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Attorney General for England and Wales

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His Majesty's Attorney General for England and Wales is the chief legal adviser to the sovereign and Government in affairs pertaining to England and Wales as well as the highest ranking amongst the law officers of the Crown.[3][4] The attorney general is the leader of the Attorney General's Office and currently attends (but is not a member of) the Cabinet.[5] Unlike in other countries employing the common law legal system, the attorney general does not govern the administration of justice; that function is carried out by the secretary of state for justice and lord chancellor. The incumbent is also concurrently advocate general for Northern Ireland.[6]

United Kingdom
Attorney General for England and Wales
Royal Arms of His Majesty's Government
since 5 July 2024 (2024-07-05)
Attorney General's Office
StyleAttorney General
(informal)
The Right Honourable
(within the UK and Commonwealth)
Member of
Reports toPrime Minister of the United Kingdom
Secretary of State for Justice
NominatorPrime Minister
AppointerThe Monarch
(on the advice of the Prime Minister)
Term lengthAt His Majesty's pleasure
Formation1277
First holderWilliam de Boneville
DeputySolicitor General for England and Wales
Salary£178,594 per annum (2022)[1]
(including £84,144 MP salary)[2]
Websitewww.gov.uk

The position of attorney general has existed since at least 1243, when records show a professional attorney was hired to represent the King's interests in court. The position first took on a political role in 1461 when the holder of the office was summoned to the House of Lords to advise the Government there on legal matters. In 1673, the attorney general officially became the Crown's adviser and representative in legal matters, although still specialising in litigation rather than advice. The beginning of the 20th century saw a shift away from litigation and more towards legal advice. Today, prosecutions are carried out by the Crown Prosecution Service and most legal advice to government departments is provided by the Government Legal Department, both under the supervision of the attorney general.

Additional duties include superintending the Serious Fraud Office, HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate, Service Prosecuting Authority, and other government lawyers with the authority to prosecute cases. The attorney general advises the government, individual government departments, and individual government ministers on legal matters, answering questions in Parliament and bringing "unduly lenient" sentences and points of law to the Court of Appeal of England and Wales. As per the Law Officers Act 1997, duties can be delegated to the Solicitor General, and any actions are treated as if they came from the attorney general.

The corresponding shadow minister is the Shadow Attorney General for England and Wales, and the work of the attorney general is also scrutinised by the Justice Select Committee.[7]

History

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The origins of the office are unknown, but the earliest record of an "attorney of the crown" is from 1243, when a professional attorney named Laurence Del Brok was paid to prosecute cases for the king, who could not appear in courts where he had an interest.[8] During the early days of the office the holder was largely concerned with representing the Crown in litigation, and held no political role or duties.[9] Although a valuable position, the attorney general was expected to work incredibly hard; although Francis North (1637–1685) was earning £7,000 a year as attorney general he was pleased to give up the office and become Chief Justice of the Common Pleas because of the smaller workload, despite the heavily reduced pay.[9] The office first took on a political element in 1461, when the holder was summoned by writ to the House of Lords to advise the government on legal matters. This was also the first time that the office was referred to as the office of the "Attorney General".[8] The custom of summoning the attorney general to the Lords by writ when appointed continues unbroken to this day, although until the appointment of Lord Williams of Mostyn in 1999, no attorney general had sat in the Lords since 1700, and no attorney general had obeyed the writ since 1742.[10]

During the 16th century, the attorney general was used to pass messages between the House of Lords and House of Commons, although he was viewed suspiciously by the Commons and seen as a tool of the Lords and the king.[10] In 1673 the attorney general began to take up a seat in the House of Commons, and since then it has been convention to ensure that all attorneys general are members of the House of Commons or House of Lords, although there is no requirement that they be so.[11] During the constitutional struggle centred on the Royal Declaration of Indulgence in 1672 and 1673 the attorney general officially became the Crown's representative in legal matters.

In 1890, the ability of an attorney general to continue practising privately was formally taken away, turning the office-holder into a dedicated representative of the government.[12] Since the beginning of the twentieth century the role of the attorney general has moved away from representing the Crown and government directly in court, and it has become more of a political and ministerial post, with the attorney general serving as a legal adviser to both the government as a whole and individual government departments.[13] Despite this change, until the passing of the Homicide Act 1957 the attorney general was bound to prosecute any and all poisoning cases.[14]

However, in recent times the attorney general has exceptionally conducted litigation in person before the courts, for instance before the House of Lords in A and Others v Secretary of State for the Home Department,[15] where the legality of the government's detention of terrorist suspects at Belmarsh was at issue.

