CBS Sports Network

(Redirected from CBSSN)

CBS Sports Network (a.k.a. CBSSN)[2] is an American digital cable and satellite television network owned by the CBS Entertainment Group unit of Paramount Global. When it launched in 2002 as the National College Sports Network (later College Sports Television also known as CSTV), it operated as a multi-platform media brand which also included its primary website, collegesports.com, and a network of websites operated for the athletic departments of 215 colleges and universities.

CBS Sports Network
CountryUnited States
Broadcast areaUnited States
Canada
HeadquartersNew York City
Programming
Language(s)English
Picture format1080i HDTV
(downgraded to letterboxed 480i for the SDTV feed)
Ownership
OwnerParamount Global
ParentCBS Entertainment Group
Key peopleDavid Berson (President and CEO, CBS Sports)[1]
Sister channels
History
LaunchedJune 1, 2002; 22 years ago (2002-06-01)
Former namesNational College Sports Network (2002–2003)
College Sports Television (2003–2008)
CBS College Sports Network (2008–2011)
Links
WebsiteCBSSportsNetwork.com
Availability
Streaming media
Affiliated Streaming ServiceParamount+
fuboTVInternet Protocol television
Hulu Live TVInternet Protocol television
YouTube TVInternet Protocol television

After CSTV was acquired by CBS in 2006 (handed over from Viacom who purchased the network the previous year), the network was re-branded as the CBS College Sports Network in 2008. The network initially maintained its college sports focus, but in February 2011, the service was re-branded as CBS Sports Network to re-position it as a mainstream sports service. The network continues to have a particular focus on college sports, along with coverage of smaller leagues and events, simulcasts of sports radio shows from both the CBS Sports Radio network and Entercom's WFAN (formerly owned outright by CBS), and studio and analysis programming.

As of May 2015, CBSSN was available to approximately 61 million pay television households (66.1% of households with cable television) in the United States.[3][4] Updated figures are unknown as they have not been released by Paramount in nearly a decade.

History

edit
 
Logo used from 2011 to 2016

The network's roots began in 1999 when Chris Bevilacqua approached the co-founders of the Classic Sports Network, Brian Bedol and Stephen Greenberg—at that time, running Fusient Media Ventures, a New York-based sports and media company—with the idea for a subscription network featuring college sports 24 hours a day. Under the leadership of Bedol as CEO, the network was originally named the National College Sports Network in June 2002, was subsequently renamed College Sports Television (CSTV) and launched on February 23, 2003. From their headquarters and studio operations at Chelsea Piers in New York City, CSTV was the first independent pay-television channel to be distributed nationwide, having been carried on satellite provider DirecTV at launch.

In November 2005, College Sports Television was purchased by Viacom for $325 million.[5] CBS Corporation (Viacom's legal successor) took control of the network in January 2006. On January 3, 2008, it was announced that CSTV would be integrated into CBS Sports, with the sports division's executive vice president and executive producer, Tony Petitti, taking over day-to-day operational management of CSTV, which would be overseen by CBS News and Sports president Sean McManus. CSTV co-founder Brian Bedol would become a senior advisor to CBS Corporation president and CEO Leslie Moonves (Petitti has since become the Big Ten Commissioner.

In the fall of 2006, CSTV launched more than 100 broadband channels dedicated to college sports, which feature more than 10,000 live events. The subscription/pay-per-view service, called CBS College Sports XXL, and its portfolio of broadband channels in its All-Access suite, include coverage of Notre Dame, Southern California, Kansas, Ohio State and North Carolina.

CBS reorganization

edit

On February 12, 2008, CBS Corporation announced that, as part of the ongoing integration of CSTV into CBS Sports, that the network would be renamed the CBS College Sports Network on March 16, coinciding with the start of CBS's coverage of the NCAA's basketball tournament. Studio shows moved from the original Chelsea Piers headquarters to the CBS Broadcast Center on West 57th Street in 2012. As part of the relaunch, the network added a new news program, College Sports Tonight.[6] That program was canceled in 2010, however other studio shows (including Inside College Football and Inside College Basketball) still originate from the Chelsea Piers location.

