Old Anatolian Turkish[a], also referred to as Old Anatolian Turkic[2][3][4] (Turkish: Eski Anadolu Türkçesi[b]), was the form of the Turkish language spoken in Anatolia from the 11th to 15th centuries. It developed into Early Ottoman Turkish. It was written in the Arabic script. Unlike in later Ottoman Turkish, short-vowel diacritics were used.[5]
| Old Turkish | |
|---|---|
| ںــــــــںڪ | |
| Native to | Anatolia |
| Era | Emerged in Anatolia late 11th century. Developed into Early Ottoman Turkish and Ajem-Turkic c. 15th century[1] |
Turkic
| |
| Ottoman Turkish alphabet augmented with ḥarakāt[1] | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
1ca Old Anatolian Turkish | |
| Glottolog | None |
It had no official status until 1277, when Mehmet I of Karaman declared a firman in an attempt[6] to break the dominance of Persian:[7]
History
It has been erroneously assumed that the Old Anatolian Turkish literary language was created in Anatolia and that its authors transformed a primitive language into a literary medium by submitting themselves to Persian influence. In reality, the Oghuz Turks who came to Anatolia brought their own written language, literary traditions and models from Khwarezm and Transoxiana.[9]
The Ajem Turkic language descended from Old Anatolian Turkish. Ajem Turkic started to form its shape in the Aq Qoyunlu, Qara Qoyunlu eras, and, especially, the Safavid era.[10]
Examples
Following texts are excerpts of the Qabus-nama taken from Turan Fikret's Old Anatolian Turkish: Syntactic Structure (1996):[11]
- bizüm delilümüz: "Our proofs."
- devletlü gişiler: "Fortunate ones."
- zinhār zinhār: "Never."
- pīrlikde yigitlenmek rüsvāylıqdur: "It is a shame to act like a young man in old age."
- bulardan artanı beytü’l mālda qoyalar: "They should put in public treasury that which remained from them."
- birgün bu ilçiyile oturur iken Qısri Büzürcmihre sorar: "One day when he was sitting with this [foreign] ambassador, Chosroes asked Büzürcmihr."
- Kelām-ı mecīd: "The word of the most glorious (God), the Qoran."
- dar'ül-harb: "Countries outside of the domain of Islam."
- Taŋrı aŋa raḥmet itmez: "God does not forgive him."
- aġırlaŋ aṭaŋuzı anaŋuzı egerçi kāfirse daqı: "Respect your parents even if they are unbelievers."
- Ne qul kim alam āzād olsun: "Every slave that I would buy should be freed"
- ve cāhil gişileri gişi sanma ve hünersüzleri bilür sayma: "And do not consider the ignorant ones the [real] men, and [do not consider] the untalented ones the knowledgeable ones."
- zinhār işüŋi ṭanışmaqdan ʿārlanma: "Beware, and never be ashamed of learning your job."
- sen yalan söyleyesi gişi degülsin: "You are not someone who would lie."
- artuq zaḥmet çeküp artuq ṭamaʿ eyleme: "Do not work hard to satisfy your greed."
- eger sen Taŋrıya muṭīʿ olmayup bunlardan muṭīʿlıq isteyüp bunlara zaḥmet virür iseŋ Taŋrılıq daʿvīsin itmiş olursın: "If you yourself do not obey God and ask these people for obedience [for you] and oppress them, then you are considered as someone pretending to be God."
- yaʿnī bir şaḫsuŋ bir sarayda naṣībi olsa andan ol naṣībi ṣatsa ne qadardur bāyiʿyā müşterī bilmese Ebū Ḥanīfeden üç rivāyetdür: "In other words, if someone has a share in a palace and then if he sells it without either seller or buyer knowing the exact value of it, then there are three traditions according to Abû Ḥanîfe."
- benüm dostlarum beni ġāyet sevdüklerinden baŋa ʿaybum dimezler idi ve düşmānlarum benüm ʿaybumı ḫalqa söylerler idi: "Because my friends liked me very much they did not say my shortcomings to me, [but] my enemies told the people my shortcomings."
- ben eyittim sübḥān Allāh qırq iki yaşında gişi neçün şöyle içekim nerdübāŋ ayaġın nice urasın bilmeye düşe ve dün buçuġında neçün şöyle yörüye kim şunuŋ gibi vāqıʿaya uġraya: "I said ‘O God why would a person of forty-two years of age drink so much that he can not judge how to put his feet on the steps of a ladder, so he falls, and also why would he walk like that in the middle of the night when feeling this way."
Orthography
| Old Anatolian Turkish | Ottoman Turkish (Kamus-ı Türkî spelling) |
Modern Turkish | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| گُزلٔر | كوزلر | gözler | eyes |
| دَدَ | دده | dede | grandfather |
| كُچُك | كوچك | küçük | little |
Alphabet
| Letter | Modern Turkish | Letter | Modern Turkish |
|---|---|---|---|
| ا | a, e, i | ص | s |
| ب | b | ض | d |
| پ | p | ط | t |
| ت | t | ظ | z |
| ث | s | ع | a |
| ج | c | غ | ğ, g |
| چ | ç | ف | f |
| ح | h | ق | k |
| خ | h | ك | k |
| د | d | ل | l |
| ذ | d, z | م | m |
| ر | r | ن | n |
| ز | z | و | o, ö, u, ü, v |
| ژ | j | ه | h |
| س | s | لا | la, le |
| ش | ş | ى | i, y, ı |
See also
Notes
References
- ^ a b Old Turkish at MultiTree on the Linguist List
- ^ Bodroglieti, A. (1972). "On Modern Turkish Üstünkörü and Yüzükoyun". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 26 (1). Akadémiai Kiadó: 145. JSTOR 23657232.
- ^ Schönig, C. (2000). "Some formal types of Turkic relative clause equivalents". In Aslı Göksel; Celia Kerslake (eds.). Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages. p. 200.
- ^ Erdal, Marcel (2004). A Grammar of Old Turkic. p. 314.
- ^ Ergin, Muharrem, Osmanlıca Dersleri, BOĞAZİÇİ YAYINLARI, ISBN 975-451-053-9 [page needed]
- ^ Leiser, Gary (2010). "The Turks in Anatolia before the Ottomans". In Fierro, Maribel (ed.). The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2: The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-521-83957-0.
His ally the Qaramanid Muhammad (r. 660–77/1261–78) did capture Konya in 675/1276 and attempted to replace Persian with Turkish as the official government language.
- ^ Yazıcı, Tahsin (2010). "Persian authors of Asia Minor part 1". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Persian language and culture were actually so popular and dominant in this period that in the late 14th century, Moḥammad (Meḥmed) Bey, the founder and the governing head of the Qaramanids, published an official edict to end this supremacy, saying that: "The Turkish language should be spoken in courts, palaces, and at official institutions from now on!"
- ^ Culture and Tourism Ministry Karaman page (in Turkish) Archived August 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lars Johanson; Christiane Bulut; Otto Harrassowitz Verlag (2006). Turkic-Iranian Contact Areas: Historical and Linguistic Aspects. p. 5.
- ^ Stein, Heidi (2014-02-01), "Ajem-Turkic", Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Brill, retrieved 2022-09-11
- ^ Mahsun Atsız, (2020), A Syntactic Analysis on Gonbad Manuscript of the Book of Dede Korkut, pp. 190–196