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Daniel Zohary

Professor
Daniel Zohary
FMLS
Born28 April 1926
Died16 December 2016
Known forResearch into evolution and domestication of Old World crops
Academic background
Doctoral advisorGeorge Ledyard Stebbins
Academic work
DisciplinePlant Science
InstitutionsHebrew University of Jerusalem

Professor Daniel Zohary

Education and career

Research

Honours

In 1991 Zohary was elected a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society of London.

Further reading

Hillman's contributions to understanding of ancient diet and food procurement were in five areas:

Archaeobotanical methodology

In the early 1970s Hillman recognised that traditional crop-processing in the mostly unmechanised village of Asvan led to distinctive, consistent assemblages of crop seeds, chaff and weed seeds that could also be recognised in archaeobotanical samples.[1] Contemporary analysis of archaeobotanical samples by Robin Dennell and others had recognised this variation, with the implication that ancient seed assemblages could not be treated uncritically as representative of crop use, but had not identified the close association with crop processing stages.[2] Further fieldwork by Glynis Jones in Greece put Hillman's results onto a firmly quantified basis, and this mode of interpretation of plant remains - in terms of crop processing stages such as winnowing and sieving - is now a standard component of archaeobotany, particularly in the Old World.[2] Many of Hillman's students carried out ethnoarchaeological work, for example Sarah Mason and Mark Nesbitt in Turkey[3], Catherine D'Andrea and Ann Butler in Ethiopia[4], and Leonor Peña-Chocarro and Lydia Zapata in Spain and Morocco[5]. Other scholars acknowledge his influence, for example in work on wild foods in Turkey by Füsun Ertuğ[6], and on crop-processing in India by S.N. Reddy[7].

Hillman stressed the importance of first-hand knowledge of the ecology of wild food plants. The results of his botanical fieldwork were most fully explored for the site of Abu Hureyra, for which his 1996 paper and 2000 book make extensive use of current day plant distribution to model the availability of wild cereals and other foodstuffs in the Epipalaeolithic period.[8] Hillman also carried out experimental harvesting of wild cereals, leading to highly influential work with the geneticist Stuart Davies on modelling the potential speed of wheat domestication.[9] They concluded that selective pressures meant that morphological domestication in the form of loss rachis fragility could occur within 200 generations, thus 200 years for this annual crop. Current interpretations of archaeological data by Dorian Fuller and others point instead to a prolonged process of domestication[10]; nonetheless the debate is framed by the evolutionary theory and field data set out by Hillman and Davies.

Difficulty in identifying the fragmented plant remains characteristic of early sites led Hillman to build an excellent seed reference collection. His identification guides often circulated in handwritten and drawn form.[11] They were most influential with regard to wheat identification, playing an important part in the development in the 1980s of reliable criteria for identification of wheat chaff, particularly separation of tetraploid and hexaploid free-threshing wheat rachises.[11] Working with his students, Hillman explored a wide range of identification techniques including tuber and wood anatomy[12], infra-red spectroscopy and other forms of chemical analysis[13], and morphological criteria[14].

Origins of agriculture in southwest Asia

Abu Hureyra

Hunter-gatherer diet

Ancient agriculture

Hillman worked on material from many agricultural sites, including Can Hasan III and the Asvan project in Turkey, the PPNB layers of Abu Hureyra in Syria, Mycenae in Greece[15], and numerous sites in Wales. These were not the main focus of his work, and most of these remain to be fully published, with the exception of the Asvan sites[16]. Important material such as the rye finds from Can Hasan III[17] were published in interim or focused reports.

Food remains

Two important sets of archaeological food remains came to Hillman's laboratory and sparked his wider interest in ancient food. The stomach contents of Lindow Man dated to the Iron Age, about 2000 year ago. Analysis by Hillman's student Tim Holden found Hillman collaborated with food scientists Tony Leeds and Peter Ellis at King's College London, leading to nutritional analyses of acorns[3] and sea club-rush (Bolboschoenus maritimus) tubers[18].

Impact

Despite taking early retirement in his mid-fifties, Hillman published over 80 papers (many very long), two co-authored books (Village on the Euphrates. From foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra, 2000; Wild food, 2007), and one co-edited book (Foraging and farming: the evolution of plant exploitation, 1989).[19] He had a major influence on the research infrastructure of archaeobotany, creating large reference collections at the British Institute at Ankara and the Institute of Archaeology, and his reputation raised the profile and credibility of archaeobotany during the critical period of its growth in the 1980s.[20] Arguably, his greatest impact was manifested through his students, who extended his approach to other time periods and other parts of the world, and are now in senior positions worldwide.[21] In addition to his impact on the field of archaeobotany, Hillman was also highly influential in popularising foraging of wild plant foods through his work with Ray Mears.[22]