On February 15, 2011, CBS announced that the network would be relaunched as CBS Sports Network on April 4 (coinciding with the end of the 2011 NCAA basketball tournament), to reflect an expansion into non-collegiate sports programming.[7][8]

High definition

edit

A high-definition simulcast feed of the channel, broadcasting at 1080i, was launched in August 2008. Prior to the launch of the feed, the two NCAA basketball tournament games that aired in March 2008, which were presented in HD on CBS, were converted to a standard-definition feed. CBSSN uses the AFD #10 broadcast flag to present programming on its standard definition feed in letterboxed widescreen for viewers watching through 4:3 television sets.[citation needed]

Programming

edit

CBSSN televises original programming, features, talk shows and documentaries as well as extensive women's sports coverage. Its regular season and championship event coverage draws from every major collegiate athletic conference and division, in addition to nine NCAA championships. CBSSN televises 35 men's and women's college sports including football, basketball, baseball, ultimate, hockey, lacrosse, soccer, wrestling and volleyball from every major conference. The network holds multi-media and marketing rights for the Mountain West Conference, the Atlantic 10 Conference, Conference USA, the Patriot League, Army football and Navy football.

In April 2006, the network organized the first Collegiate Nationals, a festival of championships dedicated to crowning champions in a wide variety of collegiate action sports such as snowboarding, wakeboarding and beach volleyball. More than 1,000 competitors converged on Reno-Tahoe to compete, the largest number ever for an event of its kind. For its second installment in 2007, the Collegiate Nationals added sports and other events such as national film and music competitions, as well as a second venue—San Diego. The third year, 2008, brought further changes, as the winter sports events were moved to the Keystone Resort near Boulder, Colorado and competitive eating was added.

In the fall of 2006, CSTV and Comcast launched the MountainWest Sports Network (colloquially known as The Mtn.), a network focusing exclusively on the Mountain West Conference. The relation with the network also gave CSTV exclusive online and broadcasting rights to Notre Dame's game at Air Force on November 11, 2006—which caused controversy since CSTV did not have carriage as widely distributed as other networks that have aired Notre Dame games. The Irish did not revisit a Mountain West team until a 2013 game at Air Force, which once again aired on CBSSN.

2010s

edit

On April 3, 2012, CBSSN premiered Rome, a sports news and talk program hosted by nationally syndicated radio host Jim Rome; Rome had recently left ESPN and his previous show, Jim Rome Is Burning, after signing a new contract with CBS Sports.[9] Rome ended in March 2015,[10] but the channel subsequently announced in October 2017 that it will add a television simulcast of his radio program, The Jim Rome Show, beginning January 2, 2018.[11]

On June 7, 2012, CBSSN began to air the remaining games of the American Hockey League's 2012 Calder Cup Final between the Norfolk Admirals and the Toronto Marlies, starting with game 3.[12] On July 26, 2012, the network signed a deal with the United Football League—a second-tier professional football league that began play in October 2009—to televise its games for the 2012 season.[13] The UFL paid for all production expenses and received no rights fee from CBSSN for the broadcasts.[14] The league lasted approximately four weeks on CBSSN before suspending operations halfway through the season.

In September 2012, CBSSN introduced the new NFL studio show NFL Monday QB. The following season, CBSSN premiered That Other Pre-Game Show, a weekly, four-hour studio show on Sunday mornings hosted by Adam Schein, Jonathan Jones, Kyle Long, Amy Trask, and Brock Vereen, designed to be a more "casual" and "fan-focused" counterpart to CBS's own The NFL Today and competitors (such as ESPN's Sunday NFL Countdown).[15]

