411 is a telephone number for local directory assistance in Canada and the United States. Until the early 1980s, 411 – and the related 113 number – were free to call in most jurisdictions.
In the United States, the service is commonly known as "information",[1] although its official name is "directory assistance".[2]
History
editThe 411 number has been in use since at least 1930[3] in New York City,[4] San Francisco,[5] and other large cities where panel and crossbar switching equipment installed by the Bell System was prevalent. However, in smaller Bell System cities as well as almost all areas served by GTE and other companies where step-by-step equipment was the norm such as Los Angeles,[6] 113 was used until at least the 1960s, and in some cases (the Pacific Northwest, for example) until the mid-1980s.
In Canada and the United States, directory assistance was historically a local function, and most companies updated listings at their directory assistance centers frequently, sometimes daily. When long-distance numbers were needed, prior to the full introduction of direct-dialed long-distance service, callers would call either 411 or 0 (Operator) and request a free long-distance connection to the directory assistance center in the distant city.
In 1962, direct-dialed long-distance directory assistance became available. The number in cities with panel and crossbar switching equipment was [area code]-555-1212, whereas in cities with step-by-step equipment the number was 1-555-1212 (or 112-555-1212) for numbers not local but in the same area code and 1-[area code]-555-1212 (or 112-[area code]-555-1212) for numbers in other area codes. In some area codes, the directory assistance center was able to serve the entire area code, but in many, the operator in the principal city of the area code dialed would connect the caller onward to a more local directory assistance center for the most up-to-date information.
After the introduction of local exchange competition, most telephone companies outsourced directory assistance service to nationwide call centers. This has blurred the distinction between 411 and 555-1212. For regulatory reasons, where telephone service is provided by traditional local-exchange carriers, the local carrier will determine how to handle 411, the chosen local toll (intra-LATA) carrier will determine how to handle 555-1212 calls for area codes within the LATA, and the chosen long-distance carrier for inter-LATA) calls will determine how to handle [other-area-code-555-1212] calls. For service provided by cellular and VoIP carriers where the customer does not have a choice of local toll or long-distance carriers, all calls may be handled the same way.
In North America, all areas formerly using 113 have been converted to using 411, and 11x is now reserved for vertical service codes. Outside North America, "11x" numbers are still in use, for these and other services. In most European countries, 11x numbers are related to emergency services and 112 is the emergency telephone number in the European Union as well as some other European and non-European countries.
The relationship between 411, 113, and long-distance dialing
editDirect-distance dialing (DDD) was first introduced in areas with common-control switching (panel and crossbar) in the 1950s. These areas had used 411 for directory assistance, and because of the ability of common-control switching to analyze the initial digits of a number in a "sender" before routing the call, these areas did not require the dialing of an initial 1 to initiate a long-distance call. There was no ambiguity, because the initial assignment of area codes always used either a 0 or a 1 as the second digit, and the second digit of local numbers was never a 0 or a 1 because of the use of two-letter plus 5-digit local numbering, with the letters only on digits 2–9 of the dial.
Areas with step-by-step equipment processed the call one digit at a time as dialed by the caller, and thus needed a common prefix to distinguish long-distance dialing from local calls. The Bell System design choice was 1, but since 113 was in use for directory assistance, along with other 11x codes ("Repair" was 114).,[7] changes had to be made in the step-by-step areas. Initially, 112 was used temporarily as the prefix in most of these areas. To simplify long-distance calling, it was desirable to change this to a 1. Some areas converted immediately to 411 for directory assistance and 611 for repair. Other areas retained 113 by installing what were known as "double-header" trunks, which actually connected the call to the long-distance equipment and then "snatched it back" if the second digit was also a 1.
The conversion proceeded as follows in Springfield, Massachusetts:
| Year | Local D.A. | L.D. Prefix | Long Distance D.A. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1961 | 113 | 112 | 0[8] |
| 1962 | 411 | 1 | 0[9] |
| 1963 | 411 | 1 | 1-555-1212 (for information outside Springfield but within 413) 1-[area code]-555-1212 (for information in other area codes)[10] |
Directory assistance data
editThe services of directory assistance queries is often outsourced to a call center which specializes in the task. Historically, when a single carrier provided most of the telephone services for a region, the data used to satisfy the search could exclusively come for that carrier's subscriber rolls. Today, when the market is fragmented amongst many carriers, the data must be aggregated by a data aggregator specializing in directory listings. The data aggregator distributes the data to the 411 services either on a "live" basis, serving each query on-demand, or by periodically transferring large swaths of listings to the call center's systems for local searching.
The data aggregator collects the data from the rolls of many telecommunication carriers. Some carriers such as Vonage do not send their customer rolls to the aggregator. Their customers can get their listings in the directory assistance database using a free service such as ListYourself.net.
Landline telephone directory assistance
edit411 landline service has been historically provided by local telephone companies, including those of the former Bell System or subsequent Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs). Telephone carriers since that time may provide the 411 calls to the customer free of charge.[11][better source needed]
Since the 1984 Bell System divestiture, the RBOCs in the United States have priced 411 use higher to an average of US$1.25 per call, compared to $0.50 CAD in most of Canada,[citation needed] providing opportunities for competing services in the United States, such as ad-sponsored 1-800-FREE-411.
Wireless telephone directory listings
editIn addition to the local and long-distance directory services, there is also a "Wireless 411 Service". As specified by the industry, the service will give wireless subscribers the choice of including their wireless phone numbers in directory assistance services.
Consumers can opt in to listing their name and cellphone number with directory assistance services, such as 411. The information is currently not published in print or online directories. Additionally, the information is not added to, or otherwise shared with, marketing lists or telemarketing firms.
The service will allow any landline or wireless phone user to call 411 and be connected to the wireless listing of a subscriber who has chosen to participate in the service. Carriers who make up the industry LLC creating the service include Alltel (now absorbed by Verizon Wireless), AT&T, T-Mobile, and Sprint Nextel (now absorbed by T-Mobile).
Withdrawal of 411 services
editIn the United States cellular market, AT&T announced its withdrawal of 411 service for its wireless phone customers, effective November 1, 2022. AT&T also announced it will discontinue landline 411 services in 21 states starting January 1, 2023.[12][1]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Dialing 411 Is Soon to Be a Thing of the Past". Bloomberg.com. 2022-11-08. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
- ^ "What's the 411 on 411? | The Takeaway". WNYC Studios. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
- ^ New York Telephone Directory for Manhattan, 1930, on film at the NYPL
- ^ New York Telephone Directory for Manhattan, 1940, page 1
- ^ San Francisco Bay Telephone Book, 1938, page 3
- ^ Telephone Directory Los Angeles Extended Area, 1938, title page
- ^ "Part 4 - Expanded Local Calling - Atlanta Telephone History". atlantatelephonehistory.org. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
- ^ Springfield District Telephone Directory, Apr 1961, available at the Springfield Museum
- ^ Springfield District Telephone Directory, Apr 1962, ditto
- ^ Springfield District Telephone Directory, Apr 1963, ditto
- ^ http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Metro_One_Telecommunications_(INFO)/Directory_Assistance_Market_Customers
- ^ "The 411 on 411: Some seniors give poor reception to AT&T plans to scrap directory assistance for cellphones". Sun Sentinel. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
