Suriname was a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands between 1954 and 1975. The country had full autonomy, except in areas of defence, foreign policy, and nationality, and participated on a basis of equality with the Netherlands Antilles and the Netherlands itself in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The country became fully independent as the Republic of Suriname on 25 November 1975.
Suriname | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1954–1975 | |||||||||
| Anthem: God zij met ons Suriname (Dutch) (Template:Lang-en) | |||||||||
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| Status | Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands | ||||||||
| Capital | Paramaribo | ||||||||
| Common languages | Dutch (official) 11 Other languages 8 Native languages | ||||||||
| Government | Unitary parliamentary representative democracy under constitutional monarchy | ||||||||
| Monarch | |||||||||
• 1954–1975 | Juliana | ||||||||
| Governor General | |||||||||
• 1954–1956 | Jan Klaasesz | ||||||||
• 1956–1963 | Jan van Tilburg | ||||||||
• 1963–1964 | Archibald Currie | ||||||||
• 1968–1975 | Johan Ferrier | ||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1954–1955 | Archibald Currie | ||||||||
• 1955–1958 | Johan Ferrier | ||||||||
• 1958–1963 | Severinus Desiré Emanuels | ||||||||
• 1963–1969 | Johan Adolf Pengel | ||||||||
• 1969–1973 | Jules Sedney | ||||||||
• 1973–1975 | Henck Arron | ||||||||
| Legislature | Estates of Suriname | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Proclamation of Charter | 15 December 1954 | ||||||||
• Independence | 25 November 1975 | ||||||||
| Currency | Dutch guilder (until 1962) Surinamese guilder (after 1962) | ||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | SR | ||||||||
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History
The origin of the administrative reform of 1954 was the 1941 Atlantic Charter (stating the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live, and the desire for a permanent system of general security), which was signed by the Netherlands on 1 January 1942. Changes were proposed in the 7 December 1942 radio speech by Queen Wilhelmina. In this speech, the Queen, on behalf of the Dutch government in exile in London, expressed a desire to review the relations between the Netherlands and its colonies after the end of the war. After liberation, the government would call a conference to agree on a settlement in which the overseas territories could participate in the administration of the Kingdom on the basis of equality. Initially, this speech had propaganda purposes; the Dutch government had the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in mind, and hoped to appease public opinion in the United States, which had become skeptical towards colonialism.[1]
After Indonesia became independent, a federal construction was considered too heavy, as the economies of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles were insignificant compared to that of the Netherlands. In the Charter, as enacted in 1954, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles each obtained a Minister Plenipotentiary based in the Netherlands, who had the right to participate in Dutch cabinet meetings when it discussed affairs that applied to the Kingdom as a whole, when these affairs pertained directly to Suriname and/or the Netherlands Antilles. Delegates of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles could participate in sessions of the First and Second Chambers of the States-General. An overseas member could be added to the Council of State when appropriate. According to the Charter, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles were also allowed to alter their "Basic Laws" (Staatsregeling). The right of the two autonomous countries to leave the Kingdom unilaterally, was not recognised; yet it also stipulated that the Charter could be dissolved by mutual consultation.[1]
Moving towards independence
Whereas the Dutch government initially tried to keep the former colonial possessions under Dutch sovereignty with far-reaching autonomy, this attitude changed in the 1960s, especially after the Netherlands New Guinea crisis of 1962, and the riots in Curaçao in 1969. Consensus among virtually all parties in Dutch parliament became that the costly dependencies in the Caribbean, over whose affairs the Dutch government had virtually no control, had to become independent as soon as possible. The Dutch Labour Party added to these political and economic reasonings an ideological argument: it found all remnants of colonialism wrong and a thing of the past.
When the Den Uyl cabinet took office in May 1973, it declared that it wanted the Caribbean countries within the Kingdom to become independent during its term in office. The Netherlands Antilles refused to cooperate, but Suriname proved to be a more willing partner. Though the cabinet of Jules Sedney argued that the Netherlands was acting in undue haste, and that independence should have been planned over a longer time period,[2] the newly elected government of Henck Arron declared, after Den Uyl's invitation, that Suriname would become independent by the end of 1975. After long negotiations, and with a very substantial severance package amounting to 3.5 billion Dutch guilders of Dutch aid,[3] Suriname became independent on 25 November 1975.On November 21, the statue of Queen Wilhelmina was removed from Oranjeplein. The Surinamese flag was placed there . Oranjeplein was renamed Independence Square . The last time the Dutch flag was lowered in the evening on 24 November . A big party started around midnight. The first day of an independent Republic of Suriname was celebrated in the company of Princess Beatrix, Prince Claus and Prime Minister Den Uyl. On November 25th the time had really come. Former governor Ferrier was sworn in as president, while in The Hague Queen Juliana signed the treaty of sovereignty .
Dutch Guiana
Although the colony and the constituent country have always been officially known as Surinam or Suriname, in both Dutch[4] and English,[5] the colony was often unofficially and semi-officially referred to as Dutch Guiana (Dutch: Nederlands Guiana) in the 19th and 20th centuries, in an analogy to British Guiana and French Guiana. Using this term for Suriname is problematic, however, as historically Suriname was only one of many Dutch colonies in the Guianas, others being Berbice, Essequibo, Demerara, and Pomeroon, which after being taken over by the United Kingdom in 1814 were united into British Guiana in 1831. Before 1814, the term Dutch Guiana did not describe a distinct political entity, but rather all colonies under Dutch sovereignty taken together.[6] While referring to post-1814 governors of Suriname as governors of Dutch Guiana seems harmless, it is problematic doing the same for the pre-1814 governors, as that would imply that they had jurisdiction over the other Dutch colonies in the Guianas, which they had not.
Citations
- ^ a b Meel 1999.
- ^ "Suriname was niet voorbereid op onafhankelijkheid". de Telegraaf via Nickerie.net (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ Oostindie & Klinkers 2003, p. 108.
- ^ See for example this royal decree separating Suriname from Curaçao and Dependencies (1845).
- ^ In treaties between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, the colony is consistently referred to as the Colony of Surinam, e.g. Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands, relative to the Emigration of Labourers from India to the Dutch Colony of Surinam, the Accession of the Dutch colonies of Curaçao and Surinam to the International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property.
- ^ This is e.g. how Jan Jacob Hartsinck uses the term in his Beschryving van Guiana, of de wilde kust in Zuid-America (Hartsinck 1770, pp. 257).
References
- Hartsinck, J.J. (1770), Beschryving van Guiana, of de wilde kust in Zuid-America, Amsterdam: Gerrit Tielenburg
- Meel, P. (1999). Tussen autonomie en onafhankelijkheid. Nederlands-Surinaamse betrekkingen 1954–1961. Leiden: KITLV.
- Oostindie, G.; Klinkers, I. (2003). Decolonising the Caribbean; Dutch policies in a comparative perspective. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9053566546.
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