] | ||
Iskandar Puteri City of Iskandar Puteri Bandaraya Iskandar Puteri |
Johor | Iskandar Puteri City Council Majlis Bandaraya Iskandar Puteri |
22 November 2017 by Ibrahim Ismail of Johor, 25th Sultan of Johor, as the City of Iskandar Puteri |
575,977 | [16][7] | ||
– | |||||||
Seberang Perai City of Seberang Perai Bandaraya Seberang Perai |
Penang | Seberang Perai City Council Majlis Bandaraya Seberang Perai |
16 September 2019 by Abdul Rahman Abbas, 7th Governor of Penang, as the City of Seberang Perai |
946,092 | [17][3] | ||
Seremban City of Seremban Bandaraya Seremban |
Negeri Sembilan | Seremban City Council Majlis Bandaraya Seremban |
1 January 2020 by Muhriz of Negeri Sembilan, 11th Yamtuan Besar, as the City of Seremban |
681,541 | [18][19][20] | ||
Subang Jaya City of Subang Jaya Bandaraya Subang Jaya |
Selangor | Subang Jaya City Council Majlis Bandaraya Subang Jaya |
20 October 2020 by Sharafuddin of Selangor, 9th Sultan of Selangor, as the City of Subang Jaya |
902,086 | [21][9] | ||
Pasir Gudang City of Pasir Gudang Bandaraya Pasir Gudang |
Johor | Pasir Gudang City Council Majlis Bandaraya Pasir Gudang |
22 November 2020 by Ibrahim Ismail of Johor, 25th Sultan of Johor, as the City of Pasir Gudang |
312,437 | [22][7] | ||
Kuantan City of Kuantan Bandaraya Kuantan |
Pahang | Kuantan City Council Majlis Bandaraya Kuantan |
21 February 2021 by Abdullah of Pahang, Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVI, as the City of Kuantan |
548,014 | [23][24] | ||
– | |||||||
Klang Royal City of Klang Bandaraya Diraja Klang |
Selangor | Klang Royal City Council Majlis Bandaraya Diraja Klang |
5 February 2024 by Sharafuddin of Selangor, 9th Sultan of Selangor, as the Royal City of Klang |
902,025 | [25] | ||
– |
Former cities
editGeneral information | Administrative | Notes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Image | State | Local governments | Date of declaration | Date of abolishment | ||
Flag | Seal | ||||||
Singapore City of Singapore Bandaraya Singapura |
State of Singapore
|
City Council of Singapore Majlis Bandaraya Singapura |
22 September 1951 by George VI, King of the United Kingdom, as the City of Singapore |
9 August 1965 (expelled from Malaysia) |
[26][27][28][29] | ||
– | – |
History
editPenang
editGeorge Town became a city on 1 January 1957 by a royal charter granted by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, becoming the first town in the Federation of Malaya to become a city (Singapore became a city in 1951). The royal charter stated that:
... the said Municipality of George Town shall on the First Day of January in the year of Our Lord One thousand nine hundred and fifty-seven and forever after that be a city and shall be called and styled the CITY OF GEORGE TOWN instead of the Municipality of George Town and shall thenceforth have all such rank, liberties, privileges and immunities as are incident to a City.
However, local government elections were abolished by the federal government in 1965, and the functions of the City Council were transferred to the Chief Minister of Penang in 1966. A Municipal Council for the whole of Penang Island, the Penang Island Municipal Council, was set up between 1974 and 1976.
Although the city status of George Town was never officially revoked, George Town's existence as a corporate entity was in doubt, let alone as a city. This is similar to the position of the former city of Rochester in England, the site of England's second-oldest cathedral, which had been a city from 1211 until 1998 when it was merged with a neighbouring borough. As the new council was not granted city status, and the city, through oversight, failed to appoint charter trustees to inherit the city charter, the city ceased to exist.
Most residents disagreed with this view and held that as George Town's city status has never been revoked, it remains a city to this day. According to lawyer Datuk Anwar Fazal, George Town "legally has been and is still a city because the City of George Town Ordinance 1957 had not been repealed".[3] As city status is a matter of law, the actual legal position will depend on an analysis of the City Council of Penang (Transfer of Functions) Order 1966 and the Local Government Act 1976.