On April 26, 2013, the network announced that it had signed a deal with the GEICO Motorcycle AMA Pro Road Racing Series for the remainder of the 2013 and the 2014 seasons. The network aired flag to flag coverage for the races as well as live coverage for several of the races. The network broadcast the FIA WTCC Race of the United States from Sonoma Raceway on September 8, 2013.[16]

On December 2, 2013, CBSSN announced that it was to begin simulcasting the Boomer and Carton (now Boomer and Gio) morning show from then co-owned sports talk radio station WFAN in New York City in January 2014.[17]

In October 2014, CBSSN launched a new talk show, We Need To Talk, which became the first, and only, nationally televised all-female sports panel show. Regular panellists include former professional boxer Laila Ali, former professional basketball player Lisa Leslie and USTA President Katrina Adams.[18]

In August 2015, the network premiered Time to Schein, a new program hosted by Adam Schein.[19]

 
Logo from 2016 to 2021

In July 2017, the network announced a new documentary series, Four Sides of the Story, to examine notable moments in sports from four perspectives each; the series premiere focused on the Villanova Wildcats' buzzer beater at the 2016 NCAA Division I men's basketball championship game.[20]

CBSSN was one of three cable broadcasters of the Alliance of American Football—a second-tier developmental football league, alongside NFL Network and TNT. A weekly game and one playoff game were assigned to CBSSN.[21][22] As was the case with the UFL, the AAF paid CBSSN for the airtime;[23] the AAF abruptly ceased operations before the season ended.[24]

On April 4, 2019, the 3-on-3 basketball league Big3 announced that it would move to CBS and CBSSN for its 2019 season. CBSSN will air at least 25 hours of coverage, including coverage of the league's draft.[25]

On April 22, 2019, CBS Sports reached an agreement to televise select games from the WNBA; coverage is now split between CBS and ESPN/ABC (who up to that point had held exclusive rights since 2003). CBS is also the last of the Big Three television networks to cover the WNBA (NBC had the first-ever broadcast rights, which ran from 1997 to 2002).[26]

In November 2019, it was reported that CBS Sports had acquired the U.S. English-language broadcast rights to the UEFA Champions League beginning in the 2021–22 season, with CBSSN expected to be incorporated into the coverage. CBS would end up starting its coverage a year earlier in 2020 after acquiring the rights to the remainder of the 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons after Turner Sports opted out of its remaining contract.[27]

2020s

edit

On January 9, 2020, the Mountain West Conference announced that it had reached a new six-year deal with CBS and Fox Sports for its top-tier basketball and football rights. CBSSN will remain the conference's primary broadcaster with 23 football games and 23 men's basketball games per-season, and there will be an option for selected games and the conference men's basketball championship to air on CBS, and events in Olympic sports to air on CBSSN beginning in 2021. The Mountain West football championship and Boise State home games will move to a Fox network.[28][29][30]

CBSSN acquired a package of World of Outlaws events from June 20 to July 4.[31]

On September 11, 2020, Bellator MMA announced that its events would move to CBSSN moving forward, after having previously aired on Paramount Network, which is in the process of abandoning non-scripted development in favor of films. Bellator and Paramount Network were under Viacom when the company merged with CBS Corporation to form ViacomCBS.[32][33] However, only five months later, the promotion announced that it would instead move to CBS's sister premium network Showtime.[34]

On April 19, 2021, the World Series of Poker and CBS Sports announced a multi-year rights agreement with PokerGO to become the domestic television partner for the WSOP Main Event and various WSOP bracelet events, ending its long-term relationship with ESPN.[35][36]

Beginning in January 2023, CBS Sports HQ has produced a three hour sports information show for CBS Sports Network entitled CBS Sports HQ Spotlight.[37]

On April 27, 2023, the channel announced a new multi-year broadcasting rights deal with the Canadian Football League, becoming the new U.S. TV rightsholder to the league; the channel will broadcast 34 CFL games for the 2023 season.[38]

Sports broadcast rights

edit

College sports

edit

Professional sports

edit

Motorsports

edit

Carriage

edit

CBSSN is available nationally on most subscription television providers in the United States.

