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Aulos

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An aulos (Template:Lang-grc, plural αὐλοί, auloi[1]) or tibia (Latin) was an ancient Greek wind instrument, depicted often in art and also attested by archaeology.

Aulos
Classification Double reed
Related instruments
Launeddas · Sorna · Rhaita · Suona
Sopila · Shawm · Zampogna · Zurna

Though aulos is often translated as "flute" or "double flute", it was usually a double-reeded instrument, and its sound—described as "penetrating, insisting and exciting"[2]—was more akin to that of the bagpipes, with a chanter and (modulated) drone.

An aulete (αὐλητής, aulētēs) was the musician who performed on an aulos. The ancient Roman equivalent was the tibicen (plural tibicines), from the Latin tibia, "pipe, aulos." The neologism aulode is sometimes used by analogy with rhapsode and citharode (citharede) to refer to an aulos player, who may also be called an aulist; however, aulode more commonly refers to a singer who sang the accompaniment to a piece played on the aulos.

Background

 
Drawing of the mouthpiece of an aulos.[3]

There were several kinds of aulos, single or double. The most common variety was a reed instrument.[4] Archeological finds, surviving iconography and other evidence indicate that it was double-reeded, like the modern oboe, but with a larger mouthpiece, like the surviving Armenian duduk.[5] A single pipe without a reed was called the monaulos (μόναυλος, from μόνος "single").[4] A single pipe held horizontally, as the modern flute, was the plagiaulos (πλαγίαυλος, from πλάγιος "sideways").[4] A pipe with a bag to allow for continuous sound, that is a bagpipe, was the askaulos (ἀσκαυλός from ἀσκός askos "wineskin").[6]

Like the Great Highland Bagpipe, the aulos has been used for martial music,[7] but it is more frequently depicted in other social settings. Note that a normal flute (as per the translation of aulos, flute having the connotation of a rather delicate sound.) would produce insufficient volume to be of any use in military application, where a double-reed could be heard over larger distances, and over the clamour of marching whilst wearing armour. It was the standard accompaniment of the passionate elegiac poetry. It also accompanied physical activities such as wrestling matches, the broad jump, the discus throw and to mark the rowing cadence on triremes, as well as sacrifices and dramas.[5] Plato associates it with the ecstatic cults of Dionysus and the Korybantes, banning it from his Republic but permitting it in his Laws.

Players of the Aulos used a tool known as the Phorbeia or the Capistrum. It was a device that consisted of two straps. One was placed on top of the head and another was placed on the back of the head and stretched from ear to ear to support the cheeks.[8][9] It was used by ancient musicians to play the aulos by allowing them to create noise through circular breathing and steady the instrument.[10][11] It may have also been used to prevent the reeds of the instrument from falling down the throat of the player.[12] Another potential use for the phrobeia was holding the lips in place, taking some strain off of the lip muscles.[13]

 
Drawing of a plagiaulos.

Although aristocrats with sufficient leisure sometimes practiced aulos-playing as they did the lyre, after the later fifth century the aulos became chiefly associated with professional musicians, often slaves. Nevertheless, such musicians could achieve fame. The Romano-Greek writer Lucian discusses aulos playing in his dialogue Harmonides, in which Alexander the Great's aulete Timotheus discusses fame with his pupil Harmonides. Timotheus advises him to impress the experts within his profession rather than seek popular approval in big public venues. If leading musicians admire him, popular approval will follow. However, Lucian reports that Harmonides died from excessive blowing during practicing.

Mythic origin

Main article: Marsyas
 
The competition between Marsyas and Apollo on a Roman sarcophagus (290–300)

In myth, Marsyas the satyr was supposed to have invented the aulos, or else picked it up after Athena had thrown it away because it caused her cheeks to puff out and ruined her beauty. In any case, he challenged Apollo to a musical contest, where the winner would be able to "do whatever he wanted" to the loser—Marsyas's expectation, typical of a satyr, was that this would be sexual in nature. But Apollo and his lyre beat Marsyas and his aulos. And since the pure lord of Delphi's mind worked in different ways from Marsyas's, he celebrated his victory by stringing his opponent up from a tree and flaying him alive.

 
Theatrical scene from a Pompeiian mosaic showing a performer with an aulos and phorbeiá.

King Midas was cursed with donkey's ears for judging Apollo as the lesser player. Marsyas's blood and the tears of the Muses formed the river Marsyas in Asia Minor.[14]

This tale was a warning against committing the sin of "hubris", or overweening pride, in that Marsyas thought he might win against a god. Strange and brutal as it is, this myth reflects a great many cultural tensions that the Greeks expressed in the opposition they often drew between the lyre and aulos: freedom vs. servility and tyranny, leisured amateurs vs. professionals, moderation (sophrosyne) vs. excess, etc. Some of this is a result of 19th century AD "classical interpretation", i.e. Apollo versus Dionysus, or "Reason" (represented by the kithara) opposed to "Madness" (represented by the aulos). In the temple to Apollo at Delphi, there was also a shrine to Dionysus, and his Maenads are shown on drinking cups playing the aulos, but Dionysus is sometimes shown holding a kithara or lyre. So a modern interpretation can be a little more complicated than just simple duality.

This opposition is mostly an Athenian one. It might be surmised that things were different at Thebes, which was a center of aulos-playing. At Sparta—which had no Bacchic or Korybantic cults to serve as contrast—the aulos was actually associated with Apollo, and accompanied the hoplites into battle.[15]

Depiction in art

Chigi vase

The battle scene on the Chigi vase shows an aulos player setting a lyrical rhythm for the hoplite phalanx to advance to. This accompaniment reduced the possibility of an opening in the formation of the blockage; the aulete had a fundamental role in insuring the integrity of the phalanx. In this particular scene, the phalanx approaching from the left is unprepared and momentarily outnumbered four to five. More soldiers can be seen running up to assist them from behind. Even though the front four are lacking a fifth soldier, they have the advantage because the aulete is there to bring the formation back together.[16]

Herakles in his tenth labor

An amphora from c. 540–530 BC depicts Herakles in the process of completing his tenth labor. Auletes can be seen playing in a procession going around on the neck of the amphora.[17]

  •  
    Herakles tenth labor
  •  
    Neck of Herakles' tenth labor amphora
  •  
    Geryon side of Herakles' tenth labor
  •  
    Neck of Geryon side of Herakles' tenth labor amphora

The sounds of the aulos are being digitally recreated by the Ancient Instruments Sound/Timbre Reconstruction Application (ASTRA) project which uses physical modeling synthesis to simulate the aulos sounds. Due to the complexity of this process the ASTRA project uses grid computing to model sounds on hundreds of computers throughout Europe simultaneously.[18][19]

The aulos is part of the Lost Sounds Orchestra, alongside other ancient instruments which ASTRA have recreated the sounds of, including the epigonion, the salpinx, the barbiton and the syrinx.[20]

The aulos was also featured in the 2009 movie Agora, wherein a character performs a solo in an amphitheatre. It is also visible in the 2007 movie 300.

Modern evolutions of the aulos exist in Southeastern Europe. In southern Albania, specifically, a double non-free aerophone resembling the aulos – called the cula diare or longari – is still played in the Labëria region to accompany Albanian iso-polyphony.[21] These instruments are woodwind and not double-reeded like the aulos of antiquity.

See also

References

  1. ^ αὐλός, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  2. ^ The History of Musical Instruments, Curt Sachs, 1940
  3. ^ Based on archaeological remains found at Pompeii
  4. ^ a b c Howard, Albert A. (1893). "The Αὐλός or Tibia". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 4. Department of the Classics, Harvard University: 1–60. doi:10.2307/310399. JSTOR 310399.
  5. ^ a b West, Martin L. (January 1992). Ancient Greek Music. Clarendon Press. p. 84. ISBN 0-19-814975-1. The single reed or clarinet mouthpiece was known to other ancient peoples, and I should not venture to assert that it was not known to the Greeks. But the evidence of both art and literature indicates that it was the double reed that was standard in the Classical period. Under the Hornbostel-Sachs system, therefore, the aulos should be classified as an oboe. It must be admitted that 'oboe-girl' is less evocative than the 'flute-girl' to which classicists have been accustomed, and that when it is a question of translating Greek poetry 'oboe' is likely to sound odd. For the latter case I favor 'pipe' or 'shawm.'
  6. ^ Flood, William Henry Grattan. The story of the bagpipe. Рипол Классик. ISBN 9781176344228. Retrieved 21 April 2021 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ Herodotus, The Histories, 1.17.1, on Perseus
  8. ^ Moore, Timothy J. (2012-04-19). Music in Roman Comedy. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-107-00648-5.
  9. ^ Bundrick, Sheramy (2005-10-17). Music and Image in Classical Athens. Cambridge University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-521-84806-0.
  10. ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (2002-11-01). Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-96190-0.
  11. ^ Murray, Penelope; Wilson, Peter (2004). Music and the Muses: The Culture of 'mousikē' in the Classical Athenian City. Oxford University Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-19-924239-9.
  12. ^ Montagu, Jeremy (2007-10-29). Origins and Development of Musical Instruments. Scarecrow Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8108-7770-2.
  13. ^ Landels, John G. (2002-01-31). Music in Ancient Greece and Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-70486-6.
  14. ^ Simon Goldhill; Ron Osborne, eds. (2004). Performance Culture and Athenian Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  15. ^ "Hoplite". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
  16. ^ Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (2002). "Reading the Chigi Vase". Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 71 (1): 1–22. doi:10.2972/hesp.2002.71.1.1. JSTOR 3182058. S2CID 190736363.
  17. ^ Moore, Mary B. (2013). "Herakles Takes Aim: A Rare Attic Black-Figured Neck-Amphora Attributed to the Princeton Painter". Metropolitan Museum Journal. 48: 37–58. doi:10.1086/675312. S2CID 191490792.
  18. ^ "The ASTRA Project website". 27 June 2015. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  19. ^ "iSGTW | iSGTW". 5 September 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  20. ^ "Feature - The Lost Sounds Orchestra". 2 September 2009. Archived from the original on 2 September 2009. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  21. ^ Eno Koço, "Vocal Iso(n)", Art and Humanities Research Council (British Research Council), July 2012
 
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