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Poarch Band of Creek Indians

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The Poarch Band of Creek Indians (/pɔːrtʃ/ PORCH;[3]) are a federally recognized tribe of Native Americans with reservation lands in lower Alabama. As Mvskoke people, they speak the Muscogee language. They were formerly known as the Creek Nation East of the Mississippi. They are one of eight federally recognized tribes whose members are descended from the Creek Confederacy of the Southeast, lands to which they have deep ancestral connections. Most of the members of the Poarch Band continue to reside in Alabama and Florida.

Poarch Band of Creek Indians
File:Flag of the Poarch Band of Creek Indians.svg
Flag of the Poarch Band of Creek Indians
Total population
2,340 (2006)[1]
Regions with significant populations
United States United States (Alabama Alabama)
Languages
English, Muscogee
Religion
Protestant, traditional Creek beliefs
Related ethnic groups
Other Muscogee Creek tribes,[2] Alabama Creole people

History

The Poarch Band members descend from Muscogee Creek Indigenous peoples of the Upper Towns and Lower Towns who intermarried with Scottish and Irish traders. Because Mvskoke ancestors of Poarch members were matrilineal and matrilocal, settler colonists targeted Mvskoke women to gain land, wealth, and power. Intermarriage was a strategy of assimilation that was common across the history of southeastern Indigenous nations in the U.S. Predominant lineages and surnames in the group include the names Weatherford, McGillivray, Durant, McGhee, Moniac, Cornell, Gibson, Colbert, Woods, and Rolin.

In the early 19th century, various elements intensified tensions within the Creek Nation leading up to their removal. These elements included geopolitical shifts, a growing reliance on European trade and economy, assimilation strategies, inner rifts within the Creek Nation, and escalating colonial presence of British, Spanish, and U.S. military forces, including encroaching white settlement reliant on exploited labor of enslaved Africans. A faction of Creek traditionalists, known as the Red Sticks, started a rebellion against assimilated Creeks, which resulted in the U.S. government intervening against the Red Sticks. This rebellion is known as the Creek War of 1813-1814. Among the primary concerns of Red Stick Creeks was the belief that the growing assimilation into European-American practices, including pressures to conform to Christianity and a centralized Creek governance structure, was diminishing the Creek Nation's political strength to maintain authority over their territories and economies. The rebelling Creeks ultimately met their defeat at the hands of Andrew Jackson's enforcements. Among the Poarch ancestors, the Weatherford and Woods lineages were active participants in the Red Stick rebellion. Other Mvskoke ancestors of Poarch members fought alongside the United States. Because of the conflicts with other Creeks, ancestors of the Poarch Band were pushed to lands in the southwest of Creek Nation territory in the early 1800s near the Tensaw River and the headwaters of the Perdido River. Many of these Creek families remained in Alabama despite the Indian Removal Act of 1830, by which the majority of the tribe ceded their land and were forcibly moved to Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi River. However, several ancestors of Poarch members marched to Oklahoma, including Sam Moniac (Totkvs-Harjo) who was buried at Pass Christian in 1837. [4]

Under provisions of the Treaty of Fort Jackson, Poarch Creek ancestors selected four sections of land that would serve as the nucleus of what eventually became known as the Poarch Band of Creek Indian community. These Indian reserves were held subject to federal trust restrictions. The "McGhee Reserve," a 240 acre tract taken by Lynn McGhee became a center of the Creek community. After the Civil War, other Creeks established lands near the McGhee Reserve. They formed a community near Poarch, Alabama and sustained kinship and cultural ties through a high degree of endogamy within the Creek community.[5]

The Poarch Band experienced great poverty and struggled to make ends meet throughout the nineteenth century. Most were small subsistence level farmers and sharecroppers in the latter decades of the century. Like their Mvskoke relatives, the three sisters of corn, beans, and squash were common crops. Along with traditional Creek foods like sofke and corn mush, they supplemented their diet with game and fish largely taken from neighboring public lands. With the coming of the railroad in the late nineteenth century, the lumber and turpentine industries arrived. Large corporations bought public lands, closing access to Creek subsistence practices and exposing the Creeks to racial discrimination. Many Creeks became migrant or day laborers to earn wages. They also took jobs in the lumber and turpentine industries. Jim Crow segregation and other forms of overt racism limited opportunities for economic advancement for group members. Because they had stayed behind and not removed with the main body of the Creek Nation after the 1830s, members of the Poarch Band received no federal aid or recognition of their indigenous status at the tribal level. [6] Poarch families endured these challenges by relying on strong kinship and community ties. These relations have enabled many among them to retain their connection to language and traditions like busk, stompdance, and chinaberry beading.

