Hindustani classical music: Difference between revisions

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'''Hindustani classical music''' ({{IPA-hns|hin̪d̪us̪t̪ɑːn̪i|}}) is the [[Indian classical music|traditional music]] of northern regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It may also be called ''North Indian classical music'' or ''Śāstriya Saṅgīt''. Its origins date from the 12th century [[Common Era|CE]], when it diverged from [[Carnatic music]], the classical tradition of southern regions of the Indian subcontinent.
 
Hindustani classical music has strongly influenced [[Indonesia]]n classical music and [[Dangdut]] popular music, especially in instrumentation, melody, and beat. Besides [[vocal music]], which is considered to be of primary importance, its main instruments are the [[sitar]] and [[sarod]]. Classical music can be divided into melody and rhythm; there is no concept of harmony.
 
== History ==
Around the 12<sup>th</sup>12th century, Hindustani classical music diverged from what eventually came to be identified as [[Carnatic classical music]]. <BR><BR>Hindustani music places more emphasis on improvisation and exploring all aspects of a raga, while Carnatic music wasis primarily composition-based. The central notion in both these systems is that of a melodic [[musical mode|mode]] or ''[[raga]]'', sung to a rhythmic cycle or ''[[Tala (music)|tala]]''. These principles were refined in the musical treatises ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', by [[Bharata Muni|Bharata]] (2<sup>nd</sup>–3<sup>rd</sup>2nd–3rd century CE), and ''[[Dattilam]]'' (probably 3<sup>rd</sup>– 4<sup>th</sup>3rd–4th century CE).<ref>A Study of Dattilam: A Treatise on the Sacred Music of Ancient India, 1978, p 283, Mukunda Lāṭha, Dattila</ref>
 
In medieval times, the melodic systems were fused with ideas from Persian music, particularly through the influence of Sufi composers like [[Amir Khusro]], and later in the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] courts,. notedNoted composers such as [[Tansen]] flourished, along with religious groups like the [[Vaishnavite]]s.
 
After the 16th century, the singing styles diversified into different [[gharana]]s patronized in different princely courts. Around 1900, [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]] consolidated the musical structures of Hindustani classical music, called [[raga]]s, into a number of [[thaat]]s. This is a very flawed system but is somewhat useful as a heuristic.