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Monetary Authority of Singapore

(Redirected from Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore)

The Monetary Authority of Singapore or (MAS), is the central bank and financial regulatory authority of Singapore. It administers the various statutes pertaining to money, banking, insurance, securities and the financial sector in general, as well as currency issuance and manages the foreign-exchange reserves. It was established in 1971 to act as the banker to and as a financial agent of the Government of Singapore.[3] The body is duly accountable to the Parliament of Singapore through the Minister-in-charge, who is also the Incumbent Chairman of the central bank.

Monetary Authority of Singapore
Headquarters10 Shenton Way, MAS Building, Singapore 079117
Established1 January 1971; 53 years ago (1971-01-01)
OwnershipGovernment of Singapore (overseen by the Prime Minister's Office)
Key peopleGan Kim Yong (Chairman)
Chia Der Juin (Managing Director)
Central bank ofSingapore
CurrencySingapore dollar (S$)
SGD (ISO 4217)
ReservesIncrease US$419.1 billion[1]
Bank rate3.51% (20 July 2023)[2]
Preceded byBoard of Commissioners of Currency
Websitewww.mas.gov.sg

History

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MAS Building on Shenton Way, headquarters of the Monetary Authority of Singapore

The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) was founded in 1971 to oversee various monetary functions associated with banking and finance. Prior its establishment, monetary functions were performed by government departments and agencies. The acronym MAS resembles mas, the word for 'gold' in Malay, Singapore's national language—although the acronym is pronounced with each of its initial letters.[4]

As Singapore progressed, an increasingly complex banking and monetary environment required more dynamic and coherent monetary administration. Therefore, in 1970, the Parliament of Singapore passed the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act leading to the formation of MAS on 1 January 1971. The act gives MAS the authority to regulate all elements of monetary policy, banking, and finance in Singapore.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, MAS brought forward its bi-annual meeting from some time in April to 30 March.[5] The MAS decided to ease the Singapore dollar's appreciation rate to zero percent, as well as adjust the policy band downwards, the first such move since the 2007–2008 financial crisis. This marks the first time the MAS had taken these two measures together.[6]

Unlike many central banks around the world, the MAS is not independent from the Singapore Government—the MAS is under the purview of the Prime Minister's Office (PMO); chairmen of the MAS were either former or incumbent Minister for Finance. Some includes the former Prime Ministers or the current Deputy Prime Ministers.

List of chairmen

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No. Portrait Name Term of office
1 Hon Sui Sen January 1971 – July 1980
2 Goh Keng Swee August 1980 – January 1985
3 Richard Hu January 1985 – December 1997
4   Lee Hsien Loong January 1998 – August 2004
5   Goh Chok Tong 20 August 2004 – 1 May 2011
6   Tharman Shanmugaratnam 1 May 2011 – 8 July 2023[7]
7   Lawrence Wong 8 July 2023 – 15 May 2024
8   Gan Kim Yong 15 May 2024 – Incumbent

Policy

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Since 1981, monetary policy in Singapore is mainly conducted through the management of the exchange rate (rather than inflation targeting) of the Singapore dollar, in order to promote price stability as a basis for sustainable economic growth. The exchange rate is an intermediate target of monetary policy in the context of the small and open Singapore economy (where gross exports and imports of goods and services are more than 300 percent of GDP and almost 40 cents of every Singapore dollar spent domestically is on imports), the exchange rate represents a significantly stronger influence on inflation than the interest rate. As a result, the nominal exchange rate, directly and indirectly, affects a wide range of prices in the Singapore economy, such as import and export prices, wages and rentals, consumer prices and output prices.

MAS controls monetary policy through direct interventions in the foreign exchange markets and bears a stable and predictable relationship with the price stability as the final target of policy, over the medium-term. The Singapore dollar (SGD) is managed against a basket of currencies of Singapore's major trading partners and competitors; the various currencies are assigned weights in accordance with the importance of the country to Singapore's international trading relations (as shown below) and the composition of the basket is revised periodically to take into account any changes in trade patterns.[8]

MAS operates a managed float regime for the Singapore dollar. The tradeweighted exchange rate, which is known as the 'Singapore dollar Nominal Effective Exchange Rate' (S$NEER) is allowed to fluctuate within a policy band; the level and direction of which is announced semi-annually (typically every six months) to the market. The policy band provides a mechanism to accommodate short-term fluctuations in the foreign exchange markets and allows flexibility in managing the exchange rate.