In Canada, Rogers Cable began carrying CBSSN on October 9, 2008. Satellite provider Bell Satellite TV started carrying the channel on September 3, 2009, and stopped on August 21, 2014 (they subsequently brought the channel back August 2015). Certain programs aired by the network (particularly NFL and NCAA basketball tournament related programs and other programs whose rights are owned by other broadcasters) are blacked out in Canada, and replaced with reruns of other events or studio programs. CBSSN is the only U.S.-based mainstream sports service that is carried on pay television in Canada. As of 2020, it is only available on Bell Fibe TV, Cogeco and Eastlink.

In late February 2009, CBSSN reached a new carriage agreement with DirecTV, which allowed the satellite provider to move the channel from its add on "Sports Pack" to its "Choice Xtra" base package; the move became effective on February 25, 2009, expanding the channel's distribution to 30 million subscribers.[56]

On July 7, 2009, Cox Communications announced that it would add the channel to its systems in Orange County, California and Arizona on August 1, 2009.[57] AT&T U-verse added the network on February 17, 2010.[58] On August 1, 2011, Cable One added the network in select markets.[59]

On July 20, 2019, DirecTV and AT&T U-verse removed it from their lineup due to a carriage dispute with CBS Corporation.[60] The channel was re-added on August 8, 2019, to both platforms as they reached a multi-year content carriage agreement.[61]

On-air staff

edit

Source:[62]

Announcers, reporters and hosts

edit
  • Adam Zucker – host and play-by-play (2003–present)
  • Brent Stover – host and play-by-play (2003–present)
  • Grant Boone – reporter (2011–present)
  • Dave Ryan – play-by-play (2006–present)
  • Jason Knapp – play-by-play (2008–present)
  • Tom McCarthy – host and play-by-play (2012–present)
  • Matt Shepard – play-by-play (2008–present)
  • Krista Blunk – reporter (2008–present)
  • Ben Holden – play-by-play (2008–2020)
  • Jim Rome – host and play-by-play (2012–present)
  • John Sadak – play-by-play (2012–present)
  • Carter Blackburn – play-by-play (2014–present)
  • Andrew Catalon – play-by-play (2009–present)
  • Brad Johansen – play-by-play (2012–present)
  • Adam Schein – host and play-by-play (2012–present)
  • Dave Popkin – play-by-play (2016–present)
  • Dave Armstrong – play-by-play (2016–present)
  • Mike Crispino – play-by-play (2017–present)
  • Rich Waltz – play-by-play (2010–present)
  • Dylan Jacobs – play-by-play (2018–present)
  • Tina Cervasio – reporter (2018–present)
  • Ed Cohen – play-by-play (2017–present)
  • Jason Horowitz – play-by-play (2018–present)
  • Alex Del Barrio – play-by-play (2020–present)
  • Joel Godett – play-by-play (2018–present)
  • Michael Grady – play-by-play (present)
  • Andy Greathouse – director (2003–present)
  • Lisa Byington – reporter and play-by-play (2020–present)
  • Chris Lewis – play-by-play (2021– present)
  • Chris Sylvester – play-by-play (2022–present)
  • Chick Hernandez – play-by-play (2022–present)
  • Paul Burmeister – play-by-play (2023–present)

