Imperial Household Department: Difference between revisions

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The '''Imperial Household Department''' ({{zh|t=內務府|s=内务府|p=Nèiwùfǔ}}; [[Manchu language|Manchu]]: ''Dorgi baita be uheri kadalara yamun'') was an institution of the [[Qing dynasty]] of [[China]]. Its primary purpose was to manage the internal affairs of the [[Aisin-Gioro|Qing imperial family]] and the activities of the [[Forbidden City#Inner Court|inner palace]] (in which tasks it largely replaced [[Eunuch (court official)#China|eunuchs]]), but it also played an important role in Qing relations with [[Tibet history#Khoshud.2C Dzungars.2C and Manchu|Tibet]] and [[Mongolia]], engaged in trading activities (jade, [[ginseng]], salt, furs, etc.), managed textile factories in the [[Jiangnan]] region, and even published books.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rawski|title=The Last Emperors|year=1998|page=[https://books.google.com/books?ct=result&id=5iN5J9G76h0C&dq=%22last+emperors%22+rawski&ots=8pMsIOKvDd&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&sig=ACfU3U382qoo8UvzWEC9WwVYnCbRnkPOQg&q=neiwufu#PPA179,M1 179]-80}}</ref>
 
This department was also in charge of the ceremonial and spiritual activities of the Qing imperial household. These activities include the maintenance of the mausoleums of Qing emperors, polytheist worships and posthumous affairs of the royal family(The giving of [[temple names]] and [[Posthumousposthumous names]]).<ref>Grand-archive of the institutions and regulations of Qing. (大清會典).ver.1899.vol.1178-96.</ref>
==Origins==
The Department was established before the [[Manchu people|Manchu]]-led Qing dynasty defeated the [[Ming dynasty]] in 1644, but it became mature only after 1661, following the death of the [[Shunzhi Emperor]] and the accession of his son, who reigned as the [[Kangxi Emperor]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rawski|first=Evelyn S.|title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions|publisher=Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press|year=1998|page=[https://books.google.com/books?ct=result&id=5iN5J9G76h0C&dq=%22last+emperors%22+rawski&ots=8pMsIOKvDd&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&sig=ACfU3U382qoo8UvzWEC9WwVYnCbRnkPOQg&q=neiwufu#PPA179,M1 179]|isbn=0-520-21289-4 |id=ISBN 9780520212893}}</ref>
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==Divisions==
The central administration of the imperial household department was carried out by its Chancery. Under the chancery, there were 7 Si(司), 3 Yuan(院) as well as numerous properties in different regions of China.<ref>Grand-archive of the institutions and regulations of Qing(大清會典).ver.1764</ref> One Grand chancellor of [[Chinese Court Ranks|senior second rank]] was set at the top of the department. To assist the work of the Grand chancellor, there were 37 [[Bithesibithesi]] ({{Lang-zh|c=筆帖式|s=|t=}},Secretaries) 1 Langzhonglangzhong (senior fifth rank) and 1 Zhushizhushi (senior sixth rank).<ref>General Annals of Eight banners.vol.45</ref>
 
Below are some of the many bureaus that were supervised by the Chancery of the Imperial Household Department (Ch.: Zongguan neiwufu yamen 總管內務府衙門) in [[Beijing]]: