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Line 16: ==Völkner's murder== [[File:Church of St Stephen the Martyr, Opotiki.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Church of St Stephen the Martyr at ~~Opotiki~~Ōpōtiki]] Among the Māori community, Volkner was rumoured to be a government spy. It was thought he sent Governor George Grey a plan of a pa near Te Awamutu where British troops burned women and children alive in a whare that had been converted to a church. The wife and two daughters of Kereopa were among the victims. Pai Mārire (or Hauhau) arrived in the [[~~Opotiki~~Ōpōtiki]] area of the [[Bay of Plenty]] in February 1865. On 2 March Protestant missionary Carl Völkner discovered that his Māori congregation had moved on from [[Christianity]] to Pai Mārire (or Hauhau). Like many Europeans in isolated communities, Völkner had sent reports of anti-Government activity to the governor. Although warned to stay away from the town, on his next visit he was captured, put on trial and hanged from a tree, and his body was decapitated an hour later. [[Kereopa Te Rau]], a Hauhau, was alleged to have re-entered the church and conducted a service with Völkner's head in the pulpit beside him. He was also alleged to have plucked out the dead missionary's eyes and swallowed them. One eye allegedly represented Parliament and the other the Queen and British law. News of the murder caused great alarm and anger among [[Pākehā]]. ==Response== For several months nothing happened—then came the capture of Weraroa Pa—the relief of the siege of [[Pipiriki]] in August 1865 that virtually ended that phase of the [[Second Taranaki War]]. This freed up the militia for action elsewhere. In September 1865, the forces then available to the New Zealand government, some 500 men, were transported by [[HMS Eclipse (1860)\|''HMS Eclipse'']] from [[Wanganui]] through [[Cook Strait]], around the [[East Cape]] to ~~Opotiki~~Ōpōtiki. The composition of this force was significant. There were four companies of militia, a troop of cavalry and a contingent of [[Ngāti Hau]] warriors led by [[Te Keepa Te Rangihiwinui]]. These were the units that had already been campaigning together during the Taranaki War and had a history of successful cooperation and mutual respect. The landing at ~~Opotiki~~Ōpōtiki was accomplished with difficulty. One of the ships ran aground on a falling tide and came under fire from the shore. Eventually it had to be abandoned and the crew and militia waded ashore but it was another twenty-four hours before the other ships were able to land their men and supplies. As soon as they were established and the snipers driven away, the militia occupied the church where Völkner had been murdered. While some of the Pākehā soldiers worked at turning this into a fortress, the others with Keepa and the Ngāti Hau were turned loose on the countryside. They employed the military tactic of denying the enemy food supplies, keeping what they needed and destroying the rest. Beyond a few muskets the East Coast Hauhau lacked many modern weapons with which to defend themselves. This accounts for the numerous one-sided battles and the Hauhau resorting to attempted treachery to defeat the government forces. It was made clear to them that these depredations would continue until the men responsible for the murder of Völkner were captured or surrendered. But the man they wanted most, Kereopa, had retreated to [[Tuhoe]] lands in the [[Te Urewera\|Urewera]] mountains and had no intention of surrendering. ==Aftermath== By the end of October the local tribe's position was desperate. Some twenty of its chiefs surrendered and were shipped to [[Auckland]] for trial. Five of them received the [[death penalty]] and were hanged the following year. Large areas of land around ~~Opotiki~~Ōpōtiki were [[New Zealand land confiscations\|confiscated]] under the ''New Zealand Settlements Act of 1863'' and sold to settlers. In the early 1870s, the Ureweras were invaded by the government forces searching for [[Te Kooti]] and the Tuhoe were effectively conquered and subdued. They were forced to yield Kereopa to [[Ropata Wahawaha]], and he was tried and hanged for Völkner's murder on 5 January 1872. Some Crown witnesses in the trial were given immunity from prosecution in exchange for their testimony, and Kereopa had no defence witnesses because the Crown would not pay for their travel from Napier. The jury took only about 15 minutes to return their verdict. Kereopa's iwi Ngati Rangiwewehi say that the trial had a predetermined outcome and was a miscarriage of justice.<ref name=pardon />

Völkner incident: Difference between revisions