Armas Clifford "Mike" Markkula Jr. (/mɑːrˈkuːlə/; born February 11, 1942)[1] is an American electrical engineer, businessman and investor. He was the original angel investor, first chairman, and second CEO for Apple Computer, Inc., providing critical early funding and managerial support. At the company's incorporation, Markkula owned 26% of Apple, equivalent to each of the shares owned by cofounders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.[2]
Mike Markkula | |
|---|---|
| Born | Armas Clifford Markkula Jr.[1] February 11, 1942 |
| Alma mater | University of Southern California (BS, MS) |
| Known for | CEO of Apple Computer, Inc. |
Early life
editMarkkula's great-grandfather, Isak Ferdinand Markkula, was born in Sievi, Finland. He and his wife moved to the United States in either 1865[3] or 1883, depending on the source. Mike Markkula's first name Armas and last name Markkula are traditional Finnish names. His first name Armas means "dear" or "beloved" in the Finnish language.[4]
Markkula earned bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California.[5]
Career
editMarkkula made millions from stock options he earned as a marketing manager for Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel, reaching financial independence and early retirement at 33.[6] After that, he became a startup consultant and mentored dozens of entrepreneurs, working only every Monday.[7]
Apple
editMarkkula was introduced by Regis McKenna and venture capitalist Don Valentine[6] to Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak while they were looking for funding to manufacture the Apple II personal computer they had developed after having sold some units of their first computer, the Apple I. Jobs and Wozniak had previously gone to McKenna and then Valentine, but neither was originally interested in the Apple pair; after meeting with the young and unkempt Jobs, Valentine asked McKenna, "Why did you send me this renegade from the human race?" However, Valentine forwarded their information to Markkula,[8] who proved interested, and came out of retirement to personally work on the opportunity.
With his guidance and funding, Apple ceased to be a partnership between Jobs and Wozniak, and was incorporated as a company on January 3, 1977. Markkula provided Apple with funding of $80,000 - $92,000 personally in addition to securing a $170,000 - $250,000 line of credit from Bank of America.[2][8][9] He brought in his friend and former coworker Michael Scott as the first president and CEO, then replaced Scott with himself from 1981 to 1983 despite having originally promised his wife that he would only stay at Apple for four years,[6] and then later planning to retire again by 1984;[8] during the board meeting to confirm him as the CEO, Markkula received a phone call that his father-in-law and best friend had died.[10]
Markkula served as chairman from 1985 to 1997.[11][12] As chairman he approved Jef Raskin's 1979 plan to start designing what would become the Macintosh, then prevented Jobs from killing the project in favor of his own Lisa.[13][14] In 1985, Markkula took John Sculley's side in a dispute with Jobs, causing the latter to leave the company; he would later help to force Sculley out in 1993.[6]
In addition to providing what The New York Times later described as "adult supervision" to the younger Jobs and Wozniak, as a trained engineer Markkula also possessed technical skills.[6] Michael Tomczyk recalled being surprised by the technical sophistication of a software question Markkula asked Wozniak.[15] He wrote several early Apple II programs, served as a beta tester for Apple hardware and software, and wrote one of the first three programs available for the unsuccessful Apple III. Wozniak was motivated to design the Disk II floppy disk drive system after Markkula found that a checkbook-balancing program he had written loaded too slowly from a data cassette.[6][16] Markkula retired from Apple after Jobs returned as interim CEO in 1996. He supported Jobs' 1997 return and agreed to step down from Apple's board.[17]
Wozniak, who designed the first two Apple computers, credits Markkula for the success of Apple more than himself.[18]
Jeffrey Nordling portrayed him in the 1999 TNT film Pirates of Silicon Valley. Dermot Mulroney later portrayed him in the 2013 film Jobs.