The exchange rate policy band is periodically reviewed by MAS to ensure that the policy band remains consistent with underlying fundamentals of the economy; the path of the exchange rate is continually assessed every 6 months in order to prevent a misalignment in the currency value. A Monetary Policy Statement (MPS) is released by MAS after each review, which provides information on the recent movements of the exchange rate and explaining the forward guidance of future exchange rate policy. MAS would also release an accompanying report, the Macroeconomic Review (MR), which provides detailed information on the assessment of macroeconomic developments and trends in the Singapore economy; the MR is aimed to enhance market and public understanding of the monetary policy stance.

As the MAS utilises the choice of the exchange rate as the intermediate target of monetary policy, this implies that MAS does not have any control over domestic interest rates (and money supply), due to the commonly accepted concept in international economics known as the policy trilemma. In the context of free capital movements, interest rates in Singapore are largely determined by foreign interest rates and investor expectations of the future movements in the Singapore dollar. Singapore domestic interest rates have typically been below U.S. Fed funds interest rates and reflect market expectations of a trend appreciation of the Singapore dollar over time.

The exchange rate has emerged as an effective anti-inflation tool for the Singapore economy. In the twenty years since the exchange rate framework was in place, domestic inflation was relatively low, averaging 1.9% per annum from 1981 to 2010. As a result of the long record of low inflation, expectations of price stability in Singapore have become more entrenched over the years. The exchange rate system has also functioned to mitigate the adverse effects of short-term volatility on the real economy, while at the same time ensuring that the exchange rate remains aligned with economic conditions and fundamentals. The success of the exchange rate system is heavily dependent on the economic fundamentals of Singapore, such as prudent fiscal policy, flexible product and factor markets, sound financial system, and robust domestic corporate sector.

Debt

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Singapore's debts are under the responsibility of MAS. As of 2022, the Singapore Government debt exceeds the country's GDP at about 150%. However, these are not net debts, but gross external debts, which can be traced to the debt liabilities in Singapore's banking sector—a reflection of the country's stature as a major global financial hub. In essence, Singapore borrows to invest, not to spend. Therefore, unlike other countries, Singapore is a net creditor with no debt to anyone, and has a net debt-to-GDP ratio of 0%, maintained for almost three decades since 1995.[9]

Accordingly, Singapore is the only country in Asia with a AAA sovereign credit rating from all major rating agencies.[10] For multiple years, Singapore emerged as the top country in the world with the least-risky credit rating under the Euromoney Country Risk (ECR) rankings, being one of the safest investment destinations.[11][12] The country was also ranked as the freest economy in the world on the Index of Economic Freedom rankings.[13]

Major trading partners of Singapore

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Trade performance with major trading partners[14]
Country / Region Currency ISO 4217 Code Central Bank Total Merchandise Trade Value with Singapore, 2021 (S$ bil) % of Singapore Merchandise Trade Total Total Services Trade Value with Singapore, 2020 (S$ bil) % of Singapore Services Trade Total
China (Mainland) Chinese yuan CNY People's Bank of China 164.3 14.16 40.0 7.99
Malaysia Malaysian ringgit MYR Bank Negara Malaysia 128.7 11.09 11.4 2.29
United States of America United States dollar USD Federal Reserve 105.7 9.12 101.8 20.35
European Union Euro (only within Eurozone) EUR European Central Bank (only within Eurosystem) 102.0 8.80 67.2 13.43
Taiwan New Taiwan dollar TWD Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) 99.0 8.61 10.7 2.14
Hong Kong Hong Kong Dollar HKD Hong Kong Monetary Authority 85.1 7.34 28.7 5.74
Indonesia Indonesian rupiah IDR Bank Indonesia 59.1 5.09 7.6 1.52
South Korea South Korean won KRW Bank of Korea 56.2 4.85 9.7 1.93
Japan Japanese yen JPY Bank of Japan 53.9 4.65 43.8 8.76
Thailand Thai baht THB Bank of Thailand 34.1 2.94 8.1 1.61
Australia Australian dollar AUD Reserve Bank of Australia 27.2 2.35 31.1 6.21
Vietnam Vietnamese đồng VND State Bank of Vietnam 26.9 2.32 6.6 1.33
India Indian rupee INR Reserve Bank of India 26.8 2.31 14.7 2.92
Philippines Philippine peso PHP Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas 23.2 2.00 4.4 0.87
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates dirham AED Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates 22.3 1.92 5.1 1.02
Switzerland Swiss franc CHF Swiss National Bank 15.7 1.35 21.7 4.33
United Kingdom Pound sterling GBP Bank of England 13.9 1.20 23.1 4.61
Saudi Arabia Saudi riyal SAR Saudi Central Bank 9.6 0.82 1.2 0.24
Cambodia Cambodian riel KHR National Bank of Cambodia 9.2 0.80 0.4 0.08
New Zealand New Zealand dollar NZD Reserve Bank of New Zealand 3.9 0.34 3.6 0.72
Myanmar Myanmar kyat MMK Central Bank of Myanmar 3.6 0.31 0.7 0.14
Canada Canadian dollar CAD Bank of Canada 3.0 0.26 4.4 0.88

Issuing banknotes and coins

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Following its merger with the Board of Commissioners of Currency on 1 October 2002, the MAS assumed the function of currency issuance.

