Content deleted Content added
+image |
Rescuing 40 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.7 |
||
Line 1:
'''Horse slaughter''' is the practice of [[Slaughter (livestock)|slaughtering]] [[horse]]s to produce [[horse meat|meat]] for consumption. Humans have long consumed horse meat; the oldest known cave art, the 30,000-year-old paintings in France's [[Chauvet Cave]], depict horses with other wild animals hunted by humans.<ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" align="right" width="30%"
|+{{nowrap|Horse-meat production (2009)}}<ref>[http://www.farminguk.com/news/Argentina-Horse-Meat-world-production-figures._10249.html Argentina-Horse Meat world production figures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215063621/http://www.farminguk.com/news/Argentina-Horse-Meat-world-production-figures._10249.html |date=2013-02-15 }}, Farming UK, January 17, 2009.</ref>
|-
!Country !! Tons per year
Line 16:
|Kyrgyzstan || 25,000
|-
|United States || 25,000<ref>[http://www.meattradenewsdaily.co.uk/news/311009/argentina___the_horse_meat_industry.aspx "The horse meat industry."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211225021/http://meattradenewsdaily.co.uk/news/311009/argentina___the_horse_meat_industry.aspx |date=2011-12-11 }} ''Meat Trade News Daily'', 06 Oct 2009. In 2009, a British agriculture industry website reported the listed horse meat production levels in various countries.</ref>
|-
|Australia || 24,000
Line 49:
== Methods ==
[[File:Betäubung.jpeg|thumb|right|upright|Directions for positioning bolt gun to ensure swift humane death of animal]]
In most countries where horses are slaughtered for food, they are processed in industrial [[abattoir]]s similarly to cattle. Typically, a penetrating [[captive bolt gun]] or gunshot is used to render the animal unconscious. The blow (or shot) is intended to kill the horse instantly or stun it,<ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusfd7usca1901.htm United States Humane Slaughter Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414230027/http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusfd7usca1901.htm |date=2012-04-14 }}, § 1902 Humane Methods, retrieved May 10, 2012</ref> with [[exsanguination]] (bleeding out) conducted immediately afterwards to ensure death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grandin.com/ritual/euthanasia.slaughter.livestock.html|title=Euthanasia and slaughter of livestock|website=www.grandin.com|first=Temple|last=Grandin|date=1994|access-date=2020-09-15|archive-date=2020-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617010556/http://www.grandin.com/ritual/euthanasia.slaughter.livestock.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Saleable meat is removed from the carcass, with the remains [[Rendering (food processing)|rendered]] for other commercial uses.
According to equine-welfare advocates, the physiology of the equine cranium is such that neither the penetrating captive bolt gun nor gunshots are reliable means of killing (or stunning) a horse; the animal may be only paralyzed. Unless properly checked for vital signs, a horse may remain conscious and experience pain during skinning and butchering.<ref>[http://www.manesandtailsorganization.org/captive_bolt.htm Use of the 'Penetrating Captive Bolt' As A Means Of Rendering Equines Insensible For Slaughter Violates The Humane Slaughter Act Of 1958] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413124211/http://www.manesandtailsorganization.org/captive_bolt.htm |date=2012-04-13 }}, Manes and Tails Organization, retrieved May 10, 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.horsefund.org/horse-slaughter-images.php Horse Slaughter Images and Description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015181434/http://www.horsefund.org/horse-slaughter-images.php |date=2012-10-15 }}, Intl' Fund for Horses, retrieved May 10, 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.peta.org/action/action-alerts/Canadians--Act-Now-to-Ban-Horse-Slaughter-.aspx Canadians: Act Now to Ban Horse Slaughter!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519055844/http://www.peta.org/action/action-alerts/Canadians--Act-Now-to-Ban-Horse-Slaughter-.aspx |date=2012-05-19 }}, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, retrieved May 10, 2012,</ref>
== History ==
Line 59:
== Controversy ==
