Totok: Difference between revisions

'''Totok''' is an [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] term of unknown origin colloquially used in [[Indonesia]] to refer to individuals of foreign origin ([[Dutch people|Dutch]], other [[European ethnic groups|European]] or [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]] descent) who lived in the [[Dutch East Indies]] until [[Indonesian National Revolution|Indonesian independence]] in 1945.<ref name="Dutch">{{cite book | last = Ulbe Bosma & Remco Raben| authorlink = | title = Being "Dutch" in the Indies: A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500–1920|edition= 11 April 1996|pages= 186–286 | publisher = National University of Singapore Press| isbn= 978-0-89680-261-2}}</ref><ref>Charles A. Coppel, "Diaspora and hybridity: ''Peranakan'' Chinese culture in Indonesia", in ''Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora'', edited by Chee-Beng Tan, pp. 346-347</ref><!-- the declaration of independence was in 1945 --> In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it was popularised among colonists in [[History of Jakarta|Batavia]], who initially coined the term to describe the foreign born and new immigrants of "pure blood" – as opposed to [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasian]]s or [[Indo people|Indo]]s.<ref>Willems, Wim "Tjalie Robinson; Biografie van een Indo-schrijver" Chapter: Een Totok als vader (Publisher: Bert Bakker, 2008) P.45 {{ISBN|9789035133099}}</ref> When more Dutchmen were born in the East Indies, the term gained significance in describing those of exclusive European ancestry, or local creoles closer to that side of the racial spectrum.<ref name="Dutch"/>