In the first decades of the twentieth century, local governments established segregated schools for Creek Indian children in southwest Alabama. Because of Jim Crow segregation, Creek Indians were denied admittance to area businesses or forced to use segregated facilities in schools, theaters, and medical offices. In the 1930s, the Episcopal Church sent missionaries to assimilate the Creek community to English and Christianity. Poarch established their own school and worked to secure federal aid for the people. During the Indian New Deal of the 1930s, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, at the urging of the missionaries, sent an investigator to southern Alabama in 1938. Finding that the Poarch Band was clearly a surviving Creek enclave, the Bureau agent recommended against establishing federal lands or nationhood for the Creek community, a decision that still undermines the tribe's sovereignty today. Because of federal funding shortages, no federal Indian aid or recognition was provided for the Poarch Band during the era of Indian reorganization.[7]

After World War II, Chief Calvin McGhee, a descendant of Band founder Lynn McGhee, began organizing the Creeks of southern Alabama and northern Florida to pursue land claims and other rights denied to them as Indigenous peoples. Also in the late 1940s, McGhee spearheaded an effort to file a lands claim case with the Indian Claims Commission. He formed a group that became the Creek Nation East of the Mississippi that pursued a case for compensation for lands lost by the Creeks in the nineteenth century. The group received a favorable judgment; members received sums beginning in 1972 as reparations.[8]

Through the lands claims litigation, Bufford Rollins and Eddie Tullis emerged as leaders of the Poarch Creek community. Along with Chief Calvin McGhee, they took part in major events that were happening due to increasing visibility of Indigenous people, nations, and resistance movements in the 1960s and early 1970s throughout the U.S. Calvin McGhee attended the landmark Chicago Indian Conference of 1961, an event that galvanized movements toward Indigenous rights and sovereignty. McGhee was among the delegation that presented the Conference's "Declaration of Indian Purpose" to President John F. Kennedy at the White House in 1961. The Conference, along with other pan-Indian activism, prompted Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson, to establish Indian programs outside the Bureau of Indian Affairs as part of his War on Poverty after 1963. Poarch Creeks secured federal grants during this era. They established federal job training, Headstart, and Department of Education Title IV Indian Education programs for area Creeks.

To fundraise for tribal organizing, the Poarch community advanced several community events, such as the intertribal powwow held annually in November. Despite Mvskoke people not dancing powwow historically, Poarch members took advantage of the limited knowledge of Native American history in the United States to gain more funds and visibility for their nation. The group also worked to formalize its government structures. Emerging from the Indian Claims Commission's petition by the Creek Nation East of the Mississippi in the early 1970s, McGhee, Tullis, and Rollins founded the modern government of the Poarch Band of Creek Indians, centered near Poarch, Alabama. After the death of Calvin McGhee in the early 1970s, Eddie Tullis was elected as McGhee's successor. The Band joined the National Congress of American Indians and was active in pan-tribal eastern Indian organizations at the time. With a federal Administration for Native Americans grant, the Band secured funding to research and to write a petition for federal tribal recognition during the 1970s.[9]

With the help of anthropologist Tony Paredes per requirements of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Band utilized federal land records, censuses, court records, and school documents to prove they were a surviving and continuous Creek People, eligible for federal tribal status under the arduous Bureau of Indian Affairs' Federal Acknowledgment Process regulations created in 1978. The Band was successful in this effort, being one of the first tribes to secure federal status through the federal process in 1984. Through negotiations with the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, with whom they share cultural ties, the Band was able to have a 229 acre tract taken into trust as a federal Indian Reservation and to re-establish their own government under a written constitution.

