This article's factual accuracy is disputed. (March 2021) |
Duchy of Saint Sava[1][2][3][4][5][6] (Template:Lang-sh / Војводство Светог Саве) was a late medieval polity in southeastern Europe, that existed from 1448 up to 1482, when it was absorbed by the Ottoman Empire. It was ruled by the Kosača noble family, who held the title "Duke of Saint Sava" (Serbian Cyrillic: Херцег од Светог Саве / Herceg od Svetog Save). Their domains included southern parts of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, extending to southern parts of modern-day coastal Croatia, northwestern Montenegro and southwestern Serbia. Its founder, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača (duke since 1448), titled himself Herceg of Saint Sava,[7][8][9][10][11] a title which would later give rise to the new name to the region: Herzegovina, and will be also used by the Ottomans as Hersek Sancağı (Sanjak of the Herzeg), designating the Sanjak of Herzegovina.[12]
Duchy of Saint Sava Војводство Светог Саве | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1448–1482 | |||||||
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 Coat of arms
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 War in Zeta (1441–1444). Duchy of Stephen Vukcic Kosaca annexed Upper Zeta. Conquered the city of Bar, with the fortress (now Old Bar) in Lower Zeta. | |||||||
| Capital | Blagaj | ||||||
| Largest city | Herceg-Novi | ||||||
| Government | Feudal state | ||||||
| Historical era | Late Medieval | ||||||
• Established | 1448 | ||||||
• Disestablished | 1482 | ||||||
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| Today part of | Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Montenegro Serbia | ||||||
In various sources, and historiographical traditions, the name of the duchy is recorded or used in several forms, varying mostly in the way the name of Saint Sava is spelled in different languages: Template:Lang-la,[13][14] Template:Lang-it,[15] Template:Lang-de.[16] In English historiography, forms such as the "Duchy of Saint Sava" or "Duchy of St. Sava" were used since the 19th century.[17]
History
Until the 14th century, most regions of the later Duchy of Saint Sava were part of medieval Serbia,[18][19] and then part of the medieval Bosnia,[20] that reached its high under Stephen Tvrtko I (d. 1391), king of Serbs, Bosnia and Maritime.[21] At its greatest extent, under Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, and later his son Vladislav, the Kosača noble family ruled the territories that included significant part of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, and extended to parts of modern-day coastal Croatia, northwestern Montenegro and southeastern part of modern Serbia. Stjepan titled himself "Herceg of Saint Sava", after the first Serbian Archbishop, Saint Sava. The title is of German origin, Herzog ("Duke"), and it was used as an equivalent to the South Slavic title Vojvoda.[22][23] Stjepan's title of Duke (Herceg) would later give the name to the present-day region of Herzegovina, as the Ottomans used the term "Hersek Sancağı" (Sanjak of the Herzeg) for the newly formed Sanjak of Herzegovina.
On 15 February 1444, Stephen signed a treaty with Alfonso V, King of Aragon and Naples, becoming his vassal in exchange for the king's help against Stjepan's enemies, namely King Stephen Thomas of Bosnia, Duke Ivaniš Pavlović and the Republic of Venice. In the same treaty Stjepan promised to pay regular tribute to Alfonso instead of his tribute to the Ottoman sultan, which he had done up until then. In a document sent to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III on 20 January 1448, Stephen Vukčić Kosača styled himself "Vojvoda (duke, herzog) of Saint Sava", "Lord of Hum and the Coast", and "Grand Duke", and forced the Bosnian king to recognize him as such. The title "Duke of Saint Sava" had considerable public relations value, because Sava's relics, which were located in Mileševa, were considered miracle-working by people of all Christian faiths in the region.[7] This significantly improved relations between Stjepan and the Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković, as they formed an alliance the same year and conquered Višegrad and Srebrnica from the Bosnian crown.
In 1451, Stjepan attacked Dubrovnik, and laid siege to the city. He had earlier been made a Ragusan nobleman and, consequently, the Ragusan government now proclaimed him a traitor. A reward of 15,000 ducats, a palace in Dubrovnik worth 2,000 ducats, and an annual income of 300 ducats was offered to anyone who would kill him, along with the promise of hereditary Ragusan nobility which also helped hold this promise to whoever did the deed. Stjepan was so scared by the threat that he finally raised the siege.[24]
Stjepan Vukčić died in 1466, and was succeeded by his eldest son Vladislav Hercegović. In 1482 he was overpowered by Ottoman forces led by Stjepan Vukčić's youngest son, Hersekli Ahmed Pasha, who converted to Islam prior to that. In the Ottoman Empire, Herzegovina was organized as a part (sanjak) within the province (pashaluk) of Bosnia. Stjepan founded the Serbian Orthodox Zagrađe Monastery near his realm's seat in Soko, modern-day northwestern Montenegro, and the Savina Monastery, near Herceg Novi in the Bay of Kotor. Their successors kept the title "Duke of Saint Sava" and used it until the extinction of Kosača family.[25][26][27]
Rulers
- Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, 1435–1466
- Vladislav Hercegović and Vlatko Hercegović, 1466–1482
- Balša Hercegović (in title)
See also
References
- ^ Miller 1923, p. 574.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, t. 15 (1953), p. 756.