  1. ^ Hillman, Gordon (1973-12). "Crop Husbandry and Food Production: Modern Basis for the Interpretation of Plant remains". Anatolian Studies. 23: 241–244. doi:10.2307/3642543. ISSN 0066-1546. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ a b Fuller, Dorian Q; Stevens, Chris; McClatchie, Meriel (2014), "Routine Activities, Tertiary Refuse, and Labor Organization:: Social Inferences from Everyday Archaeobotany", Ancient Plants and People, Contemporary Trends in Archaeobotany, University of Arizona Press, pp. 174–217, ISBN 9780816527106, retrieved 2018-08-06
  3. ^ a b Mason, Sarah; Nesbitt, Mark (2009), "Acorns as food in southeast Turkey:: Implications for prehistoric subsistence in Southwest Asia", From Foragers to Farmers, Papers in Honour of Gordon C. Hillman, Oxbow Books, pp. 71–85, ISBN 9781842173541, retrieved 2018-08-06
  4. ^ D’Andrea, Catherine; Lyons, Diane; Haile, Mitiku; Butler, Ann (1999), "Ethnoarchaeological Approaches to the Study of Prehistoric Agriculture in the Highlands of Ethiopia", The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa, Springer US, pp. 101–122, doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-6730-8_10, ISBN 9781441933164, retrieved 2018-08-06
  5. ^ Peña-Chocarro, Leonor; Peña, Lydia Zapata; Urquijo, Jesús Emilio González; Estévez, Juan José Ibáñez (2009), "Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) cultivation in mountain communities of the western Rif (Morocco):: An ethnoarchaeological project", From Foragers to Farmers, Papers in Honour of Gordon C. Hillman, Oxbow Books, pp. 103–111, ISBN 9781842173541, retrieved 2018-08-06
  6. ^ Ertuğ, Füsun (2009), "Wild plant foods:: Routine dietary supplements or famine foods?", From Foragers to Farmers, Papers in Honour of Gordon C. Hillman, Oxbow Books, pp. 64–70, ISBN 9781842173541, retrieved 2018-08-06
  7. ^ Reddy, Seetha Narahari (1997-06). "If the Threshing Floor Could Talk: Integration of Agriculture and Pastoralism during the Late Harappan in Gujarat, India". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 16 (2): 162–187. doi:10.1006/jaar.1997.0308. ISSN 0278-4165. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Hillman, Gordon (1996). "Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the northern Fertile Crescent: possible preludes to cereal cultivation". In Harris, David R. (ed.). The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia. UCL Press. pp. 159–203. ISBN 978-1857285383.
  9. ^ HILLMAN, GORDON C.; DAVIES, M. STUART (1990-01). "6. Domestication rates in wild-type wheats and barley under primitive cultivation". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 39 (1): 39–78. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb01611.x. ISSN 0024-4066. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ Fuller, D. Q. (2007-07-28). "Contrasting Patterns in Crop Domestication and Domestication Rates: Recent Archaeobotanical Insights from the Old World". Annals of Botany. 100 (5): 903–924. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm048. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 2759199. PMID 17495986.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  11. ^ a b Hillman, Gordon (2001). "Archaeology, Percival, and the problems of identifying wheat remains" (PDF). Linnean Special Issue. 3: 27–36.
  12. ^ J.G., Hather, (1988). "The morphological and anatomical interpretation and identification of charred vegetative parenchymatous plant remains". discovery.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-08-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Hillman, Gordon; Wales, Sue; McLaren, Frances; Evans, John; Butler, Ann (1993). "Identifying Problematic Remains of Ancient Plant Foods: A Comparison of the Role of Chemical, Histological and Morphological Criteria". World Archaeology. 25 (1): 94–121.
  14. ^ 1961-, Nesbitt, Mark, (2006). Identification guide for Near Eastern grass seeds. London: Institute of Archaeology, University College London. ISBN 0905853415. OCLC 69666477. {{cite book}}: |last= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Well built Mycenae : the Helleno-British excavations within the citadel at Mycenae, 1959-1969. Taylour, William, Lord, 1904-1989,, French, E. B. (Elizabeth Bayard), 1931-, Wardle, K. A.,. Warminster, England. ISBN 9780856681967. OCLC 10659650.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  16. ^ 1961-, Nesbitt, Mark, (2017). The archaeobotany of Aşvan : environment & cultivation in eastern Anatolia from the Chalcolithic to the Medieval period. [Place of publication not identified]: OXBOW. ISBN 9781912090556. OCLC 984202694. {{cite book}}: |last= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Hillman, Gordon (1978-12). "On the Origins of Domestic Rye—Secale Cereale: the Finds from Aceramic Can Hasan III in Turkey". Anatolian Studies. 28: 157–174. doi:10.2307/3642748. ISSN 0066-1546. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ Wollstonecroft, Michèle M.; Ellis, Peter R.; Hillman, Gordon C.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2008-06-06). "Advances in plant food processing in the Near Eastern Epipalaeolithic and implications for improved edibility and nutrient bioaccessibility: an experimental assessment of Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla (sea club-rush)". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 17 (S1): 19–27. doi:10.1007/s00334-008-0162-x. ISSN 0939-6314.
  19. ^ "Gordon C. Hillman complete publications list". www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  20. ^ Harris, David R. (2009), "Gordon Hillman and the development of archaeobotany at and beyond the London Institute of Archaeology", From Foragers to Farmers, Papers in Honour of Gordon C. Hillman, Oxbow Books, pp. 1–7, ISBN 9781842173541, retrieved 2018-08-06
  21. ^ Fairbairn, Andrew S.; Weiss, Ehud, eds. (2009). From Foragers to Farmers: Papers in Honour of Gordon C. Hillman. Oxbow Books. ISBN 9781842173541.
  22. ^ "Professor Gordon Hillman". The Ray Mears & Woodlore Bushcraft Blog. 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
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