On 1 January 2015, the Malaysian federal government upgraded the Penang Island Municipal Council into the present-day Penang Island City Council, thereby expanding the city limit of George Town to encompass the entirety of Penang Island, as well as a handful of surrounding islets.[30][2]
Subsequent cities
editThe royal charters for Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Kota Kinabalu, Shah Alam, Malacca City, Alor Setar and Miri were from the Malaysian head of state, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, while Ipoh, Johor Bahru, Iskandar Puteri and Subang Jaya were granted by their respective state sultans.[31] Malacca City was declared a "historical city" prior to being granted city status in 2003.
Kuala Lumpur, the largest city, is the national capital and a federal territory, but as of 2012, most government ministries have relocated to the new administrative capital of Putrajaya.
Criteria
editLocal governments or local authorities in Malaysia (Malay: pihak berkuasa tempatan, abbreviated PBT) are placed under the jurisdiction of their respective state governments. On the other hand, the Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malay: Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan, abbreviated as KPKT) handles the classification and standardisation of local governments while providing them with consultation services (i.e. technical consultancy and federal funding).[32] For the Federal Territories, their respective local governments are monitored by the Ministry of Federal Territories and Urban Wellbeing (Malay: Kementerian Wilayah Persekutuan, abbreviated KWP).[33] The National Council of Local Governments (Malay: Majlis Negara Kerajaan Tempatan, abbreviated as MNKT), formed in 1960 by the federal government, is tasked on handling policies and laws related to local governments.[34][35]
KPKT formally classifies local governments in three different categories: city councils, municipal councils, and district councils, with exceptions equivalent to the three respective categories.[36] These categories are separated by certain requirements related to urban population, finances, and infrastructural developments. The 60th meeting of the MNKT, held on 3 June 2008, approved updated criterion on the selection process for the granting of city status on a local government:[37]
- The local government must administer a region that is an administrative centre of a state;
- The region must have a population of more than 500-thousand people;
- The local government must be financially sustainable, with an annual income of not less than 100-million ringgit, and has the ability to afford stable administrative expenditures;
- The local government must have an efficient bureaucratic structure, while maintaining public services at the highest-level, e.g. tax collection, development approvals, legal enforcement, and other necessary functions;
- Urban developments planned by the local government should be sustainable;
- The local government should give further emphasis on resolving social issues, i.e. squatting, pollution, safety, affordable housing, and environmental conservation. Studies conducted by the Malaysian Urban Indicators Network (MURNInet) would also be taken account of.
- The local government must promote an urban image that is applicable towards the national identity as a representation of the country's heritage, and preserve any local objects or places of historical, cultural, or artistic significance;
- The region must contain adequate resources and institutions of finance and industry to easily facilitate trade and foreign investments;
- The region must be a local hub of education, complete with universities, colleges, museums and public libraries;
- The region must be a centre of culture, sports, and recreation;
- The local government should have the ability to host conventions of national and international level;
- The infrastructure of the region should be complete, with sufficient public utilities (e.g. disabled-persons friendly-public parks, public transportation, traffic management systems, road networks, computer services), and;
- The region must achieve nationwide or international recognition equivalent to those of other cities worldwide.[36]
Locations of cities
editPopulation
editKuala Lumpur is by far the largest urban area as well as the largest metropolitan area in Malaysia. George Town, the capital city of Penang, forms the core of the country's second largest conurbation. To the south, Johor Bahru is the heart of Johor Bahru Conurbation, the nation's third largest urban area. Other metropolitan areas with a population of more than 500,000 include Ipoh, Kuching and Kota Kinabalu.
The following table shows the largest cities by population in Malaysia.
