Wikipedia

Charles Henry Davis

For the American businessman and civil engineer, see Charles Henry Davis (businessman).

Charles Henry Davis ((1807-01-16)January 16, 1807 – (1877-02-18)February 18, 1877) was a self-educated[1] American astronomer[2] and rear admiral of the United States Navy.[3][4] While working for the United States Coast Survey, he researched tides and currents, and located an uncharted shoal that had caused wrecks off of the coast of New York. During the American Civil War, he commanded the Western Gunboat Flotilla, where he won an important engagement in the First Battle of Memphis before capturing enemy supplies on a successful expedition up the Yazoo River. Davis was also one of the founders of the National Academy of Sciences in 1863 and he wrote several scientific books.[5][6][page needed][7]

Charles Henry Davis
Born(1807-01-16)January 16, 1807
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
DiedFebruary 18, 1877(1877-02-18) (aged 70)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Place of burial
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Allegiance United States
Service / branch United States Navy
Years of service1823–1877
Rank Rear admiral
CommandsSt. Mary's
Western Gunboat Flotilla
South Atlantic Squadron
Battles / warsFilibuster War

American Civil War

Spouse(s)Harriette Blake Mills
RelationsDavis political family

Historian Donald L. Miller describes Davis during the time of the Civil War as "tall, solemn-looking and contemplative, with a drooping mustache that hung over his mouth."[8]

Early life

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Davis was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Daniel Davis.[9] He attended the Boston Latin School and entered Harvard College in 1821, where he studied mathematics.[4][10] But left after two years when he was appointed as a midshipman in the United States Navy on August 12, 1823.[11]

Between 1827 and 1828, he served on board the frigate United States in the Pacific. In 1829, he was promoted to passed midshipman. From 1830 to 1833, he served on the sloop Ontario. In 1834, he was promoted to lieutenant and assigned to the Vincennes. In 1840 to 1841, he served on board the ship Independence.

In 1841, he received an honorary Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard; in 1868, he received an honorary LL.D. from the same institution.[12]

Career

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Coat of Arms of Charles Henry Davis

From 1846 to 1849, he worked in the United States Coast Survey on board the Nantucket, where he discovered a previously unknown shoal that had caused shipwrecks off the coast of New York. During his service to the Survey, he was also responsible for researching tides and currents and acted as an inspector on a number of naval shipyards. From 1849 to 1855 he was the first superintendent of American Nautical Almanac Office and produced the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac.[13]

In 1854, he was promoted to commander and given the command of the St. Mary's. On April 30, 1857, he mediated with the Central American forces at San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, the capitulation of filibuster William Walker and some 300 men, who departed in the St. Mary's for Panama the next day. In 1859, while commanding the St. Mary's, Davis was ordered to go to Baker Island to obtain samples of guano, becoming perhaps the first American to set foot there since it was annexed by the United States in 1857. The guano was necessary as fertilizer. Commodore William Mervine had previously been sent, but he did not land and believed the island to be inaccessible. (From evidence that was later found on the island, it had been visited prior to 1857 by whalers).

Civil War service

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In the American Civil War, Davis was appointed to Blockade Strategy Board in June 1861. On 15 November 1861, he was promoted to captain.[14] He was made acting flag officer, in command of the Western Gunboat Flotilla. A day after he took command, the flotilla fought a short battle with Confederate ships on the Mississippi River at Plum Point Bend on May 10, 1862. Caught unready for battle, two of the Union ships were badly damaged and had to be run into shoal water to keep from sinking. The Confederate vessels escaped with only minor damage. On June 6, his ships fought in the First Battle of Memphis, which resulted in the sinking or capture of seven of the eight Confederate ships, compared with damage to only one of the Union vessels.

In July, he came downriver from Memphis, Tennessee to cooperate with the New Orleans–based fleet of his close friend Flag Officer David G. Farragut in a failed attack on the Confederate citadel of Vicksburg, Mississippi, part of the 14-month long Vicksburg campaign. Afterwards, because of a severe outbreak of malaria among his crew which left his ships undermanned, he withdrew 160 miles north to Helena, Arkansas, which had recently been occupied by the Union Army. The withdrawal was on Davis' own authority and not under orders from Washington; this decision may have contributed to his later removal from command of the gunboats.[8] In August, he successfully seized Confederate supplies and munitions from up the Yazoo River.