Role and duties

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The attorney general is currently not a Cabinet minister, but is designated as also attending Cabinet.[16] The rule that no attorney general may be a cabinet minister is a political convention rather than a law, and for a short time the attorney general did sit in cabinet,[4] starting with Sir Rufus Isaacs in 1912 and ending with Douglas Hogg in 1928.[17] There is nothing that prohibits attorneys general from attending meetings of the Cabinet, and on occasion they have been asked to attend meetings to advise the government on the best course of action legally.[4] Despite this it is considered preferable to exclude attorneys general from cabinet meetings so as to draw a distinct line between them and the political decisions on which they are giving legal advice.[4] As a government minister, the attorney general is directly answerable to Parliament.[18]

The attorney general is also the chief legal adviser of the Crown and its government, and has the primary role of advising the government on any legal repercussions of their actions, either orally at meetings or in writing. As well as the government as a whole, they also advise individual departments.[4][19] Although the primary role is no longer one of litigation, the attorney general still represents the Crown and government in court in some select, particularly important cases, and chooses the Treasury Counsel who handle most government legal cases.[14] By convention, they represent the government in every case in front of the International Court of Justice.[14] The attorney general also superintends the Crown Prosecution Service and appoints its head, the Director of Public Prosecutions. Decisions to prosecute are taken by the Crown Prosecution Service other than in exceptional cases i.e. where the attorney general's consent is required by statute or in cases relating to national security.[20] An example of a consent case is the Campbell Case, which led to the fall of the first Labour government in 1924.[21]

The attorney general also superintends the Government Legal Department and the Serious Fraud Office.[19][22] The attorney general also has powers to bring "unduly lenient" sentences and points of law to the Court of Appeal, issue writs of nolle prosequi to cancel criminal prosecutions, supervise other prosecuting bodies (such as DEFRA) and advise individual ministers facing legal action as a result of their official actions.[23] They are responsible for making applications to the court restraining vexatious litigants, and may intervene in litigation to represent the interests of charity, or the public interest in certain family law cases.[24] They are also officially the leader of the Bar of England and Wales, although this is merely custom and has no duties or rights attached to it.[23] The attorney general's duties have long been considered strenuous, with Sir Patrick Hastings saying that "to be a law officer is to be in hell".[8] Since the passing of the Law Officers Act 1997, any duties of the attorney general can be delegated to the Solicitor General for England and Wales, and their actions are treated as coming from the attorney general.[25]

List of attorneys general

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13th century

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14th century

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  • John de Cestria (1300–1301)[26]
  • John de Mutford (1301–1308)[26]
  • Matthew de Scacarrio (1308–1312)[27]
  • John de Norton (1312–1315)[27]
  • William de Langley (1315–1318)[27]
  • Adam de Fyneham (1318–1320)[27]
  • Galfridus de Scrope (1320–1322)[27]
  • Galfridus de Fyngale (1322–1324)[27]
  • Adam de Fyneham (1324–1327)[27]
  • William of Merston (26 February 1327 – 1327)[27]
  • Alexander de Hadenham and Adam de Fyneham (1327–1328)
  • Richard of Aldeburgh (1329–1334)
  • Simon of Trewythosa (c. 1334)
  • William of Hepton (1334–1338)
  • John of Lincoln (28 May 1338 – 4 August 1338)
  • John of Clone (4 August 1338 – 1338)
  • William of Merington (1338–1339)
  • John of Clone (1339–1342)
  • William of Thorpe (1342–1343)
  • John of Lincoln (1343–1343)
  • John of Clone (1343–1349)
  • Simon of Kegworth (1349–1353)
  • Henry of Greystok (1353–1356)
  • John of Gaunt (1356 – 4 May 1360)
  • Richard of Fryseby (4 May 1360 – 1362)
  • William (or possibly Robert) of Pleste (1362–1363)
  • William of Nessefield (1363 – 9 November 1366)
  • Thomas of Shardelow (9 November 1366 – 20 May 1367)
  • John of Ashwell (20 May 1367 – 1367)
  • Michael Skilling (1367–1378)
  • Thomas of Shardelow (1378–1381)
  • William Ellis (1381–1381)
  • Laurence Dru (1381–1384)
  • William of Horneby (1384–1386)
  • Edmund Brudnell (1386–1398)
  • Thomas Coveley (1398 – 30 September 1399)
  • William of Lodington (30 September 1399 – 1401)