Tribal membership requirements

To be eligible to enroll in the Poarch Band of Creek Indians, people must be descended from one or more American Indians listed on one of three rolls: the 1870 U.S. Census of Escambia County, Alabama; 1900 U.S. Census of Escambia County, Alabama; or 1900 U.S. Special Indian Census of Monroe County, Alabama. Besides being of direct Mvskoke Creek heritage, they must have a minimum blood quantum of 1/4 American Indian blood (equivalent to one full-blooded Creek grandparent) and not be enrolled in any other tribe. There are two distinctions of membership, including tribal enrolled membership and descendant membership that extends to descendants of tribal members. Each federally recognized tribe has the right to make its own rules of citizenship.[10]

Current status

The Poarch Creek Indian Reservation is located in southern Alabama near the city of Atmore, Alabama.[11] Their current tribal chieftess is Stephanie Bryan.[12]

Gaming and racing

The Poarch Band has several casinos operating under Wind Creek Hospitality, a tribe-owned company.[13] Three of its casinos are located on sovereign tribal land in Alabama: Wind Creek Atmore, Wind Creek Montgomery, and Wind Creek Wetumpka.[14][15] They have gradually expanded their gaming, resort and entertainment businesses beyond those on their reservation. However, because they received federal recognition after the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, they struggle to secure land beyond the property established in the 19th and 20th centuries, making it difficult to increase housing, cultural, and health resources

Beyond its reservation, the tribe owns majority stakes in Mobile Greyhound Park in Alabama, and Pensacola Greyhound Park and Creek Entertainment Gretna in Florida.[16][17] In the Caribbean, the tribe owns two hotel casinos operating under the Renaissance Hotels brand in Aruba and Curacao, which it purchased in October 2017.[18]

In Gardnerville, Nevada, the tribe financed and manages the Wa She Shu Casino, owned by the Washoe Tribe. The casino opened in May 2016.[19] In D'Iberville, Mississippi, Wind Creek purchased land for a planned casino development in March 2016.[20]

In Pennsylvania, the tribe agreed in March 2018 to purchase Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem for $1.3 billion.[21] The sale was approved in May 2019 and the casino was renamed to Wind Creek Bethlehem.[22]

In 2012 the tribe announced plans to expand their gaming operations at Hickory Ground in Wetumpka, Alabama. Not all Poarch members supported this expansion and it remains a controversial debate in the community. The Muscogee (Creek) Nation of Oklahoma filed suit to prevent this, arguing that the expansion would require excavation and reinterment of remains from an historic Creek burial ground at the site.[23]

The tribe made a deal in 2016 to purchase the Margaritaville Resort Casino in Bossier City, Louisiana, which would have been rebranded as a Wind Creek casino.[24] The sale was canceled, however, because of a dispute over licensing payments for the Margaritaville name.[25]

In late 2019, The Poarch Band of Creek Indians presented the state of Alabama with a grand bargain that would afford the tribe exclusive rights on casino gambling in exchange for $1 billion.[26]

The Poarch Band of Creek Indians opened the Park at OWA, an amusement park in Foley, Alabama, on July 20, 2017.[27][28] The 520-acre (2.1 km2) site was a joint venture between the City of Foley and the Foley Sports Tourism Complex, developed in conjunction with the Poarch Band of Creek Indians as part of a city-wide sports tourism push.[29] An indoor water park known as Tropic Falls[30] was announced in 2021;[31] the first of the water park's two phases opened in June 2022.[32][33]