Post Apple
editAfter he retired from Apple, he went on to work at Echelon Corporation, ACM Aviation, San Jose Jet Center and Rana Creek Habitat Restoration and to endow the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University, where he chaired the board. Markkula was also on the board of trustees of Santa Clara University from 2003 to 2009.[19]
Markkula was an investor in Crowd Technologies, a startup developing a web application called Piqqem that applies the wisdom of crowds to stock market predictions. He is an investor in Scotland-based LiveCode Ltd.[20]
Markkula owned the Rana Creek Ranch from 1982 to 2023. In July 2023, he sold his 14,000-acre Rana Creek Ranch in Carmel Valley (Monterey County) to The Wildlands Conservancy for $35 million.[21][22]
References
edit- ^ a b c "California Births, 1905–1995". FamilyTreeLegends.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2012.
- ^ a b Berlin, Leslie (2017). Troublemakers : Silicon Valley's Coming of Age (1st ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 233. ISBN 978-1-4516-5150-8. OCLC 1008569018.
- ^ Lehto-Peippo, Liisa (April 7, 2007). "Applen perustajan sukujuuret Sievissä" (in Finnish). kaleva.fi. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022.
- ^ Kielitoimiston sanakirja (2012). Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen julkaisuja 166. Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten keskus ja Kielikone. Internetpalvelu. ISBN 978-952-5446-68-5. ISSN 2242-461X; ISSN-L 2242-461X.
- ^ "A.C. "Mike" Markkula Jr". Santa Clara University. Archived from the original on December 28, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Markoff, John (September 1, 1997). "An 'Unknown' Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
- ^ Berlin, Leslie (2017). Troublemakers: Silicon Valley's Coming of Age (1st ed.). New York. p. 146-154. ISBN 978-1-4516-5150-8. OCLC 1008569018.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c "The Seeds of Success". Time. February 15, 1982. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
- ^ Livingston, Jessica (2007). Founders at Work: Stories of Startups' Early Days. Berkeley, CA: Apress. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-4302-0327-8. OCLC 191452063.
- ^ Berlin, Leslie (2017). Troublemakers: Silicon Valley's Coming of Age (1st ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-4516-5150-8. OCLC 1008569018.
- ^ Mancini, Jeannine. "Apple's Lesser-Known Co-Founder Owned ⅓ Of The Company But Missed Out On A Potential $900 Billion Fortune". Benzinga. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
- ^ "Apple's John Sculley Resigns Chairmanship for 'New Challenges'". Chicago Tribune. October 15, 1993.
- ^ Markoff, John (September 1, 1997). "An 'Unknown' Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil". The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
- ^ Andy Hertzfeld (March 1982). "And Another Thing..." Folklore.org. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011.
- ^ Tomczyk, Michael (October 19, 2021). "Michael Tomczyk: Commodore VIC-20 Developer, Computer Pioneer" (Interview). Interviewed by Tim Santens.
- ^ Coventry, Joshua (October 6, 2013). "Apple III Chaos: Apple's First Failure". Low End Mac. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
- ^ Isaacson, Walter (2011). Steve Jobs. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-4854-6.
- ^ Jason Zasky, "The Failure Interview: Apple Computer Co-Founder Steve Wozniak" Archived December 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Failure Magazine, July 2000.
- ^ "A.C. 'Mike' Markkula Jr". Markula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
- ^ Ranscombe, Peter (April 10, 2013). "LiveCode goes open source as RunRev raises £500,000". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
- ^ Former Apple CEO sells Central Coast ranch to conservation groupsfgate.com 21. Juni 2023
- ^ RANA CREEK RANCH ACQUISITIONHomepage The Wildlands Conservancy
Further reading
edit- Jeffrey Young, The Journey Is the Reward, 1987 (Jeffrey Young's biography covering Steve Jobs' life until shortly after he founded NeXT computer company)
External links
edit- Edwards, Jim (December 26, 2013). "These Pictures Of Apple's First Employees Are Absolutely Wonderful". Business Insider.
- Markkula, Mike (Armas Clifford, Jr.) oral history