Bryan–Chamorro Treaty: Difference between revisions

The democratically elected and reform-minded Liberal Party president [[José Santos Zelaya|José Santos Zelaya López]] had incurred the wrath of the United States by negotiating with [[France]], [[Germany]] and [[Japan]] to resurrect the proposed [[Nicaragua Canal]], which might constitute potential future foreign competition with the newly built US-owned [[Panama Canal]]. After supporting an insurgency against the government led by Conservative Party insurgents [[Emiliano Chamorro]] and [[Juan José Estrada]] with arms, funds, troops, warships and economic measures, the United States eventually forced the popular previous liberal presidents José Zelaya and his successor [[Jose Madriz]] to flee the country. The United States then installed the conservative governments of first Juan José Estrada (soon deposed by the powerful Secretary of War [[Luis Mena]]) and then the former vice president [[Adolfo Diaz]]. When General Luis Mena convinced the [[National Assembly]] to name him successor to the unpopular pro-US Adolfo Diaz, the United States invaded and occupied Nicaragua militarily from 1912 to 1933, wrote a new constitution for the country, changed the National Assembly, and propped up successive conservative regimes under the presidents Adolfo Diaz, Emiliano Chamorro, and [[Diego Manuel Chamorro Bolaños|Diego Manuel Chamorro]]. Luis Mena fled into the countryside to start a rebellion, which continued under various leaders for the next 60 years. In exchange for [[concession (contract)|political concessions]] from Adolfo Diaz, the United States provided the military strength to suppress popular revolt and ensure the conservative regime maintained control over the Nicaraguan government. For much of the 20th century Nicaragua remained controlled under the [[hereditary dictatorship]] of the Chamorro and after 1936 the Somoza dynasties, until widespread rebellions forced them out of power in the 1970s.<ref name="Brief">{{cite book|last1=Pérez-Brignoli|first1=Héctor|last2=translated by Sawrey A.|first2=Ricardo B.|last3=Sawrey|first3=Susana Stettri de|title=A Brief History of Central America|date=1989|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0520060494|edition=2nd}}</ref>{{rp|111, 197}}<ref>{{cite news|title=US violence for a century: Nicaragua: 1912–33|url=http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=12191|work=Socialist Worker|accessdate=2007-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Munro |first=Dana Gardner |date=1964 |title=Intervention and Dollar Diplomacy in the Caribbean, 1900-1921 |url=https://archive.org/details/interventiondoll0000munr|url-access=registration |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/interventiondoll0000munr/page/205 205] |isbn=9780691625010}}</ref><ref name=Musicant>{{Cite book |last=Musicant |first=Ivan |year=1990 |title=The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama |location=ew York |publisher=MacMillan Publishing |isbn=978-0-02-588210-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bananawarshistor00musi }}</ref>{{rp|143}}