The Mayor of London is the executive of the Greater London Authority. The current mayor is Sadiq Khan, who took office on 9 May 2016. The position was held by Ken Livingstone from the creation of the role on 4 May 2000 until he was defeated in May 2008 by Boris Johnson, who served two terms before being succeeded by Khan.
| Mayor of London | |
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| Style | No courtesy or style ascribed[1] Mr Mayor (formally) |
| Member of | Greater London Authority London Mayoral Cabinet |
| Reports to | London Assembly |
| Seat | City Hall, London |
| Appointer | Electorate of London |
| Term length | Four years, renewable |
| Inaugural holder | Ken Livingstone |
| Formation | Greater London Authority Act 1999 |
| Deputy | Statutory Deputy Mayor of London |
| Salary | £143,911 |
| Website | www |
The role, created in 2000 after the London devolution referendum in 1998, was the first directly elected mayor in the United Kingdom.[2]
The mayor is scrutinised by the London Assembly and, supported by their Mayoral Cabinet, directs the entirety of London, including the City of London (for which there is also the ceremonial Lord Mayor of the City of London). Each London Borough also has a ceremonial mayor or, in Hackney, Lewisham, Newham and Tower Hamlets, an elected mayor.
Background
The Greater London Council, the elected government for Greater London, was abolished in 1986 by the Local Government Act 1985. Strategic functions were split off to various joint arrangements. Londoners voted in a referendum in 1998 to create a new governance structure for Greater London. The directly elected mayor of London was created by the Greater London Authority Act 1999 in 2000 as part of the reforms.
Elections
The mayor is elected by the supplementary vote method for a fixed term of four years, with elections taking place in May. As with most elected posts in the United Kingdom, there is a deposit, in this case of £10,000, which is returnable on the candidate's winning at least 5% of the first-choice votes cast.
Most recent election
The most recent London mayoral election was held on 5 May 2016.[3] The results were announced officially on 7 May at 12.30 a.m. after British television news channel Sky News had announced Sadiq Khan as the winner hours earlier. Sadiq Khan, a member of the Labour Party, is the first Muslim to be elected mayor of London.
Incumbent mayor Boris Johnson did not run for re-election for a third term in office, as he had been elected the Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party in Uxbridge and South Ruislip in the 2015 general election.
| Mayor of London election 5 May 2016 [4] | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | 1st round | 2nd round | 1st round votesTransfer votes, 2nd round | ||||
| Total | Of round | Transfers | Total | Of round | ||||
| Labour | Sadiq Khan | 1,148,716 | 44.2% | 161,427 | 1,310,143 | 56.8% |
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| Conservative | Zac Goldsmith | 909,755 | 35.0% | 84,859 | 994,614 | 43.2% |
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| Green | Siân Berry | 150,673 | 5.8% |
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| Liberal Democrats | Caroline Pidgeon | 120,005 | 4.6% |
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| UKIP | Peter Whittle | 94,373 | 3.6% |
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| Women's Equality | Sophie Walker | 53,055 | 2.0% |
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| Respect | George Galloway | 37,007 | 1.4% |
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| Britain First | Paul Golding | 31,372 | 1.2% |
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| CISTA | Lee Harris | 20,537 | 0.8% |
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| BNP | David Furness | 13,325 | 0.5% |
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| Independent | Prince Zylinski | 13,202 | 0.5% |
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| One Love | Ankit Love | 4,941 | 0.2% |
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| Labour gain from Conservative | ||||||||
List of mayors
| Colour key (for political parties) |
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Powers and functions
Most powers are derived from the Greater London Authority Act 1999, with additional functions coming from the Greater London Authority Act 2007, the Localism Act 2011 and Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011.
