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'''''Polyphonie X''''' is a composition by [[Pierre Boulez]] for eighteen instruments divided into seven groups, written in 1950–51. It is in three movements.
It is one of the first works of Boulez's total [[serialism|serial]] period. It was composed shortly after "Structure 1a", the opening of the piano duo ''[[Structures (Boulez)|Structures I]]'' ({{Harvnb |Heyworth|1973|p=14}}; {{Harvnb |Jameux|1991|p=52}}), the movement the composer would later describe as an experiment with "an expressive nadir" {{Harv |Jameux|1991|p=51}}. The première of ''Polyphonie X'' during the 1951( 6 October 1951) [[Donaueschingen Festival]] caused a scandal, with one half of the audience shouting and imitating animal noises, while the other half responded with applause and bravos {{Harv |Jameux|1991|pp=47–48}}.
The title is often misinterpreted as having algebraic significance; in fact, the ''X'' is intended as a purely graphical symbol, implying the crossing of musical parameters which takes place in the score {{Harv |Jameux|1991|p=47}}.
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