Football

edit

Basketball

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "David Berson to Succeed Sean McManus as President and CEO, CBS Sports". Aussie Osbourne. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
  2. ^ "MyDISH". my.dish.com. CBS Sports Network (CBSSN)
  3. ^ "The 15 Most Valuable Sports Networks". OutKick. May 7, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  4. ^ Bucholtz, Andrew (September 10, 2018). "Nielsen coverage estimates for September see gains at ESPN networks, drops at MLBN and NFLN". Awful Announcing. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  5. ^ Whitford, David (May 25, 2010). "The king of the sports deal". Fortune. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
  6. ^ "CSTV to become CBS College Sports Network". CBS Corporation. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
  7. ^ Ken (February 15, 2011). "CBS College Sports Rebrands As CBS Sports Network". Fang's Bites. Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
  8. ^ "CBS College Sports Rebrands After NCAA Championship Game". Archived from the original on April 7, 2011.
  9. ^ Heistand, Michael (March 29, 2012). "Jim Rome makes splash on eve of new show's debut". USA Today. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
  10. ^ Ourand, John (December 23, 2014). "Jim Rome's Show On CBS Sports Network Ending, But He Will Remain With The Company". Sports Business Daily. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  11. ^ Steinberg, Brian (October 17, 2017). "CBS Sports Network Will Televise Jim Rome's Radio Show". Variety. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  12. ^ "CBS Sports Network to air Finals". AHL. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  13. ^ "CBS Sports Network Signs Deal With United Football League" (PDF). July 26, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
  14. ^ "Agent: Three UFL players haven't been paid yet," from The Virginian-Pilot, March 10, 2012
  15. ^ "CBS Sports Network Shoots for the TOPS With Four-Hour NFL Pregame Show". Sports Video Group. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
  16. ^ "CBS Sports to Air WTCC from Sonoma". FIA World Touring Car Championship. September 5, 2013. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
  17. ^ "Boomer & Carton 'Joining' CBS Sports Network in Simulcast Form". BobsBlitz.com. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
  18. ^ "At the heart of "We Need to Talk," the first all-female sports talk show". Fan-sided. November 22, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
  19. ^ "Syracuse grad Adam Schein lands his 'dream job' at CBS Sports Network". Syracuse.com. August 17, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
  20. ^ Boone, Kyle (July 26, 2017). "New CBS Sports Network series starts with look at Villanova's 2016 NCAA title win". CBSSports.com. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  21. ^ Spangler, Todd (March 20, 2018). "New Pro Football League Sets 2019 Debut With CBS Sports Pact". Variety. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  22. ^ Ourand, John (January 31, 2019). "Alliance Of American Football Signs Deals With Turner, NFL Net". SportsBusiness Daily. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
  23. ^ Orr, Conor (May 1, 2019). "League on Fire: The Curious Rise and Spectacular Crash of the Alliance of American Football". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  24. ^ Rothstein, Michael (April 2, 2019). "AAF suspends operations; Polian 'disappointed'". ESPN.com. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  25. ^ Hayes, Dade (April 4, 2019). "CBS Sports And Big3 Set Exclusive TV Deal For 3-On-3 Basketball Summer Season". Deadline. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
  26. ^ a b Skiver, Ken (April 22, 2019). "WNBA, CBS Sports reach multiyear television deal beginning with 2019 season". CBSSports.com. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  27. ^ Bassam, Tom (November 11, 2019). "Reports: CBS secures shock Champions League US rights deal". SportsPro Media. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  28. ^ Ourand, John (December 16, 2019). "SBJ Media: PGA Tour, Mountain West Get New Rights Deals". Sports Business Daily. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  29. ^ Carp, Sam (January 10, 2020). "Mountain West Conference inks US$270m CBS and Fox TV deals". SportsPro. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  30. ^ "New Mountain West TV Contract: More Money, Less ESPN For Boise State". Boise State Public Radio. January 10, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  31. ^ "World of Outlaws Racing Returns to CBS with Special Spotlighting Trail-Blazing Journey from COVID to Independence Day Mega Event". World of Outlaws. June 13, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  32. ^ Martin, Damon (September 11, 2020). "Bellator MMA announces move from Paramount Network to CBS Sports Network". MMA Fighting. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  33. ^ Otterson, Joe (September 22, 2020). "Paramount Network Rebrands, Doubles Down on Movies and Minis (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  34. ^ Brookhouse, Brent (February 9, 2021). "Bellator set for Showtime debut in April as star-studded Light Heavyweight World Grand Prix headlines slate". CBS Sports. Retrieved June 23, 2021.