In some countries, horses are perceived as [[gods]] or as deserving of humane consideration because of their roles as working animals and for sport. This perception may be greater in countries where horses are not bred or raised for food. According to a 2012 UK [[Ipsos MORI|MORI]] survey, 50 percent of respondents in France as well as 51 percent in Belgium and 58 percent in Italy thought it acceptable to eat horses.<ref name="HSI">{{cite web|url=http://www.hsi.org/world/europe/work/horse_slaughter/factsheets/horse_slaughter_europe.html|accessdate=September 19, 2016|title=Horse slaughter and the horse-meat trade in Europe|archive-date=August 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814105610/http://www.hsi.org/world/europe/work/horse_slaughter/factsheets/horse_slaughter_europe.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Several equine and animal-welfare organizations oppose slaughter or support a ban on horse slaughter,<ref name="VFEW">{{cite web|publisher=Veterinarians for Equine Welfare|url=http://www.vetsforequinewelfare.org/white_paper.php|year=2011|accessdate=September 20, 2016|title=Horse slaughter–its ethical impact and subsequent response of the veterinary profession|archive-date=June 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607173234/http://www.vetsforequinewelfare.org/white_paper.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HS Horse slaughter">{{cite web|title=The facts about horse slaughter|url=http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/horse_slaughter/facts/facts_horse_slaughter.html|accessdate=September 20, 2016|publisher=The Humane Society of the United States|archive-date=September 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927135042/http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/horse_slaughter/facts/facts_horse_slaughter.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AWI Horse slaughter">{{cite web|url=http://awionline.org/content/horse-slaughter|title=Horse slaughter|accessdate=September 20, 2016|publisher=Animal Welfare Institute|archive-date=October 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023111250/http://awionline.org/content/horse-slaughter|url-status=live}}</ref> but other animal organizations and animal-agriculture groups support the practice. According to livestock-slaughter expert [[Temple Grandin]], horse slaughter can be humane with proper facility design and management.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Grandin|first1=Temple|title=Answering Questions about Animal Welfare during Horse Slaughter|url=http://www.grandin.com/humane/questions.answers.horse.slaughter.html|accessdate=29 January 2016|archive-date=13 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113114938/http://www.grandin.com/humane/questions.answers.horse.slaughter.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Included in animal-agriculture groups supporting horse slaughter are organizations representing the interests of traditional food-animal industries such as cattle, sheep and pigs, who are concerned that banning any animal for slaughter will lead to outlawing all meat production.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}
Stolen horses have been sold to auctions, where they are bought by "kill buyers" and shipped to slaughter. Auctions enable horses to be sold without owner consent, by theft<ref name="rhapsody">{{Citation|url=http://cjonline.com/news/2011-10-15/rhapsody-vanishes-ether-slaughter-market|title=Rhapsody vanishes into ether of slaughter market|publisher=The Topeka Capital-Journal|date=October 15, 2011|accessdate=2011-11-27|archive-date=2011-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129014555/http://cjonline.com/news/2011-10-15/rhapsody-vanishes-ether-slaughter-market|url-status=live}}</ref> or misappropriation.<ref name="salters">{{Citation|url=http://bigbendnow.com/2011/09/horse-%E2%80%98kill-buyer%E2%80%99-arrested-in-marfa-now-wanted-for-additional-livestock-theft/|title=Kill buyer once arrested in Marfa, now on the run from more charges|publisher=The Big Bend Sentinel|date=September 15, 2011|accessdate=2011-11-27|archive-date=2012-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424060849/http://bigbendnow.com/2011/09/horse-%E2%80%98kill-buyer%E2%80%99-arrested-in-marfa-now-wanted-for-additional-livestock-theft/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to California Livestock and Identification Bureau statistics, the 1998 ban on horse slaughter in California was followed by a 34-percent decrease in horse theft.<ref name="hsus-horse-facts">{{Citation|url=http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/horse_slaughter/facts/facts_horse_slaughter.html|title=The Facts on Horse Slaughter|publisher=The Humane Society of the United States|date=January 25, 2010|accessdate=2011-11-29|archive-date=2011-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128165134/http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/horse_slaughter/facts/facts_horse_slaughter.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="awi-horse-facts">{{Citation|url=http://www.awionline.org/content/horse-slaughter-facts-faqs|title=Horse Slaughter Facts and FAQs|publisher=Animal Welfare Institute|accessdate=2011-11-29|archive-date=2012-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115202927/http://www.awionline.org/content/horse-slaughter-facts-faqs|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Long-distance transport===
