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Thiscrund68 (talk | contribs) I updated the article with latest research reports. The current article is full of outdated info. |
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{{About|male circumcision and HIV|female circumcision and HIV|Female genital cutting#HIV}}
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Evidence supports that male [[circumcision]] prevents [[HIV infection]] in men who have sex with women.<ref name=Krieger2011>{{cite journal |author=Krieger JN |title=Male circumcision and HIV infection risk |journal=World Journal of Urology |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |date=May 2011 |pmid=21590467 |doi=10.1007/s00345-011-0696-x |type= Review}}</ref><ref name=Siegfried2009>{{cite journal |author=Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks JJ, Volmink J |title=Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=2 |pages=CD003362 |year=2009 |pmid=19370585 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003362.pub2 |editor1-last=Siegfried |editor1-first=Nandi |type= Review}}</ref> In 2011, the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS ([[UNAIDS]]) stated that male circumcision could be an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention if carried out by well trained medical professionals and under clean conditions.<ref name="WHO-GTPDSA">{{cite web
| url = http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241596169_eng.pdf
| title = Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability
| accessdate = 2009-03-04
| year = 2007
| publisher = [[World Health Organization]]
|format=PDF}}
</ref><ref name="WHO-C&R">{{cite journal
| title = New Data on Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention: Policy and Programme Implications
| publisher = [[World Health Organization]]
| date = March 28, 2007
| url = http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/MCrecommendations_en.pdf
| format = PDF
| id =
| accessdate = 2007-08-13
}}
</ref><ref name="WHOpr0307">{{cite web |title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention |publisher=World Health Organisation |date=March 2007 |url=http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news68/en/index.html}}</ref> The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|United States Disease Control Center]] states that circumcision reduces the risk that a man will acquire HIV and other STIs from an infected female partner.
<ref name="CDC-2013">{{cite web |title=Male Circumcision |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |year=2013 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/research/malecircumcision/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221002411/http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/research/malecircumcision/ |archivedate=2013-12-21}}</ref>
A meta-analysis of data from fifteen [[observational study|observational studies]] of [[men who have sex with men]] found "insufficient evidence that male circumcision protects against HIV infection or other STIs."<ref name=
▲A meta-analysis of data from fifteen [[observational study|observational studies]] of [[men who have sex with men]] found "insufficient evidence that male circumcision protects against HIV infection or other STIs."<ref name="Millett" /> The CDC concludes "There are as yet no convincing data to help determine whether male circumcision will have any effect on HIV risk for men who engage in anal sex with either a female or male partner, as either the insertive or receptive partner." <ref name="CDC-2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/research/malecircumcision/|title=Male Circumcision|year=2013|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221002411/http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/research/malecircumcision/|archivedate=2013-12-21}}</ref>
== Men who have sex with men ==
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==Recommendations==
In 2007 the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) reviewed the evidence that had accumulated around male circumcision and HIV.<ref name=za25>{{cite book |editors=Rohleder P, Cameron E, Swartz L, Simbayi L |vauthors=Taljaard D, Chimbwete C |work=HIV/AIDS in South Africa 25 Years On: Psychosocial Perspectives |year=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4419-0306-8 |pages=323– |title=HIV and Circumcision}}</ref> The WHO and [[UNAIDS]] issued joint recommendations concerning male circumcision and HIV/AIDS.<ref name="WHOpr0307"
* Male circumcision should now be recognized as an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention.
* Promoting male circumcision should be recognized as an additional, important strategy for the prevention of heterosexually acquired HIV infection in men.<ref name="WHO-C&R"
* Circumcision should only be allowed and carried out under condition of informed consent (parents consent for their infant boys).
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}}</ref>
The UNAIDS/WHO/SACEMA Expert Group on Modelling the Impact and Cost of Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention found "large benefits" of circumcision in settings with high HIV prevalence and low circumcision prevalence. The Group estimated "one HIV infection being averted for every five to 15 male circumcisions performed, and costs to avert one HIV infection ranging from US$150 to US$900 using a 10-y time horizon".<ref>{{cite journal|type=Review |author=UNAIDS/WHO/SACEMA Expert Group on Modelling the Impact and Cost of Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention |title=Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in High HIV Prevalence Settings: What Can Mathematical Modelling Contribute to Informed Decision Making? |journal=PLoS Med |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=e1000109 |url=http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000109 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000109 |pmid=19901974 |year=2009 |pmc=2731851}}</ref> McAllister ''et al.'' estimated that consistent condom use is 95 times more cost effective than circumcision at reducing the rate of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa;<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mcallister RG, Travis JW, Bollinger D, Rutiser C, Sundar V | title = The cost to circumcise Africa | journal = [[International Journal of Men's Health]] | publisher = Men's Studies Press | volume = 7| issue = 3 | year = Fall 2008 | doi = 10.3149/jmh.0703.307 | pages = 307–316 | url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+cost+to+circumcise+Africa.-a0189486243 | issn = 1532-6306 }}(Online {{ISSN|1933-0278}})</ref> the World Health Organisation states that circumcision is "highly cost-effective" in comparison to other HIV interventions when data from the South African trial are used, but less cost-effective when data from the Ugandan trial are used.<ref name="WHO-GTPDSA"
Van Howe ''et al.'' criticize the drive to promote circumcision in Africa, asking "Why are circumcision proponents expending so much time and energy promoting mass circumcision to North Americans when their supposed aim is to prevent HIV in Africa? The circumcision rate is declining in the US, especially on the west coast; the two North American national paediatric organisations have elected not to endorse the practice, and the practice’s legality has been questioned in both the medical and legal literature. ‘Playing the HIV card’ misdirects the fear understandably generated in North Americans by the HIV/AIDS pandemic into a concrete action: the perpetuation of the outdated practice of neonatal circumcision."<ref>{{cite journal
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