  35. ^ Bengel, Chris (April 19, 2021). "World Series of Poker: PokerGO reaches multi-year television agreement with CBS Sports". CBSSports.com. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  36. ^ a b "World Series of Poker (WSOP) Leaving ESPN for CBS Sports". pokernews.com. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
  37. ^ "New 'CBS Sports HQ Spotlight' Daily Studio Show Set to Debut on CBS Sports Network". Sports Video Group. December 22, 2022. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  38. ^ CFL.ca Staff (April 27, 2023). "New This Season: The CFL On CBS Sports Network". CFL.ca. Canadian Football League. Retrieved May 18, 2023.
  39. ^ Harris, Christopher (November 12, 2019). "CBS reveals more details about UEFA Champions League plans". WorldSoccerTalk. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
  40. ^ "CNWSL announces landmark multi-year media agreements with CBS Sports featuring games on CBS, CBS Sports Network, & CBS All-Access and Twitch". Matthew Levine. March 11, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  41. ^ Press Express | Not Available. Cbspressexpress.com. Retrieved on August 17, 2013.
  42. ^ CBS Sports Network Augments Lineup with U.S. Open Tennis, PGA Championship Coverage | Cable Television News | Broadcast Syndication | Programming. Multichannel.com (July 23, 2012). Retrieved on August 17, 2013.
  43. ^ "Davis Cup – Where to watch the Davis Cup Qualifiers". Davis Cup. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  44. ^ Glennon, John (July 3, 2024). "Kats, Arena Football League reach TV deal with CBS Sports Network". Nashville Post. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
  45. ^ Staff Reports (April 17, 2023). "Indoor Football League championship games to be aired on CBS Sports Network". Tulsa World. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
  46. ^ "Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series Releases 2010 SPEED TV Schedule". Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series (Press release). race-deZert. March 18, 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  47. ^ "Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series to Feature Extensive Broadcast Coverage During 2020 Season". Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series (Press release). July 20, 2020. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2022.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  48. ^ "CBS Sports Network Airings". Stadium Super Trucks. November 6, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  49. ^ Quigley, Kellen (February 20, 2018). "Snocross deemed success by casino organizers". The Salamanca Press. Retrieved February 28, 2018. The series was broadcast live online through the series' website, snocross.com, and will be broadcast on CBS Sports Network the next two weekends.
  50. ^ "Trans Am highlighted on CBS Sports Network in two-hour special". Racer. December 10, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  51. ^ "Runoffs Return to TV on CBS Sports Network in December". Sports Car Club of America. November 22, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  52. ^ "General Tire eShort Course World Cup presented by Fistful of Bourbon Returns January 21". General Tire. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  53. ^ "Championship Off-Road Announces 2022 Schedule". DirtSportsWorld. December 1, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  54. ^ "CBS Sports Network to Air 2022 Kicker AMA Arenacross Series". Kicker AMA Arenacross Series (Press release). Cycle News. January 12, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  55. ^ "Best In The Desert Starts 2022 with the Shock Therapy Parker 250". Best in the Desert (Press release). UTV Guide. December 29, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  56. ^ CBS College Sports Moves Up To DirecTV's Choice Xtra Package – With Upgrade, Network Pushes Subscriber Base Past 30 Million Multichannel News March 2, 2009
  57. ^ Cox Bolsters CBS College Sports, The Mtn. Distribution Rosters – Operator To Add National Service, Regional Sports Network In Arizona, Orange County Multichannel News July 7, 2009
  58. ^ CBS College Sports Scores AT&T U-verse Pact Multichannel News
  59. ^ Cable ONE Launches CBS Sports Network in select markets Cable One Pitch Engine
  60. ^ CBS channels get blackout on DirecTV and other AT&T services CNET, July 24, 2019
  61. ^ CBS and AT&T Joint Statement on Reaching New Content Carriage Agreement CBS Corporation, August 8, 2019
  62. ^ "CBS Sports Network Bios". cbssportsnetwork.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
edit