MAS has the exclusive right to issue banknotes and coins in Singapore. Their dimensions, designs and denominations are determined by the Monetary Policy Committee with Government approval. The banknotes and coins issued have the status of legal tender within the country for all transactions, both public and private, without limitation.

In December 2020, MAS approved digital bank licenses for 4 tech giants, Grab–Singtel consortium, Ant Group, Sea Group, and Greenland Financial consortium.[15] Grab-Singtel and Sea Group were awarded digital full banking licenses, while Ant Group and Greenland Financial were awarded digital wholesale banking licenses.[16] In May 2021, the ability to transfer money between Singapore's PayNow and Thailand's PromptPay was announced.[17]

Strategic initiatives

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ASEAN Financial Innovation Network

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ASEAN Financial Innovation Network (AFIN) is a non-profit organisation, established by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), ASEAN Bankers Association (ABA), and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group in 2018. AFIN launched the Application Programming Interface Exchange (APIX), a global fintech marketplace and regulatory sandbox in 2018.[18][19]

Asian Institute of Digital Finance

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Main article: Asian Institute of Digital Finance

The Asian Institute of Digital Finance (AIDF) is a research institute to enhance education, research and entrepreneurship in digital finance.[20] AIDF is a collaboration between the Monetary Authority of Singapore, the National Research Foundation and the National University of Singapore (NUS) and was established in 2021.[20][21]

Global Finance & Technology Network (GFTN)

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Main article: Global Finance & Technology Network

Global Finance & Technology Network (GFTN) is created by Monetary Authority of Singapore to serve expanding Singapore's fintech ecosystem globally. Ravi Menon, former managing director of the MAS is appointed as the chairman of GFTN.[22]

GFTN replaces and builds upon Elevandi, the non-profit organisation created by the Monetary Authority of Singapore in August 2021 to foster an active and open dialogue between the public and private sectors, to advance FinTech further in the global digital economy.[23][24][22]

GFTN will continue to operate as a not-for-profit, and will work with the MAS on industry and policy dialogues in the area of payments, asset tokenization, AI and quantum.[22]

Project Nexus

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The Bank for International Settlements signed an agreement with Central Bank of Malaysia, Bank of Thailand, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, Monetary Authority of Singapore, and the Reserve Bank of India on 30 June 2024 as founding member of Project Nexus, a multilateral international initiative to enable retail cross-border payments. Bank Indonesia involved as a special observer. The platform, which is expected to go live by 2026, will interlink domestic fast payment systems of the member countries.[25]

Singapore FinTech Festival

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Main article: Singapore FinTech Festival
 
Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore visiting Singapore FinTech Festival exhibition pavilion with Ravi Menon, managing director, Monetary Authority of Singapore in 2019

Singapore FinTech Festival (SFF) annually organised by MAS, Elevandi in partnership with The Association of Banks in Singapore in collaboration with Constellar, to connect the various FinTech communities around the world to one another.[26]

Financial institution cybersecurity

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On 18 September 2024, in a joint statement with the Association of Banks in Singapore (ABS), MAS announced that banks in Singapore will progressively require customers to use SingPass face verification to verify their identities when setting up their digital tokens, so as to better protect consumers from online scams.[27]

Financing Asia's Transition Partnership

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Financing Asia's Transition Partnership (FAST-P), was implemented by MAS as a protocol designed to unite both private-public partnerships in the sphere of de-carbonization and climate change resilience, first unveiled to the public at COP28. At the World Climate Action Summit, Singapore's Senior Minister and Coordinating Minister for National Security with backing from MAS first unveiled the project during opening remarks. Since then, in a demonstration of shared goals for the region, Australia's Prime Minister Albanese allocated the first of the nation's $2 billion SEAIFF (Southeast Asia Investment Financing Facility) investment toward the initiative in December 2024. Primary goals for FAST-P remain to promote the de-risking of perceived unstable green infrastructure ventures and to tangibly bolster previously marginally bankable projects for driving sustainable innovation,[28] with a fund target of $5 billion USD.[29]