References

Notes

  1. ^ "Culture." Archived 2010-07-27 at the Wayback Machine Poarch Band of Creek Indians. (retrieved 16 July 2010)
  2. ^ Littlefield and Parins (2011), Encyclopedia, p. 174
  3. ^ "Alabama's Only Federally Recognized Tribe: The Poarch Creek Indians". YouTube. November 1, 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  4. ^ http://indians.passchristian.net/sam_moniac_burial_sites.htm
  5. ^ Mark Edwin Miller, "Vetted Tribes: The Poarch Band of Creek Indians and the Jena Band of Choctaw Indians," in Mark Edwin Miller Claiming Tribal Identity: The Five Tribes and the Politics of Federal Acknowledgment (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013), 151-154.
  6. ^ Miller (2013), 154.
  7. ^ Miller (2013), 156-158.
  8. ^ Miller (2013), 159-161.
  9. ^ Miller (2013), 161-166.
  10. ^ "Constitution of the Poarch Band of Creek Indians" Archived 2008-11-28 at the Wayback Machine, Native American Rights Fund. 1 June 1985 (retrieved 25 Nov 2010)
  11. ^ "Welcome" Archived 2009-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, Poarch Band of Creek Indians Website, 2005, retrieved 23 Feb 2009
  12. ^ "Loading Website".
  13. ^ "History". Wind Creek Hospitality. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  14. ^ George Altman (June 7, 2012). "Alabama Indian casinos are on federal land, Interior Department says". AL.com. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  15. ^ "Properties". Wind Creek Hospitality. Archived from the original on 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  16. ^ Confirmed: Poarch Creek Indians To Purchase Greyhound Parks In Mobile And Pensacola
  17. ^ "Creek Entertainment Gretna opens in Gadsden County" Florida Trend
  18. ^ "Wind Creek Hospitality purchases Caribbean casino resorts" (Press release). Wind Creek Hospitality. October 18, 2017. Retrieved 2017-10-19 – via PR Newswire.
  19. ^ "Opening of Wa She Shu Casino marks landmark tribal gaming partnership" (Press release). Wind Creek Hospitality. May 26, 2016. Retrieved 2017-10-19 – via PR Newswire.
  20. ^ Mary Perez (March 29, 2016). "Poarch Creek Indians buy casino site in D'Iberville". The Sun Herald. Biloxi, MS. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  21. ^ Harris, Jon; Radzievich, Nicole (March 8, 2018). "Sands Bethlehem casino to be sold to Alabama Indian tribe for $1.3 billion". Retrieved 2018-03-08.
  22. ^ Harris, Jon (May 29, 2019). "With state's approval, Wind Creek Bethlehem plans to become 'No. 1 resort destination in the Northeast'". Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  23. ^ Cameron Shriver, Milestones: "September 2013: Reflecting on Justice 200 Years after the Creek Civil War", Origins,Ohio State University, accessed 28 September 2013
  24. ^ Brad Harper (June 27, 2016). "Alabama tribe strikes deal to buy Margaritaville casino". The Times. Shreveport, LA. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
  25. ^ Vickie Welborn (April 24, 2017). "Margaritaville Casino ends merger with Alabama Indian tribe". KTBS-TV. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  26. ^ "Alabama Tribe Pitches State $1B Deal to Obtain Exclusive Gaming Rights". Casino.org. 13 Nov 2019
  27. ^ Sharp, John (July 21, 2017). "Alabama's newest amusement park, OWA, officially opens". al. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
  28. ^ Ralph, Owen. "New theme park opens, named OWA". Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  29. ^ Girod, Brandon. "OWA opens water park". Pensacola News Journal. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  30. ^ Mitchell, Bea (February 7, 2022). "Tropic Falls indoor water park at OWA opening in May 2022". Blooloop. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
  31. ^ Specker, Lawrence (May 26, 2021). "OWA shares early sneak peak at new coastal water park facility". al. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
  32. ^ Specker, Lawrence (June 27, 2022). "Tropic Falls indoor water park to open Wednesday in Foley". al. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
  33. ^ Davis, Kai (July 6, 2022). "Tropic Falls Water Park opens at OWA Parks & Resort in Foley". WEAR. Retrieved August 18, 2022.

Bibliography

  • Littlefield, Jr., Daniel F. and James W. Parins, ed. Encyclopedia of American Indian Removal, Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2011. ISBN 978-0-313-36041-1.
  • Miller, Mark Edwin. Claiming Tribal Identity: The Five Tribes and the Politics of Federal Acknowledgment. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.
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