As-Salih Imad ad-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il, better known as as-Salih Isma'il, (1326 – 4 August 1345[citation needed]) was the Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt between June 1342 and August 1345. He was the fourth son of an-Nasir Muhammad to succeed the latter as sultan. His reign saw a level of political stability return to the sultanate. Under his orders or those close to him, his two predecessors and brothers, al-Ashraf Kujuk and an-Nasir Ahmad, were killed. He was succeeded by another brother, al-Kamil Sha'ban.
| Isma'il | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Malik as-Salih | |||||
| Sultan of Egypt and Syria | |||||
| Reign | June 1342 – August 1345 | ||||
| Predecessor | An-Nasir Ahmad | ||||
| Successor | Al-Kamil Sha'ban | ||||
| Born | 1326 Cairo, Mamluk Sultanate | ||||
| Died | 4 August 1345[citation needed] (aged 20) Cairo, Mamluk Sultanate | ||||
| Spouse | Ittifaq Bint Baktamur as-Saqi Bint Tuquzdamur al-Hamawi | ||||
| Issue | None | ||||
| |||||
| House | Qalawuni | ||||
| Dynasty | Bahri | ||||
| Father | An-Nasir Muhammad | ||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||
Early life and family
editIsma'il was born in 1324 or 1325 and was likely named after the Ayyubid emir of Hama at the time, Abu'l Fida Isma'il. The latter was a highly favored emir of Isma'il's father, the Mamluk sultan an-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1310–1341).[1] Isma'il's mother was a concubine of an-Nasir Muhammad, whose name is not provided by the Mamluk-era sources.[2]
In 1342, Isma'il married a black slave girl named Ittifaq and had a son (unnamed in sources) with her that year.[2] On 11 July 1343, he married a daughter of Emir Baktamur as-Saqi and had a daughter with her.[2] The following year, on 2 January 1344, he married a daughter of Emir Tuquzdamur al-Hamawi.[2]
Reign
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Following an-Nasir Muhammad's death in 1341, three of his sons inherited the sultanate in succession, although the first two, al-Mansur Abu Bakr and al-Ashraf Kujuk, were sultans in name only while senior Mamluk emirs held the actual reins of power. The third son, an-Nasir Ahmad, came to power in January 1342, but was a highly seclusive leader who ruled from the isolated desert fortress of al-Karak, beginning in May. His refusal to return to Cairo and his alienation of the Egyptian emirs led to his dethronement in June. Isma'il, by then known as "as-Salih Isma'il" was chosen by the leading emirs to replace his half-brother Ahmad.[3] He was 17 at the time of his accession to the sultanate in June, but was already well known for his piety.[3][1] Moreover, he made a pact with the leading Mamluk emirs that he would bring no harm to a mamluk, unless he committed an injustice, in return for the emirs' loyalty.[3]
An-Nasir Ahmad refused to surrender the regalia of the sultanate or recognize Isma'il's accession. Isma'il resolved to arrest him and sent a total of eight military expeditions against an-Nasir Ahmad in al-Karak.[3] The final siege, commanded by Emir Sanjar al-Jawli,[4] succeeded in early July 1344, and an-Nasir Ahmad was captured and soon murdered on the secret orders of Isma'il, who hired a mercenary to accomplish the task.[5] Meanwhile, al-Ashraf Kujuk, who was a young child at the time and was under the care of his mother after being ousted from the sultanate in January 1342, was killed along with his mother as a result of Isma'il's mother's hatred of the ex-sultan; Isma'il had become gravely ill in late 1344 and his mother blamed his illness on al-Ashraf Kujuk's alleged sorcery. In July 1345, Isma'il became bed-ridden and died in August. His stepfather, Arghun al-Ala'i, who had acquired several concurrent senior posts under Isma'il,[3] arranged for Isma'il's full brother, al-Kamil Sha'ban to succeed him as sultan by purchasing many of Isma'il's mamluks on Sha'ban's behalf.[6]
Legacy
editIsma'il was deemed the best of an-Nasir Muhammad's sons by the Mamluk-era historian Ibn Taghribirdi. However, according to historian Peter Malcolm Holt, Isma'il' "made little impression on the course of events in his short reign".[7] Isma'il was praised by the Mamluk-era historian Ibrahim al-Qaysarani as the "renewer" (mujaddid) of the Islamic faith in the sultanate during the closing of the first 100 years of Mamluk rule.[8]
References
edit- ^ a b Holt 1998, p. 6.
- ^ a b c d Bauden, Frédéric (2009). "The Sons of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and the Politics of Puppets: Where Did It All Start?" (PDF). Mamluk Studies Review. 13 (1). Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago: 63.
- ^ a b c d e Holt 1986, p. 122.
- ^ Sharon 2009, p. 87
- ^ Drory 2006, p. 29.
- ^ Holt 1986, p. 123.
- ^ Holt 1998, p. 8.
- ^ Holt 1998, pp. 6–7.
Bibliography
edit- Drory, Joseph (2006). "The Prince who Favored the Desert: Fragmentary Biography of al-Nasir Ahmad (d. 745/1344)". In Wasserstein, David J.; Ayalon, Ami (eds.). Mamluks and Ottomans: Studies in Honour of Michael Winter. Routledge. ISBN 9781136579172.
- Holt, P. (1986). The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 151. Addison Wesley Longman Limited. ISBN 9781317871521.
- Holt, P. (1998). "Literary Offerings: A Genre of Courtly Literature". In Philipp, Thomas; Haarmann, Ulrich (eds.). The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521591157.
- Sharon, M. (2009). Handbook of Oriental Studies: The Near and Middle East. Corpus inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-17085-8.