One concern about the welfare of horses destined for slaughter is the long distances the horses are sometimes transported to a slaughterhouse. In 2013, 32,841 horses were slaughtered in Italy; of these, 32,316 were transported from other EU states.<ref name="HSI2014">{{cite web|publisher=Humane Society International|title=Facts and figures on the EU horsemeat trade|url=http://www.hsi.org/search-results.html?q=facts+and+figures+horse|year=2014|accessdate=September 19, 2016|archive-date=January 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073516/http://www.hsi.org/search-results.html?q=facts+and+figures+horse|url-status=live}}</ref>
== United States ==
=== Food safety ===
Horses in the United States are not bred or raised for meat. Nearly all equine medications and treatments are labeled, "Not for horses intended for human consumption." Meat from American horses raises a number of potential health concerns, primarily due to the routine use of medications banned in food animals and a lack of tracking of such use. Unlike livestock raised for food (where all potential medications are tested for withdrawal times and vigilantly tracked), there is no way to guarantee which medications have been used in a particular horse. During November and December 2010 inspections of EU-regulated plants in Mexico which slaughtered horses for human consumption, the European Commission Food and Veterinary Office (FVO) uncovered violations.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120405004350/http://horsebackmagazine.com/hb/archives/8591 Horsebackmagazine.com] "In a report filed by the FVO (Food and Veterinary Office), a number of serious violations and actions taken were cited, including these noted by Animals’ Angels. Two out of five establishments failed to meet EU requirements relating to slaughter hygiene and water quality. Additionally, there were non-traceable carcasses, a number of which were in contact with EU eligible horse meat. No export certificates will be issued until these issues are satisfactorily resolved. Random samples were taken from horse meat processed in 2008, 2009 and 2010 tested positive for EU prohibited drug residues. Sworn statements made by horse owners on veterinary medical treatment histories were not authenticated and proven false, including cases of positive results for EU prohibited drug residues. From January and October 2010, of the 62,560 US horses shipped to slaughter 5,336 were rejected at the border due to advanced pregnancy, health problems or injuries. In a visit to one US export pen, 12 of the 30 horses held there were rejected."</ref> Most American horses destined for slaughter are transported to EU-regulated plants in Mexico and Canada. Horses, unlike traditional food animals in the United States, are not raised (or medicated) with the intent of becoming human food. Because American horses are not intended for the human food chain, they often receive medications banned by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] for use in food animals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bettingroyalascot.co.uk/|title=Royal Ascot 2021 | News | Runners | Betting on Ascot | Dates & Times|access-date=2020-09-15|archive-date=2020-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824082311/https://www.bettingroyalascot.co.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref> Concern also exists that horse meat will be mixed with ground-beef products<ref>{{cite web|last=Strom|first=Stephanie|title=U.S.D.A May Approve Horse Slaughtering|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/01/business/usda-may-approve-horse-slaughter-plant.html?_r=0|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2014-04-19|archive-date=2013-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130103913/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/01/business/usda-may-approve-horse-slaughter-plant.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref> and sold improperly labeled in the US, as occurred during the European [[2013 horse meat scandal]].