Rank | Name | State | Pop. | Rank | Name | State | Pop. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kuala Lumpur Kajang |
1 | Kuala Lumpur | Federal Territory | 1,982,112 | 11 | Ipoh | Perak | 759,952 | Seberang Perai Subang Jaya |
2 | Kajang | Selangor | 1,047,356 | 12 | Seremban | Negeri Sembilan | 681,541 | ||
3 | Seberang Perai | Penang | 946,092 | 13 | Iskandar Puteri | Johor | 575,977 | ||
4 | Subang Jaya | Selangor | 902,086 | 14 | Kuantan | Pahang | 548,014 | ||
5 | Klang | Selangor | 902,025 | 15 | Sungai Petani | Kedah | 545,053 | ||
6 | Johor Bahru | Johor | 858,118 | 16 | Ampang Jaya | Selangor | 531,904 | ||
7 | Shah Alam | Selangor | 812,327 | 17 | Kota Kinabalu | Sabah | 500,425 | ||
8 | George Town | Penang | 794,313 | 18 | Malacca City | Malacca | 453,904 | ||
9 | Petaling Jaya | Selangor | 771,687 | 19 | Sandakan | Sabah | 439,050 | ||
10 | Selayang | Selangor | 764,327 | 20 | Alor Setar | Kedah | 423,868 |
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ Tan 2014.
- ^ a b Bulletin Mutiara 2015, p. 24.
- ^ a b Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022h, p. 96.
- ^ Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022, p. 75.
- ^ Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022g, p. 97.
- ^ a b Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022j, p. 123.
- ^ a b c Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022c, p. 95.
- ^ Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022i, p. 98.
- ^ a b c Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022k, p. 97.
- ^ Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022d, p. 93.
- ^ Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022b, p. 97.
- ^ Then 2005.
- ^ The Star 2006.
- ^ Murali 2008.
- ^ Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022l, p. 94.
- ^ State Government of Johor 2017, p. 117.
- ^ Hilmy 2019.
- ^ Singh 2020.
- ^ Seremban City Council 2019.
- ^ Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022e, p. 95.
- ^ Ch'ng 2020.
- ^ Rizalman 2020.
- ^ The Star & Bernama 2021.
- ^ Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022f, p. 94.
- ^ "Selangor Sultan proclaims Klang as royal city". Malay Mail. 5 Feb 2024. Retrieved 12 Feb 2024.
- ^ National Library Board 2004.
- ^ National Library Board 2014.
- ^ The Straits Times 1951.
- ^ The Straits Times 1951a.
- ^ Lim 2015.
- ^ Said 2017.
- ^ Sepang Municipal Council 2022.
- ^ Participatory Local Democracy 2014.
- ^ Local Government Department of the Malaysian Ministry of Housing and Local Government 2022.
- ^ Commonwealth Local Government Forum 2018.
- ^ a b Local Government Department of the Malaysian Ministry of Housing and Local Government 2008a.
- ^ Malaysian Ministry of Housing and Local Government 2011.
- ^ [1]
Bibliography
editGovernment documents and announcements
edit- "Law of the State of Johor, Enactment 12: Iskandar Puteri City Council Enactment 2017". Written at Johor. Government of Johor Gazette (PDF) (in Malay and English). Malaysia: State Government of Johor. 21 December 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
- "Criteria Status for Local Authority". Local Government Department of the Malaysian Ministry of Housing and Local Government. 30 June 2011. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- "The Ceremony of the Seremban City Council Declaration". Official Portal of the Seremban City Council. Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia: Seremban City Council. 18 December 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- "Frequently Asked Questions". mpsepang.gov.my. Laman Portal Rasmi Majlis Perbandaran Sepang (Official Web Portal of the Municipal Council of Sepang). Retrieved 18 September 2022.
- "List of MNKT". jkt.kpkt.gov.my (in Malay). Local Government Department of the Malaysian Ministry of Housing and Local Government. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
- "Malaysia - Country Profiles 2017-2018" (PDF). Commonwealth Local Government Handbook. London: Commonwealth Local Government Forum. April 2018. pp. 124–128. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
- "Category of Local Authority". jkt.kpkt.gov.my. Local Government Department of the Malaysian Ministry of Housing and Local Government. 3 June 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
- "Kategori PBT". jkt.kpkt.gov.my (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur: Local Government Department of the Malaysian Ministry of Housing and Local Government. 3 June 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
Government-published statistics
edit- "Population and Housing Statistics". Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur (PDF) (in Malay and English). Putrajaya: Department of Statistics (Malaysia). 29 May 2022. ISBN 9789672535232.