15th century

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  • Thomas Coveley (1401 – 13 July 1407)
  • Thomas Dereham (13 July 1407 – 17 August 1407)
  • Roger Hunt (17 August 1407 – 1410)
  • Thomas Tickhill (1410 – 16 January 1414)
  • William Babington (16 January 1414 – 1420)
  • William Babthorpe (1420 – 28 October 1429)
  • John Vampage (28 October 1429 – 30 June 1452)
  • William of Nottingham (30 June 1452 – 12 August 1461)
  • John Herbert (12 August 1461 – 1461)
  • Henry Sothill (1461 – 16 June 1471)
  • William Hussey (16 June 1471 – 7 May 1481)
  • William Huddesfield (7 May 1481 – 28 May 1483)
  • Morgan Kidwelly (28 May 1483 – 20 September 1485)
  • William Hody (20 September 1485 – 3 November 1486)
  • James Hobart (3 November 1486 – April 1509)

16th century

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17th century

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18th century

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19th century

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Colour key (for political parties):
  Conservative   Liberal

Attorney general Term of Office Political party Prime Minister
  William Atherton 4 July 1861 2 October 1863 Liberal Palmerston
(II)
  Roundell Palmer 2 October 1863 26 June 1866 Liberal
Russell
(II)
  Hugh Cairns 10 July 1866 29 October 1866 Conservative Derby-Disraeli
(III)
  John Rolt 29 October 1866 18 July 1867 Conservative
  John Burgess Karslake 18 July 1867 1 December 1868 Conservative
  Robert Collier 12 December 1868 10 November 1871 Liberal Gladstone
(I)
  John Coleridge 10 November 1871 20 November 1873
  Henry James 20 November 1873 17 February 1874
  John Burgess Karslake 27 February 1874 20 April 1874 Conservative Disraeli
(II)
  Richard Baggallay 20 April 1874 25 November 1875
  John Holker 25 November 1875 21 April 1880
  Henry James 3 May 1880 9 June 1885 Liberal Gladstone
(II)
  Richard Webster 27 June 1885 28 January 1886 Conservative Marquess of Salisbury
(I)
  Charles Russell 9 February 1886 20 July 1886 Liberal Gladstone
(III)
  Richard Webster 5 August 1886 11 August 1892 Conservative Marquess of Salisbury
(II)
  Charles Russell 20 August 1892 3 May 1894 Liberal Gladstone
( IV)
  John Rigby 3 May 1894 24 October 1894
5th Earl of Rosebery
  Robert Reid 24 October 1894 21 June 1895
  Richard Webster 8 July 1895 7 May 1900 Conservative Marquess of Salisbury
( Unionist Coalition)

20th century

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Colour key (for political parties):

  Conservative
  Labour
  Liberal
  Liberal Unionist
  National Labour
  Irish Unionist

Attorney general Term of office Political party Prime Minister
  Robert Finlay 7 May 1900 4 December 1905 Liberal Unionist Marquess of Salisbury
( Unionist Coalition)
Balfour
( Unionist Coalition)
  John Lawson Walton 12 December 1905 28 January 1908 Liberal Campbell-Bannerman
  William Robson, Baron Robson 28 January 1908 7 October 1910
Asquith
( I)
  Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading 7 October 1910 19 October 1913
  John Simon 19 October 1913 25 May 1915
  Edward Carson 25 May 1915 19 October 1915 Irish Unionist Asquith
(Coalition)
  F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead 3 November 1915 10 January 1919 Conservative
Lloyd George
(Coalition)
  Gordon Hewart 10 January 1919 6 March 1922 Liberal
  Ernest Pollock 6 March 1922 19 October 1922 Conservative
  Douglas Hogg 24 October 1922 22 January 1924 Law
Baldwin
  Patrick Hastings 23 January 1924 3 November 1924 Labour MacDonald
  Douglas Hogg 6 November 1924 28 March 1928 Conservative Baldwin
  Thomas Inskip 28 March 1928 4 June 1929
  William Jowitt 7 June 1929 26 January 1932 Labour MacDonald
(II)
MacDonald
(First National ministry)
MacDonald
(Second National ministry)
  Thomas Inskip 26 January 1932 18 March 1936 Conservative
Baldwin
(Third National ministry)
  Donald Somervell 18 March 1936 25 May 1945
Chamberlain
(Fourth National ministry)
Chamberlain
(War)
Churchill
(War)
  David Maxwell Fyfe
MP for Liverpool West Derby 		25 May 1945 26 July 1945 Churchill
(Caretaker)
  Hartley Shawcross
MP for St Helens 		4 August 1945 24 April 1951 Labour Attlee
  Frank Soskice
MP for Sheffield Neepsend 		24 April 1951 26 October 1951
  Lionel Heald
MP for Chertsey 		3 November 1951 18 October 1954 Conservative Churchill
  Reginald
Manningham-Buller
MP for Northamptonshire South 		18 October 1954 16 July 1962
Eden
Macmillan
  John Hobson
MP for Warwick and Leamington 		16 July 1962 16 October 1964
Douglas-Home
  Elwyn Jones
MP for West Ham South 		18 October 1964 19 June 1970 Labour Wilson
  Peter Rawlinson
MP for Epsom 		23 June 1970 4 March 1974 Conservative Heath
  Samuel Silkin
MP for Dulwich 		7 March 1974 4 May 1979 Labour Wilson
Callaghan
  Michael Havers
MP for Wimbledon 		6 May 1979 13 June 1987 Conservative Thatcher
  Patrick Mayhew
MP for Tunbridge Wells 		13 June 1987 10 April 1992
Major
  Nicholas Lyell
MP for Mid Bedfordshire 		10 April 1992 2 May 1997
  John Morris
MP for Aberavon 		6 May 1997 29 July 1999 Labour Blair
  Gareth Williams
Baron Williams of Mostyn 		29 July 1999 11 June 2001