Before 2007, three major equine [[slaughterhouse]]s operated in the United States: Dallas Crown in [[Kaufman, Texas]]; Beltex Corporation in [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]], and Cavel International in [[DeKalb, Illinois]]. All were Belgian-owned, with Multimeat also having French and Dutch ownership; Velda owned Cavel, Multimeat owned Beltex and Chevideco owned Dallas Crown. The slaughterhouses exported about $42 million in horse meat annually, with most going overseas. About 10 percent of their output was sold to zoos to feed their carnivores, and 90 percent was shipped to Europe and Asia for human consumption. Although the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] voted overwhelmingly to end horse slaughter in 2006, the bill never came to a vote before the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. The two [[Texas]] horse-slaughter plants were ordered closed in 2007, after protracted battles with local municipalities who objected to their financial drain on the municipalities (no tax revenue), ditches of blood, dismembered foals and noxious odors in residential neighborhoods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nashvillescene.com/pitw/archives/2010/04/09/former-mayor-horse-slaughterhouses-a-drain-on-taxpayers-never-mind-the-ditches-of-blood|title=Former Mayor: Horse Slaughterhouses a Drain on Taxpayers — Never Mind the Ditches of Blood | Pith in the Wind}}</ref> Later that year, the Cavel plant was closed after local community action.<ref name=huffington>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20070629/horse-slaughter/|title=Last US Horse Slaughterhouse to Close|author=Tara Burghart|date=June 29, 2007|publisher=The Huffington Post|accessdate=2007-07-16|archive-date=2007-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702184807/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20070629/horse-slaughter/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The director of equine protection of [[the Humane Society of the United States]] reported seizing large numbers of horses, and equine-rescue facilities were taking in more horses than ever despite a record number of horses shipped to Canada and Mexico for slaughter.<ref name="suntimes">{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/commentary/letters/364678,CST-EDT-VOX01a.article |publisher=Chicago Sun-Times |title=Don't ban horse slaughter in Illinois |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008151030/http://www.suntimes.com/news/commentary/letters/364678%2CCST-EDT-VOX01a.article |archivedate=2007-10-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Amy Hamilton, [http://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/article_97d6bcfc-2298-561e-963c-9b87c2817687.html Horse abandonment rises] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805181103/http://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/article_97d6bcfc-2298-561e-963c-9b87c2817687.html |date=2017-08-05 }}, January 24, 2010, trib.com</ref><ref>[http://www.gazette.com/articles/horse-93019-abandonment-junction.html Cases of horse neglect, abandonment growing in Colorado] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825175915/http://www.gazette.com/articles/horse-93019-abandonment-junction.html |date=2012-08-25 }}, January 24, 2010, Colorado Springs Gazette</ref> The equine market was saturated by increased breeding.<ref name=consequences>[http://www.animalwelfarecouncil.com/html/pdf/consequences.pdf The unintended consequences of a ban on the humane slaughter (processing) of horses in the United States] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707143541/http://www.animalwelfarecouncil.com/html/pdf/consequences.pdf |date=2011-07-07 }}, Animal Welfare Council, Inc.</ref>
In March 2012, Wyoming state Representative Sue Wallis proposed a new horse-meat processing plant in Missouri or Arkansas. According to Wallis, she had six million dollars to invest and support from Belgian horse-meat buyers.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://horsebackmagazine.com/hb/archives/14512|title=Horse slaughter promoter alleges death threats to YMCA director|date=March 10, 2012|journal=Horseback Magazine|access-date=May 28, 2012|archive-date=April 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426082441/http://horsebackmagazine.com/hb/archives/14512|url-status=live}}</ref> In May Wallis sought local investors in Wyoming to help finance the plant, which she said could cost between two and six million dollars and would process up to 200 horses a day for sale abroad and to ethnic markets in the US.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/horse-slaughterhouse-planned-for-wyoming/article_f7ee4c06-a449-11e1-9a35-001a4bcf887a.html|title=Horse slaughterhouse planned for Wyoming|date=May 22, 2012|publisher=Star-Tribune|author=Pelzer, J.|accessdate=September 20, 2016|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918220553/https://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/horse-slaughterhouse-planned-for-wyoming/article_f7ee4c06-a449-11e1-9a35-001a4bcf887a.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013 the [[Barack Obama|Obama]] Administration proposed the removal of funding for [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] inspection of horse-slaughter plants in the 2014 fiscal year, which would prevent horse slaughter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://horsetalk.co.nz/2013/04/11/white-house-proposes-move-block-horse-slaughter/#.UW_j8KL-Elc|title=White House proposes move to block horse slaughter|date=April 11, 2013|publisher=Horsetalk.co.nz|accessdate=September 20, 2016|archive-date=October 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011164618/http://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2013/04/11/white-house-proposes-move-block-horse-slaughter/#.UW_j8KL-Elc|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Federal bills===