- Strategic planning, including housing, waste management, the environment and production of the London Plan
- Refuse or permit planning permission on strategic grounds
- Transport policy, delivered by functional body Transport for London
- Fire and emergency planning, delivered by functional body London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority
- Policing and crime policy, delivered by functional body Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (before 2012 by functional body Metropolitan Police Authority)
- Economic development, delivered directly by the Greater London Authority through subsidiary company GLA Land and Property (before 2012 by functional body London Development Agency)
- Power to create development corporations, such as the London Legacy Development Corporation
The remaining local government functions are performed by the London borough councils. There is some overlap, for example the borough councils are responsible for waste management, but the mayor is required to produce a waste management strategy.[8] In 2010, the mayor launched an initiative in partnership with the Multi-academy Trust AET to transform schools across London. This led to the establishment of London Academies Enterprise Trust (LAET) which was intended to be a group of ten academies, but it only reached a group of four before the mayor withdrew in 2013.
| Service | Greater London Authority | London borough councils |
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| Housing |
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| Planning applications |
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| Strategic planning |
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| Transport planning |
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| Passenger transport |
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| Highways |
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| Police |
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| Fire |
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| Social services |
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| Libraries |
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| Leisure and recreation |
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| Waste collection |
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| Environmental health |
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| Revenue collection |
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Initiatives
Ken Livingstone
Initiatives taken by Ken Livingstone as Mayor of London included the London congestion charge on private vehicles using city centre London on weekdays, the creation of the London Climate Change Agency, the London Energy Partnership and the founding of the international Large Cities Climate Leadership Group, now known as C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. The congestion charge led to many new buses being introduced across London. In August 2003, Livingstone oversaw the introduction of the Oyster card electronic ticketing system for Transport for London services.[9] Livingstone supported the withdrawal of the vintage AEC Routemaster buses from regular service in London.[10]
Livingstone introduced the London Partnerships Register which was a voluntary scheme without legal force for same sex couples to register their partnership, and paved the way for the introduction by the United Kingdom Parliament of civil partnerships and later still, Same-sex marriage. Unlike civil partnerships, the London Partnerships Register was open to heterosexual couples who favour a public commitment other than marriage.
As Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone was a supporter of the London Olympics in 2012, ultimately winning the bid to host the Games in 2005. Livingstone encouraged sport in London; especially when sport could be combined with helping charities like The London Marathon and 10K charity races. Livingstone, in a mayoral election debate on the BBC's Question Time in April 2008, stated that the primary reason he supported the Olympic bid was to secure funding for the redevelopment of the East End of London. In July 2007, he brought the Tour de France cycle race to London.
Boris Johnson
In May 2008, Boris Johnson introduced a new transport safety initiative to put 440 high visibility police officers in and around bus stations.[11] A ban on alcohol on underground, bus, Docklands Light Railway, and tram services and stations across the capital was introduced.[12]
Also in May 2008, he announced the closure of The Londoner newspaper, saving approximately £2.9 million. A percentage of this saving was to be spent on planting 10,000 new street trees.[13]
In 2010, he extended the coverage of Oyster card electronic ticketing to all National Rail overground train services.[14] Also in 2010, he opened a cycle hire scheme (originally sponsored by Barclays, now Santander) with 5,000 bicycles available for hire across London. Although initiated by his predecessor, Ken Livingstone, the scheme rapidly acquired the nickname of "Boris Bikes". Johnson withdrew the recently introduced high-speed high-capacity "bendy buses" from service in 2011 which had been bought by Livingstone, and he instead supported the development of the New Routemaster[15] which entered service the next year.
In 2011, Boris Johnson set up the Outer London Fund of £50 million designed to help facilitate improve local high streets.[16] Areas in London were given the chance to submit proposals for two tranches of funding. Successful bids for Phase 1 included Enfield,[17] Muswell Hill[18] and Bexley Town Centre.[19] The recipients of phase 2 funding were still to be announced As of 2011[update].