- ^ Pitcher 1972, p. 71.
- ^ Zlatar 1992, p. 374, 414.
- ^ Nicol 1997, p. XV.
- ^ Kozličić, Bratanić & Uglešić 2011, p. 35: "Herzegovina’s real name was Duchy of St. Sava (Ducatus Sancti Sabbae)"
- ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 578.
- ^ Bataković 1996, p. 21.
- ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 106.
- ^ Bataković 2005, p. 82.
- ^ Behmen 2009, p. 208.
- ^ Šabanović 1959, p. 44-46.
- ^ Fresne 1746, p. 126.
- ^ Zirdum 1977, p. 196.
- ^ Orbini 1601, p. 380-382.
- ^ Vogel, Walther (1925): Dan neue Europa und seine historisch-geografischen Grudlagen. Paderborn: Salzwasser Verlag, p. 336.
- ^ Evans 1876, p. LI, 217, 300, 302.
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 160.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 8, 203.
- ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 62.
- ^ Nakaš, Lejla (2011): Konkordancijski rječnik ćirilskih povelja srednjovjekovne Bosne, p. 42-49.
- ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 106, 108.
- ^ Nakaš, Lejla (2011): Konkordancijski rječnik ćirilskih povelja srednjovjekovne Bosne, p. 113-114, 118-125, 129-132, 135-139.
- ^ Krekić 1978, p. 388–389.
- ^ Behmen 2009, p. 209.
- ^ Pálosfalvi 2014, p. 153.
- ^ Pálosfalvi 2018, p. 211, 222, 456.
Sources
- Bataković, Dušan T. (1996). The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics. Paris: Dialogue. ISBN 9782911527104.
- Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe. Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587.
- Behmen, Goran (2009). "The Character of Law and Authority in Medieval Bosnia" (PDF). Survey: Periodical for Social Studies. 50 (1): 197–212.
- Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.
- Evans, Arthur J. (1876). Through Bosnia and the Herzegóvina on Foot During the Insurrection (1st ed.). London: Longmans, Green and CO.
- Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472081497.
- Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604.
- Fresne, Charles du (1746). Illyricum vetus & novum, siue, Historia regnorum Dalmatiae, Croatiae, Slavoniae, Bosniae, Serviae, atque Bulgariae. Typis Hæredum Royerianorum.
- Ivić, Pavle, ed. (1995). The History of Serbian Culture. Edgware: Porthill Publishers. ISBN 9781870732314.
- Kozličić, Mithad; Bratanić, Mateo; Uglešić, Sanda (2011). "The demarcation between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Una region from the 17th to the 20th century according to original cartographic material". Geoadria. 16 (1): 27–91. doi:10.15291/geoadria.269.
- Krekić, Bariša (1978). "Contributions of Foreigners to Dubrovnik's Economic Growth in the Late Middle Ages". Viator. 9: 385–404. doi:10.1525/9780520327320-019. ISBN 9780520327320.
- Miller, William (1923). "The Balkan States, II: The Turkish Conquest (1355-1483)". The Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 4. Cambridge: University Press. pp. 552–593.
- Nicol, Donald M., ed. (1997). Theodore Spandounes: On the Origins of the Ottoman Emperors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521585101.
- Orbini, Mauro (1601). Il Regno de gli Slavi hoggi corrottamente detti Schiavoni. Pesaro: Apresso Girolamo Concordia.
- Pálosfalvi, Tamás (2014). The Noble Elite in the County of Körös (Križevci) 1400-1526. Budapest: MTA Bölcsészetudományi Kutatóközpont Történetudományi Intézet.
- Pálosfalvi, Tamás (2018). From Nicopolis to Mohács: A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare, 1389-1526. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004375659.
- Pitcher, Donald E. (1972) [1968]. An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. Leiden: Brill.
- Šabanović, Hazim (1959). Bosanski pašaluk: Postanak i upravna podjela. Sarajevo: Naučno društvo Bosne i Hercegovine.
- Zirdum, Andrija, ed. (1977). Filip Lastrić: Pregled starina Bosanske provincije. Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša.
- Zlatar, Zdenko (1992). Our Kingdom Come: The Counter-Reformation, the Republic of Dubrovnik, and the Liberation of the Balkan Slavs. Boulder: East European Monographs. ISBN 9780880332392.