Efforts have been made to create a federal law ending the slaughter of American horses for human consumption.<ref name="saponline">{{Cite web|url=https://awionline.org/content/safeguard-american-food-exports-safe-act|title=Safeguard American Food Exports (SAFE) Act|website=Animal Welfare Institute|access-date=2020-09-15|archive-date=2020-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708095355/https://awionline.org/content/safeguard-american-food-exports-safe-act|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 8, 2006, the House of Representatives passed a bill which would have made killing or selling American horses for human consumption illegal in the United States; however, it was not passed by the Senate.<ref name="qjnet">
Two bills, H.R. 503 in the House and S. 1915 in the Senate, were introduced in the [[109th United States Congress|109th Congress]] to prevent the slaughter of horses for human consumption. H.R. 503 was passed by the House on September 7, 2006, by a recorded vote of 263–146.<ref>[http://thomas.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:HR00503:@@@S Bill Summary & Status : 109th Congress (2005–2006) : H.R.503 : All Congressional Actions with Amendments].</ref> S. 1915 was read twice, referred to committee and not voted on.<ref>[http://thomas.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN01915:@@@X Bill Summary & Status : 109th Congress (2005–2006) : S.1915 : All Congressional Actions].</ref> Both bills died at the end of the 109th Congress, and were reintroduced in the [[110th United States Congress|110th Congress]] on January 17, 2007 as H.R. 503 and S. 311.<ref>H.R.503 was referred to committee and not reported out for a vote.[http://thomas.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:HR00503:@@@X Bill Summary & Status : 110th Congress (2007–2008) : H.R.503 : All Congressional Actions].</ref> S. 311 was reported out but not taken up for a vote.<ref>[http://thomas.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:SN00311:@@@X Bill Summary & Status : 110th Congress (2007–2008) : S.311 : All Congressional Actions].</ref> The bills were not reintroduced in the [[111th United States Congress|111th Congress]]. Two bills were introduced in the 112th Congress: H.R. 2966 and S. 1176, the American Horse Slaughter Prevention Act of 2011. The latter was introduced on July 9, 2011 by Senators Mary Landrieu (D-LA) and Lindsey Graham (R-SC) to amend the [[Horse Protection Act of 1970]] ({{usctc|15|44}}) to prohibit the shipping, transporting, moving, delivering, receiving, possessing, purchasing, selling, or donation of horses and other equines to be slaughtered for human consumption.<ref>[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-112s1176is/pdf/BILLS-112s1176is.pdf S.1176] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106173127/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-112s1176is/pdf/BILLS-112s1176is.pdf |date=2012-11-06 }}, June 9, 2011, Government Printing Office.</ref>
{{anchor|Transportation of horses for slaughter}}
Line 89:
Although the [[United States Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]] has officers at enforcement points to ensure the proper transportation of horses, it has no jurisdiction beyond transportation. Horses that "are severely lame or disabled are not accepted at the plants".{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}
A 1998 USDA [[Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service]] survey to determine welfare problems during equine transport to slaughter found severe problems in 7.7 percent of the transported horses; most arose from owner neglect or abuse, rather than transportation. The report recommended fining individuals who transport horses unfit for travel.<ref name="Grandin">Dr. Temple Grandin: [http://www.grandin.com/references/horse.transport.html Survey of Trucking Practices and Injury to Slaughter Horses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415163749/http://www.grandin.com/references/horse.transport.html |date=2007-04-15 }}.</ref> However, despite those recommendations, in an April 2011 report on equine transport violations, of 458 violators and 280 cases reported since February 1, 2002, 51 violators were fined a total of $781,350. The highest fines imposed were $230,000.00 on Charles Carter of [[Colorado]], $162,000 on Leroy Baker of [[Ohio]] and $77,825 on Bill Richardson of Texas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animalsangels.org/files/images/IES%20Cases%202002-2012.pdf|title=IES Cases 2002–2012|accessdate=July 7, 2017|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918220616/http://www.animalsangels.org/files/images/IES%20Cases%202002-2012.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2007–2015 investigation by Animals' Angels found overcrowded pens, aggression, rough handling, transport with no rest, untreated injuries and no water or food for more than the 28 hours required by law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animalsangels.org/files/images/stories/pdf/Animals%27%20Angels%20horse%20slaughter%20compilation%20report%20-%20short%20paper-edited.pdf|title=Savage Passage: Down the horse slaughter gauntlet|accessdate=July 7, 2017|archive-date=March 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319023617/http://www.animalsangels.org/files/images/stories/pdf/Animals%27%20Angels%20horse%20slaughter%20compilation%20report%20-%20short%20paper-edited.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On February 22, 2007, Representative Robert Molaro introduced HB1711 to the [[Illinois General Assembly]] to prohibit the transport of horses into the state for the sole purpose of slaughter for human consumption.