In January 2013, he appointed journalist Andrew Gilligan as the first Cycling Commissioner for London.[20] In March 2013, Johnson announced £1 billion of investment in infrastructure to make cycling safer in London, including a 15-mile (24 km) East to West segregated 'Crossrail for bikes'.[21]
At the General Election of 7 May 2015, Boris Johnson was elected as MP for Uxbridge and Ruislip South, with 50.2% of the vote on a turnout of 63.4%.[22] He continued to serve as mayor until the mayoral election in May 2016, when Sadiq Khan was elected as his successor.
Sadiq Khan
Sadiq Khan introduced the 'bus hopper' fare on TfL buses, which allows passengers to board a second bus within one hour for the same fare.[23] Under Khan, paper and coin cash transactions became obsolete and the Oyster system was expanded to include debit and credit cards. This initiative was started under his predecessor, Johnson. Upon election, Khan outlined a vision to make London the "greenest city" by investing in walking and cycling infrastructure while reducing polluting vehicles.[24] In 2019, the "Ultra Low Emission Zone" scheme was launched which taxes highly polluting vehicles in its covered territory.[25] London declared itself the world's first "National Park City" (effective from July 2019),[26] reflecting its unusually high amount of green space for a city of its size.[27]
See also
References
- ^ "Mayor of London". debretts.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ^ "Former Mayors of London". London City Hall. 22 April 2016.
- ^ "About London Elects". londonelects.org.uk. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ^ "Official election result declaration, London Elects" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ^ "Sadiq Khan Vows To Be 'Mayor For All Londoners'". Sky News. 7 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
But because of the processes involved, he won't be technically in office until just after midnight on Monday.
- ^ Playing a strategic role in planning | Greater London Authority Archived 16 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. London.gov.uk. Retrieved on 6 December 2013.
- ^ What can the Mayor of London actually do?. Full Fact (3 April 2012). Retrieved on 6 December 2013.
- ^ The Mayor's Waste Management Strategies | Greater London Authority Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. London.gov.uk (18 November 2011). Retrieved on 6 December 2013.
- ^ James Rogers (19 August 2003). "London fare freeze to boost smartcard use". Computer Weekly. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
- ^ "Ken Livingstone: too many people died on Routemasters". ITV News.
- ^ "GLA Press Release – New action on transport safety". Archived from the original on 28 May 2008.
- ^ "GLA Press Release – Plan to ban alcohol on the transport network". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008.
- ^ "GLA Press Release – Closure of The Londoner newspaper". Archived from the original on 17 May 2008.
- ^ "Oyster Oyster pay as you go on National Rail". Archived from the original on 27 March 2012.
- ^ "Final trip for London's bendy bus". BBC News. 10 December 2011.
- ^ "Outer London Fund". www.london.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 24 December 2011.
- ^ "Successful Outer London Bids". www.london.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012.
- ^ "Will Muswell Hill have a Town Square?". My Muswell. 23 December 2011.
- ^ James Cleverly (5 August 2011). "Bexley Outer London Fund". www.jamescleverly.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2011.
- ^ Andrew Gilligan appointed 'Cycling Czar' by mayor Johnson. BikeRadar (28 January 2013). Retrieved on 6 December 2013.
- ^ "'Crossrail for bikes' set for London". BBC News. 7 March 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ^ "Uxbridge & Ruislip South". BBC News.
- ^ "Is Sadiq Khan's hopper fare encouraging Londoners onto the buses? | CityMetric". www.citymetric.com.
- ^ "Mayor sets out bold strategy to make London the greenest global city". London City Hall. 11 May 2018.
- ^ "World's first 24 hour Ultra Low Emission Zone starts in London". London City Hall. 8 April 2019.
- ^ Swan, Esan. "How London will become a National Park City". CNN. video by Nabila Khouri and Stefanie Blendis.
- ^ Raven-Ellison, Daniel (27 May 2014). "Why Greater London should be made into an urban national park" – via www.theguardian.com.
External links
- Page about the process of nomination Archived 5 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine