Roman Catholic Kshatriyas (also simply Cxatrias in Romi Konkani, Indo-Portuguese& Indian English) are a modern Christianised caste among Goan, Bombay East Indian, Mangalorean, Kudali& Karwari Catholics. They are the patrilineal descendants of Kshatriya and Vaishya Vani converts to the Latin Church, in parts of the Konkan region that were under Portuguese Goan rule.[1][2][3] They are known as Chardo (Devanagari Konkani; चारड्डो) in Goan Konkani,[4] Charodi (Kanarese script; ಚರೋಡಿ; Tsāroḍi) in Canarese Konkani[1] & as Sandori or Vadval in Damanese and Mahraashtrian Konknni, while others also identify as Bhandari or Khatri in the Bombay East Indian dialect.[5][6] The well known households and well to do individuals among them, have mostly been endogamous.[7][8]
Chardo | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Languages | |
| Konkani, British English, Hindi-Urdu& Bombay Mahratti. Previously Indo-Portuguese, Latin & Sanskrit | |
| Religion | |
| Latin Catholic Church | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Shetts, Somvanshi Kshatriya Pathareis, Pathare Prabhus, Daivajnas, Christian Brahmins, Aagri and Koli Christians, Gauda and Kunbi Christians, Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus & Chaukalshis |
Etymology
The precise etymology of the word Chardo is unclear. The two most probable explanations are as follows:[9]
- The roots of this Konkani word is said to lie in the Prakrit word Chavada, which is the name of a dynasty of warriors who are said to have migrated to Goa from Saurashtra in the 7th and 8th centuries, after their kingdom was destroyed by the Sunni Caliphate's conquest in around 740 AD.[9]
- Another explanation given by historian B.D. Satoskar is that the Konkani word comes from the Sanskrit word Chatur-rathi or the Prakrit Chau-radi, which literally means "the ones who ride a chariot yoked with four horses".[9]
Origins
The Kshatriyas of Goa constituted the nobility and warrior class, and ranked second in the Hindu Varna system. Those involved in the trading profession were known as Chattim, which was an occupational appellation common to Brahmins as well.[2] The origins of this Christian caste can be traced back to the Christianisation of the Velhas Conquistas (Template:Lang-pt) by the Portuguese during the 16th and 17th centuries.[2] The Jesuit, Franciscan and Dominican missionaries converted many Kshatriyas to Christianity.[10] The caste appellation of Chardo eventually fell into disuse among the remaining few Hindu Kshatriyas, who began calling themselves Maratha, in order to differentiate themselves from those Kshatriyas who had embraced Christianity and to also align themselves with the ascendant Hindu Marathas in the neighbouring Maratha Confederacy.[2] The Kshatriyas and Vaishya Vanis, who were among the last to convert, were incorporated into the Chardo caste.[2]
The earliest known instance of Goan Kshatriya conversions to Christianity took place in 1560, when 700 Kshatriyas were baptised en masse at Carambolim in Tiswadi. Their decision to embrace Christianity was made after deliberation of the village assembly, and came about as they were subjects of the Portuguese government.[11] Another instance of a Kshatriya group of 200 members being baptized en masse at Batim in Bardez, in August, 1560; the event is mentioned in a letter of a Jesuit missionary, Luís Fróis, dated 13 November 1560.[11]
The Charodis form the second largest group in the Mangalorean Catholic community.[1] In South Canara, many Charodis took up service in the army of the Keladi Nayakas, and came to constitute the bulk of the Christian soldiers in their army. The Lewis-Naik family of Kallianpur near Udupi, produced many distinguished soldiers and officers in the Keladi army. In recognition of their service, the Nayakas rewarded them with large tracts of land in Kallianpur.[12] During the Indian independence struggle, Chardos were perceived by Indian nationalists to be more sympathetic to Indian nationalist leanings and less likely to be pro-European loyalists than Bamonns.[13]
The Chardos have generally been an endogamous group, so they did not inter-marry or mingle with lower castes, while the statutes and norms of the Roman Catholic Church and the Portuguese authorities prevented them from discriminating against the latter.[14] Padvals are a subcaste within Roman Catholic Cxatrias of Jain Bunt origin.
See also
Citations
- ^ a b c Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 4
- ^ a b c d e Gomes 1987, pp. 77–78
- ^ Risley & Crooke 1915, p. 80
- ^ Pinto 1999, p. 165
- ^ Singh, K. S.; India, Anthropological Survey of (1998). India's Communities. ISBN 978-0-19-563354-2.
- ^ "Poster: EI Love". 26 August 2017.
- ^ Silva & Fuchs 1965, p. 15
- ^ Robinson 2003, p. 78
- ^ a b c Gune & Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept 1979, p. 21
- ^ Prabhu 1999, p. 133
- ^ a b Pinto 1999, p. 166
- ^ Pinto 1999, p. 180
- ^ Desai 2000, p. 5
- ^ Sinha 2002, p. 74
References
- Desai, Nishtha (2000). "The Denationalisation of Goans: An Insight into the Construction of Cultural Identity" (PDF). Lusotopie: 469–476. Archived from the original (PDF, 36 KB) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- Gomes, Olivinho (1987). "Village Goa: a study of Goan social structure and change". S. Chand.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help). - Gune, Vithal Trimbak; Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept (1979). "Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer, Volume 1". Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help). - Pereira, Benegal, The life and times of Eddie Sadashiva Pereira: An extraordinary Goenkar (1915–1995), Goacom.com, archived from the original on 27 September 2011, retrieved 19 April 2011
- Pinto, Pius Fidelis (1999). "History of Christians in coastal Karnataka, 1500–1763 A.D.". Mangalore: Samanvaya Prakashan.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help). - Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications. ISBN 978-81-86778-25-8..
- Risley, Herbert Hope; Crooke, William (1915). The people of India. Thacker & Co. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- Robinson, Rowena (2003). Christians of India. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-9822-8. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- Silva, Severine; Fuchs, Stephan (1965). "The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India" (PDF). Asian Ethnology. 2. 24: 1–52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
- Sinha, Arun (2002). Goa Indica: a critical portrait of postcolonial Goa. Bibliophile South Asia. ISBN 978-81-85002-31-6..
Further reading
- Morenas, Zenaides (2002). "The Mussoll dance of Chandor: the dance of the Christian Kshatriyas". Clarissa Vaz e Morenas Konkani Research Fellowship Endowment Fund.
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