21st century

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Colour key (for political parties):

  Conservative
  Labour

Attorney general Term of office Political party Prime Minister
  Peter Goldsmith
Baron Goldsmith PC QC 		11 June 2001 27 June 2007 Labour Blair
  Patricia Scotland
Baroness Scotland of Asthal PC QC 		27 June 2007 11 May 2010 Brown
  Dominic Grieve
MP for Beaconsfield 		12 May 2010 15 July 2014 Conservative Cameron (coalition)
  Jeremy Wright
MP for Kenilworth and Southam 		15 July 2014 9 July 2018 Cameron
May
  Geoffrey Cox
MP for Torridge and West Devon 		9 July 2018 13 February 2020
Johnson
  Suella Braverman
MP for Fareham 		13 February 2020 2 March 2021
  Michael Ellis
MP for Northampton North 		2 March 2021 10 September 2021
  Suella Braverman
MP for Fareham 		10 September 2021 6 September 2022
  Michael Ellis
MP for Northampton North 		6 September 2022 25 October 2022 Truss
  Victoria Prentis
MP for Banbury 		25 October 2022 5 July 2024 Sunak
  Richard Hermer
Baron Hermer
PC KC 		5 July 2024 Incumbent Labour Starmer

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Salaries of Members of His Majesty's Government – Financial Year 2022–23" (PDF). 15 December 2022.
  2. ^ "Pay and expenses for MPs". parliament.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  3. ^ "Attorney General's Office". GOV.UK. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e Jones (1969), p. 47
  5. ^ "Ministers". GOV.UK. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  6. ^ McCormick, Conor; Cowie, Graeme (28 May 2020). "The Law Officers: a Constitutional and Functional Overview". House of Commons Library. p. 3. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  7. ^ "Work of the Attorney General evidence session". parliament.uk. 8 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2021. The Justice Select Committee holds a one-off session on the work of the Attorney General on Tuesday 15 September.
  8. ^ a b c Jones (1969) p. 43
  9. ^ a b Jones (1969) p. 45
  10. ^ a b Jones (1969) p. 44
  11. ^ Cooley (1958) p. 307
  12. ^ Attorney General's Office (2007) p. 4
  13. ^ Jones (1969) p. 46
  14. ^ a b c Jones (1969) p. 48
  15. ^ [2004] UKHL 56
  16. ^ "Ministers". gov.uk. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  17. ^ Ramsden, John (2004). "Oxford DNB article: Hogg, Douglas McGarel (subscription needed)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33925. Retrieved 29 August 2009. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  18. ^ Jones (1969) p. 49
  19. ^ a b "What does the Attorney General Do?". Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  20. ^ "The Protocol between the Attorney General and the Prosecuting Departments" (PDF). July 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011.
  21. ^ Jones (1969) p. 50
  22. ^ "Attorney General's Office for England and Wales". Attorney General's Office for England and Wales. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
  23. ^ a b Constitutional Affairs Committee. "The Constitutional Role of the Attorney General" (PDF). Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  24. ^ "About us". Attorneygeneral.gov.uk.
  25. ^ Elliott (2008) p. 249
  26. ^ a b c d e The Chronological Historian:Volume 2. p. 55.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h The Chronological Historian:Volume 1. p. 59.

Works cited

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