- "Population and Housing Statistics". Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Federal Territories of Putrajaya (PDF) (in Malay and English). Putrajaya: Department of Statistics (Malaysia). 29 May 2022. ISBN 9789672535126.
- "Population and Housing Statistics". Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Kedah (PDF) (in Malay and English). Putrajaya: Department of Statistics (Malaysia). 29 May 2022. ISBN 9789672535126.
- "Population and Housing Statistics". Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Johor (PDF) (in Malay and English). Putrajaya: Department of Statistics (Malaysia). 29 May 2022. ISBN 9789672535126.
- "Population and Housing Statistics". Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Melaka (PDF) (in Malay and English). Putrajaya: Department of Statistics (Malaysia). 29 May 2022. ISBN 9789672535126.
- "Population and Housing Statistics". Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Negeri Sembilan (PDF) (in Malay and English). Putrajaya: Department of Statistics (Malaysia). 29 May 2022. ISBN 9789672535126.
- "Population and Housing Statistics". Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Pahang (PDF) (in Malay and English). Putrajaya: Department of Statistics (Malaysia). 29 May 2022. ISBN 9789672535126.
- "Population and Housing Statistics". Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Perak (PDF) (in Malay and English). Putrajaya: Department of Statistics (Malaysia). 29 May 2022. ISBN 9789672535126.
- "Population and Housing Statistics". Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Pulau Pinang (PDF) (in Malay and English). Putrajaya: Department of Statistics (Malaysia). 29 May 2022. ISBN 9789672535164.
- "Population and Housing Statistics". Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Sabah (PDF) (in Malay and English). Putrajaya: Department of Statistics (Malaysia). 29 May 2022. ISBN 9789672535218.
- "Population and Housing Statistics". Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Sarawak (PDF) (in Malay and English). Putrajaya: Department of Statistics (Malaysia). 29 May 2022. ISBN 9789672535225.
- "Population and Housing Statistics". Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Selangor (PDF) (in Malay and English). Putrajaya: Department of Statistics (Malaysia). 29 May 2022. ISBN 9789672535126.
- "Population and Housing Statistics". Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Terengganu (PDF) (in Malay and English). Putrajaya: Department of Statistics (Malaysia). 29 May 2022. ISBN 9789672535126.
Articles from magazines, newspapers and websites
edit- Tan, Royce (18 December 2014). "Penang island gets city status". The Star. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
- "George Town meliputi 'pulau', jelas Datuk Bandar" [George Town includes the 'island', Mayor clarifies] (PDF). Bulletin Mutiara (in Malay). George Town: Government of Penang. 1–15 May 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
- Then, Stephen (20 May 2005). "Revelry as Miri turns city". The Star. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
- "Termizi is first Petaling Jaya mayor". The Star. 20 June 2006. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
- Hilmy, Imran (16 September 2019). "Seberang Prai achieves city status". The Star. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
- "Seberang Prai officially declared a city from Monday (Sept 16)". The Star. 15 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
- Singh, Sarban (2 January 2020). "Seremban now officially a city". The Star. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
- Ch'ng, Brenda (21 October 2020). "Subang Jaya now a city". The Star. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
- Rizalman, Hammim (22 November 2020). "Sultan of Johor proclaims Pasir Gudang a city". New Straits Times. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
- "Kuantan is now a city". The Star. Bernama. 21 February 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
- Said, Halim (10 September 2017). "Sultan of Johor launches Mersing Harbour Centre". New Straits Times. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
- Murali, R.S.N. (1 January 2008). "Kuala Terengganu declared a city". The Star. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
- Lim, Cavina (25 March 2015). "Penang's First Mayor A Woman". The Star. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
- "Malaysia". localdemocracy.net. Participatory Local Democracy. 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
- "City day". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board. 28 December 2004. Archived from the original on 2016-06-08. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
- "The King Sends Congratulations". The Straits Times. British Singapore. 22 September 1951. p. 1. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- "This is Singapore's Charter". The Straits Times. British Singapore. 22 September 1951. p. 1. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- "Singapore is conferred city status". HistorySG. Singapore: National Library Board. 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
External links
edit- Map at archive.today (archived 2013-01-05)
- Population of cities in Malaysia from World Gazetteer at archive.today (archived 2012-12-09)