Key partners in debt financing include Pentagreen Capital and its affiliates HSBC & Temasek, with additional endorsements by member entities' Statements of Intent[30] and following memorandums of understanding.[31] Member organizations range from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and International Finance Corporation (IFC) to the Global Energy Alliance for People and Planet (GEAPP)[30] target the sectors of renewable infrastructure in energy, electric vehicles, and water/waste management[32] in a three-pronged approach[33] to green investments, energy transition, and clean technologies.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "The World Fact Book - Singapore". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  2. ^ "Domestic Interest Rates - Singapore Overnight Rate Average (SORA) Table". Monetary Authority of Singapore. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  3. ^ "Our History". www.mas.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  4. ^ Adam Brown (1999). Singapore English in a nutshell: an alphabetical description of its features. Federal Publications. ISBN 978-981-01-2435-9. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  5. ^ "MAS brings forward monetary policy statement, firming easing bets". CNA. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  6. ^ hermesauto (30 March 2020). "MAS eases Singdollar policy in measured move as economy braces for recession". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  7. ^ "Our History". www.mas.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  8. ^ Tee, Ong Chong (2013), "An exchange-rate-centred monetary policy system: Singapore's experience", BIS Papers chapters, vol. 73, Bank for International Settlements, pp. 307–315, archived from the original on 12 May 2022, retrieved 12 May 2022
  9. ^ "Singapore's Fiscal Approach" (PDF). mof.gov.sg. Ministry of Finance. 1 November 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  10. ^ "Fitch Affirms Singapore at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable". fitchratings.com. Fitch Ratings. 26 August 2021. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  11. ^ Wright, Chris (9 March 2017). "Singapore leads the world in sovereign risk". Euromoney. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  12. ^ "Euromoney Country Risk". www.euromoneycountryrisk.com. Euromoney. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  13. ^ "Country Rankings: World & Global Economy Rankings on Economic Freedom". www.heritage.org. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  14. ^ "Singapore International Trade". Base. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  15. ^ hermesauto (4 December 2020). "Singapore to have 4 digital banks, with Grab-Singtel and Sea getting digital full bank licences". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  16. ^ "Grab-Singtel, Sea, and Ant Group can now run Digital Banks in Singapore". BEAMSTART - Bridging Global Opportunities. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  17. ^ "Singapore and Thailand link real-time payment systems". Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  18. ^ "About US". AFIN. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  19. ^ "PM Narendra Modi's keynote address at the Singapore FinTech Festival". Business Standard. 14 November 2018. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  20. ^ a b hermesauto (4 August 2020). "Singapore to set up Asian digital finance research institute by end-2020". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  21. ^ hermesauto (3 September 2021). "Research institute to support needs of digital financial services in Asia opens at NUS". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  22. ^ a b c "MAS appoints ex-managing director Ravi Menon as chairman of new group Global Finance & Technology Network(update)". The Edge (Malaysia). 30 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  23. ^ "Gujarat-origin Nimil Parekh nominated to Singapore's Parliament as MP". DeshGujarat. 18 July 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  24. ^ "The next global lift for SFF". The Business Times (Singapore). 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  25. ^ Kawale, Ajinkya (1 July 2024). "RBI, four Asean countries tie up for cross-border payments platform". Business Standard. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  26. ^ "Singapore FinTech Festival". Monetary Authority of Singapore. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  27. ^ Cheng, Ian (18 September 2024). "Banks to roll out Singpass face verification as part of digital token set-up process". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  28. ^ "Australia's Investment in Singapore's FAST-P for Green Infrastructure". ASEAN Business News. 11 December 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
  29. ^ Ho, Jovi (11 December 2024). "Singapore announces Asia-focused blended finance initiative Fast-P with US$5 billion target fund size". Yahoo! Finance Singapore. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  30. ^ a b Staff, TechNode Global (14 November 2024). "Singapore commits $500M in matching concessional funding to support decarbonization in Asia". TNGlobal. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
  31. ^ "ADB, GEAPP and MAS to Establish Energy Transition Acceleration Finance Partnership in Asia". www.mas.gov.sg. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
  32. ^ Anonymous (3 December 2024). "Investing in Southeast Asia's clean energy transition". Australia Minister for Foreign Affairs Senator the Hon Penny Wong. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  33. ^ Chiong, Leong Sing (14 November 2024). "Leong Sing Chiong: Achieving scale and impact in transition finance". Bank for International Settlements. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
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