US Department of Agriculture regulations govern the transportation of horses,<ref>[http://cfr.vlex.com/vid/88-3-standards-for-conveyances-19609827 9 CFR 88.3 - Standards for conveyances] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813094630/http://cfr.vlex.com/vid/88-3-standards-for-conveyances-19609827 |date=2011-08-13 }}, [http://vlex.com/ vlex.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302144451/http://vlex.com/ |date=2011-03-02 }}.</ref> but the USDA has said that it does not have the resources for enforcement.<ref name=hr305a>[http://www.animallawcoalition.com/horse-slaughter/article/652 H.R. 305 Passes House Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126163119/http://www.animallawcoalition.com/horse-slaughter/article/652 |date=2011-01-26 }}, [http://www.animallawcoalition.com/ animallawcoalition.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524051947/http://www.animallawcoalition.com/ |date=2009-05-24 }}.</ref> In 2009, a bill which would have prohibited the interstate transport of live horses in double-deck [[horse trailer]]s passed out of committee in the House of Representatives and was placed on the [[Union Calendar]].<ref name=hr305a /> The bill died at the end of the 111th Congress.
On November 18, 2011, the ban on the slaughter of horses for meat was lifted as part of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2012.<ref>{{cite news | title = Horse: Coming soon to a meat case near you? | url = http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2011/11/30/horse-coming-soon-to-a-meat-case-near-you/ | accessdate = 2011-12-01 | publisher = [[CNN]] | date = November 30, 2011 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111202170850/http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2011/11/30/horse-coming-soon-to-a-meat-case-near-you/ | archivedate = December 2, 2011 }}</ref> However, it was reestablished by Congress on January 14, 2014 with the passage of the Fiscal Year 2014 Omnibus Appropriations Act.<ref>{{cite web | title = Congress Reinstates Annual Ban on Horse Slaughter | url = http://www.awionline.org/content/congress-reinstates-annual-ban-horse-slaughter | accessdate = 2014-03-14 | publisher = [[Animal Welfare Institute]] | archive-date = 2014-03-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140314191618/http://www.awionline.org/content/congress-reinstates-annual-ban-horse-slaughter | url-status = live }}</ref>
On March 12, 2013 Senators Landrieu and Graham introduced S. 541, the Safeguard American Food Exports (SAFE) Act of 2013. The SAFE Act amends the [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]] to deem equine (horses and other members of the family Equidae) parts an unsafe food additive or animal drug. The SAFE Act also prohibits the knowing sale or transport of equines (or equine parts) in interstate or foreign commerce for human consumption. An identical version of the bill, H.R. 1094, was introduced in the House of Representatives by Representatives Patrick Meehan (R-PA) and Jan Schakowsky (D-IL).<ref>{{cite web | title = National Animal Welfare Groups, Veterinarians and Horse Owners Applaud Federal Efforts to Protect Horses and the Public | URL = https://awionline.org/content/animal-welfare-groups-applaud-federal-efforts-protect-horses | accessdate = 2014-03-14 | publisher = [[Animal Welfare Institute]] | archive-date = 2014-03-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140314191719/https://awionline.org/content/animal-welfare-groups-applaud-federal-efforts-protect-horses | url-status = live }}</ref>
=== Texas judicial ruling 2007 ===
Line 117:
== United Kingdom ==
In the European [[2013 horse meat scandal]], foods advertised as containing beef were found to contain undeclared or improperly declared horse meat—100 percent of the meat content, in some cases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21375594|title=Findus lasagne beef '100% horsemeat'|date=February 7, 2013|via=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=September 15, 2020|archive-date=March 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329055853/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21375594|url-status=live}}</ref> A smaller number of products also contained other undeclared meats, such as pork.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/16/tesco-burgers-off-shelves-horsemeat|title=Cameron tells supermarkets: horsemeat burger scandal unacceptable|date=January 16, 2013|website=the Guardian|access-date=September 15, 2020|archive-date=September 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906164601/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/16/tesco-burgers-off-shelves-horsemeat|url-status=live}}</ref> The issue came to light on January 15, 2013, when it was reported that equine DNA had been discovered in frozen beefburgers sold at several Irish and British supermarkets.
== References ==
| |||