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He was born the youngest son of Elijah Impey and his wife Martha, daughter of James Fraser and was educated at [[Westminster School]] with [[Warren Hastings]], who was his intimate friend throughout life. He proceeded to [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] in 1752, graduating in 1756 as the second Chancellor's classical medallist.<ref>{{acad|id=IMY752E|name=Impey, Elijah}}</ref>
Having been called to the bar in 1756, he was appointed the first chief justice of the new supreme court at [[Calcutta]] in 1773 and knighted<ref>{{
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En route to India he learned [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Urdu]], and once there studied [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name="BBC-50542353">{{cite web |title=The forgotten Indian artists of British India |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-50542353 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=30 November 2019 |date=30 November 2019}}</ref> with his wife [[Mary Impey|Mary]] (née Reade), from 1777, he hired local artists to paint the various birds, animals and native plants, life-sized where possible, and in natural surrounds. The collection, often known as the ''[[Impey Album]]''.<ref name="BBC-50542353" />
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