Venpet–Venoil collision: Difference between revisions

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{{Location map~|Eastern Cape|lon_dir=E|lat_dir=S|lat_deg=34|lat_min=11|lat_sec=49|lon_deg=24|lon_min=50|lon_sec=17|label=Cape St Francis|position=right}}
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The ships met on the morning of 16 December 1977.<ref name="IncidentNews: Venoil">{{cite news|url=http://www.incidentnews.gov/incident/6239 |accessdate=2011-05-06 |title=IncidentNews: Venoil |publisher=incidentnews.gov}}</ref> The ''Venoil'' was en route to [[Nova Scotia]] from the Iranian oil terminal at Kharg Island with between 250,000 and 307,000 tonnes of crude oil.<ref name="DISASTERS: The Wreck of the Two Sisters"/><ref name="Shippspotting">{{cite news|url=http://sandefjordskip.18.forumer.com/index.php?s=823dd1cb492b95b13e5f983ec97243cd&showtopic=2484 |accessdate=2011-05-06 |title=Shipspotting |publisher=sandefjordskip.18.forumer.com}}</ref> The ''Venpet'' was in ballast on a reciprocal course to Kharg Island from Nova Scotia, where she had already unloaded her cargo. Under dense fog, which reduced visibility to less than {{convert|370|m|ft}},<ref name="LiberianReport">{{cite news|url=http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=388163 |accessdate=2011-05-06 |title=Liberian Casualty Report: Decision of the Commissioner of Maritime Affairs, R.L. and Report of the Marine Board of Investigation in the Matter of the Collision Between S/T Venoil (O.N.4414) and S/T Venpet (O.N. 4489) off the Coast of South Africa on 16 December 1977|publisher=trid.trb.org}}</ref> theboth ''Venoil''ships mademanoeuvred ain seriesthe ofsame smalldirection manoeuvresin toan starboardattempt to increase the port-to-porttheir distance betweenfrom theone ships,another whileand theavoid ''Venpet'' conversely made a series of manoeuvres to port to increase the starboard-to-starboard distancecollision.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgK3XYYhjeIC&pg=PA49|page=49|title=A Guide to the Collision Avoidance Rules: International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea|isbn=0-7506-6179-8|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|year=2003}}</ref> The bow of the ''Venoil'' collided into the side of the ''Venpet'', creating a hole {{convert|14|m|ft}} deep and {{convert|55|m|ft}} long.<ref name="DISASTERS: The Wreck of the Two Sisters"/> Both vessels caught fire, but did not explode because of their [[inert gas]] systems – the flames rising {{convert|61|m|ft}} into the air and the resulting smoke visible for up to {{convert|24|km|mi}} around. Both vessels had been travelling at around {{convert|13.5|knot|km/h}}.<ref name="c4tx.org">{{cite journal | last=Devanney | first=Jack | title=The Strange History of Tank Inerting| url=http://www.eagle.org/NEWS/pubs/pdfs/SurveyorWinter02.pdf | accessdate=2011-05-05|format=PDF}}</ref>
 
The collision occurred approximately {{convert|40|km|mi}} off the southern coast of South Africa between [[Plettenberg Bay]] and [[Cape St. Francis]]. {{Bbl to t|23980}} of [[bunker oil]] from ''Venpet's'' forward fuel tank and {{Bbl to t|170635}} of crude oil from two of ''Venoil's'' storage tanks were spilled, for a total of {{Bbl to t|194615}}, most of which was consumed by the flames; patches of emulsified oil created a {{convert|160|km|mi|adj=on}} wide slick, part of which impacted over {{convert|130|km|mi}} of the South African shoreline from [[Plettenberg Bay]] to [[Stilbaai|Still Bay]].<ref name="CTX">{{cite web|url=http://www.c4tx.org/ctx/job/cdb/precis.php5?key=19771216_001|title=CTX Casualty Database: Venpet| accessdate=2011-05-05 |publisher=c4tx.org}}</ref> Another estimate concludes the ''Venpet'' lost {{Bbl to t|31000|API=10.5}}<!--10.5 is the average of the range API 7...14 quoted in the reference--> of bunker fuel oil, and the ''Venoil'' lost {{Bbl to t|155000|API=31}} of heavy crude oil and {{Bbl to t|33000|API=10.5}} of bunker fuel oil, for a total of {{Bbl to t|219000|API=29.5}}<!--29.5 is an artificial value needed to force the template to sum the differing API values correctly -->.<ref name="CTX"/>