After his removal from command of the gunboat flotilla in September – Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles admired Davis and liked him personally, but said of him that he was "more of a scholar than [a] sailor... not an energetic, driving, fighting officer, such as is wanted for rough work on the Mississippi" – he was made Chief of the Navy's Bureau of Navigation and returned to Washington, D.C..

On February 7, 1863, he was promoted to rear admiral.

Post-war service

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From 1865 to 1867, he was the Superintendent of the United States Naval Observatory. In 1867, he was given command of the South Atlantic Squadron with the USS Guerriere as his flagship. In 1869, he returned home and served both on the Lighthouse Board as well as in the Naval Observatory.[9]

Personal life and death

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Davis married Harriette Blake Mills, the daughter of U.S. Senator Elijah Hunt Mills. Together, they were the parents of:

During his travels, Davis wrote about his experiences in his journal about London[16] and Copenhagen.[17]

In 1843, he became a member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati in succession to his grandfather Colonel Constant Freeman (1757–1824).[12] Davis was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1852.[18]

 
Title page to Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections: A Translation of Gauss's "Theoria Motus by Carl Friedrich Gauss, translated to English by Davis (1857)

Davis translated into English Carl Friedrich Gauss's Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections (1809), which was published in 1857.[19]

After the Civil War, Davis joined the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS). He was a member of the New York Commandery and received insignia number 1022.

Davis died in Washington, D.C. on February 18, 1877, and is buried in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[9]

Namesakes

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Several ships of the United States Navy are named in his honor: the torpedo boat USS Davis (TB-12), the destroyers USS Davis (DD-65) and USS Davis (DD-395), and the oceanographic research ship USNS Charles H. Davis (T-AGOR-5)

A species of sea anemone native to the coasts of New England and Nova Scotia, the Rhodactis davisii, is named for Davis.

Works

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  • The Coast Survey of the United States, Metcalf, 1849.[20]
  • Remarks Upon the Establishment of an American Prime Meridian, Metcalf, 1849.[21]
  • Report on the Harbor of Charleston, From the printing office of Councell & Daggett, 1852.[22]
  • Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies moving about the Sun in Conic Sections a translation of Gauss's "Theoria Motus." With an Appendix. Little, Brown, 1857.[23]
  • Tables of Melpomene. Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography, 1860.[24]
  • General Examination of the Pacific Ocean, E & G.W. Blunt, 1861.[25]
  • Communicates and Reports in Relation to Surveys of Boston Harbor. J.E. Farwell and Company, 1862.[26]
  • Report on interoceanic Canals and railroads between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, G.P.O., 1867.[27]
  • General Examination of the Pacific Ocean, G.P.O., 1869.[28]
  • Narrative of the North Polar Expedition, U.S. Ship Polaris, Captain Charles Francis Hall Commanding, G. P. O., 1876.[29]

See also

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References

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Notes
  1. ^ Davis, Charles Henry (1899). Life of Charles Henry Davis, Rear Admiral, 1807-1877. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-598-62841-1.
  2. ^ Jansen, Axel (2011-02-14). Alexander Dallas Bache: Building the American Nation Through Science and Education in the Nineteenth Century. Campus Verlag. p. 249. ISBN 978-3-593-39355-1.
  3. ^ "Commander Charles Henry Davis". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
  4. ^ a b "Charles Henry Davis | U.S. Navy, Hydrography, Cartography | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  5. ^ "Charles Henry Davis | American naval officer and scientist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  6. ^ Davis, Charles Henry (2019-03-08). Life of Charles Henry Davis, Rear Admiral, 1807-1877. Creative Media Partners, LLC. ISBN 978-0-530-69890-8.
  7. ^ "Charles Henry Davis (Davis, Charles Henry, 1807-1877) | The Online Books Page". onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
  8. ^ a b Miller, Donald L. (2019) Vicksburg: Grant's Campaign That Broke the Confederacy. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.158, 164, 178 ISBN 1451641370
  9. ^ a b c Eicher, p. 201.
  10. ^ Davis, Charles Henry (1899). Life of Charles Henry Davis, Rear Admiral, 1807-1877. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-598-62841-1.
  11. ^ Memorials of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati, 1890. pg. 192.
  12. ^ a b Memorials of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati, 1890. pg. 193.
  13. ^ Hockey, Thomas (2009). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  14. ^ "US Navy Officers: 1778–1900". history.navy.mil. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  15. ^ Adams, Henry. The Life of George Cabot Lodge. pg. 4-5. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1911
  16. ^ Davis, Charles Henry (1899). Life of Charles Henry Davis, Rear Admiral, 1807-1877. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-598-62841-1.
  17. ^ Davis, Charles Henry (1899). Life of Charles Henry Davis, Rear Admiral, 1807-1877. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-598-62841-1.
  18. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  19. ^ "AIP Niels Bohr Library". libserv.aip.org. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
  20. ^ Davis, Charles Henry (1849). The Coast Survey of the United States. Metcalf.
  21. ^ Davis, Charles Henry (1849). Remarks Upon the Establishment of an American Prime Meridian. Metcalf.
  22. ^ Bache, Alexander Dallas; Davis, Charles Henry; Maffitt, John Newland; Maury, Matthew Fontaine; Kurtz, John D. (1852). Report on the Harbor of Charleston. From the printing office of Councell & Daggett.
  23. ^ Gauss, Carl Friedrich; Davis, Charles Henry (1857). Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections: A Translation of Gauss's "Theoria Motus." With an Appendix. Little, Brown.
  24. ^ Davis, Charles Henry; Schubert, Ernst (1860). Tables of Melpomene. Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography.
  25. ^ Davis, Charles Henry; Kerhallet, Charles Philippe de (1861). General Examination of the Pacific Ocean. E. & G.W. Blunt.
  26. ^ Harbor, 1859, United States Commission on Boston; Totten, Joseph Gilbert; Bache, Alexander Dallas; Davis, Charles Henry (1862). Communications and Reports in Relation to the Surveys of Boston Harbor. J.E. Farwell and Company.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Davis, Charles Henry (1867). Report on interoceanic canals and railroads between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Government Printing Office.
  28. ^ Kerhallet, Charles Philippe de; Davis, Charles Henry (1869). General Examination of the Pacific Ocean, by Capt. Charles Philippe de Kerhallet ... Followed by Nautical Directions for Avoiding Hurricanes. Tr. from the 2d French Ed., Under the Direction of Commander Charles Henry Davis, U.S.N., by Authority of the Author. Bureau of Navigation. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  29. ^ Davis, Charles Henry (1876). Narrative of the North Polar Expedition: U.S. Ship Polaris, Captain Charles Francis Hall Commanding. Government Printing Office.
Bibliography
  • Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
  • "Navy." The Military and Naval Magazine of the United States. Washington: Mar 1835. Vol.5, Iss. 1; pg. 78, 3 pgs
  • "The Independence." The Naval Magazine. New York: May 1837. Vol.2, Iss. 3; pg. 290, 2 pgs
  • "American Guano." The New England Farmer; a Monthly Journal. Boston: Jun 1859. Vol.11, Iss. 6; pg. 265, 2 pgs
  • "The American Guano Islands." National Era. Washington: Jun 16, 1859. Vol.VOL. XIII., Iss. No. 650.; pg. 94, 1 pgs
  • "The Aquarial Gardens." Friends' Intelligencer. Philadelphia: Aug 6, 1859. Vol.16, Iss. 21; pg. 333, 3 pgs
  • "Another Naval Victory." New York Times. New York, N.Y.: May 12, 1862. pg. 8, 1 pgs
  • "Current Events." The New-England Historical and Genealogical Register. Boston: 1862. pg. 299, 3 pgs
  • "Rear Admiral Charles H. Davis." New York Times. New York, N.Y.: Feb 19, 1877. pg. 5, 1 pgs
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