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===Preterm infants===
[[Preterm]] newborns receiving massage in [[neonatal intensive-care unit]]s gain more [[body weight]] than those that do not.<ref>Field T. (Ed.). (2004). Touch and massage in early child development. New Brunswick, NJ: Johnson and Johnson Pediatric Institute. ISBN 978-0931562303</ref> Other benefits include increased [[bone mineralization]], bone density, bone length, and [[head circumference]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70127-3 | last1 = Moyer-Mileur | first1 = L | last2 = Luetkemeier | first2 = M | last3 = Boomer | first3 = L | last4 = Chan | first4 = GM. | year = 1995 | title = Effect of physical activity on bone mineralization in premature infants | url = | journal = J Pediatr | volume = 127 | issue = 4| pages = 620–5 | pmid = 7562289 }}</ref> They also show higher [[psycho-motor development]] and significantly higher [[Mental Development Index]] scores.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Procianoy | first1 = RS | last2 = Mendes | first2 = EW | last3 = Silveira | first3 = RC | title = Massage therapy improves neurodevelopment outcome at two years corrected age for very low birth weight infants. | journal = Early human development | volume = 86 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–11 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20022717 | pmc = 2889164 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.12.001 }}</ref> Such massage therapy seems to be more effective when it involves "moderate" pressure than "light" pressure.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Field | first1 = T | last2 = Diego | first2 = MA | last3 = Hernandez-Reif | first3 = M | last4 = Deeds | first4 = O | last5 = Figuereido | first5 = B | title = Moderate versus light pressure massage therapy leads to greater weight gain in preterm infants. | journal = Infant behavior & development | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 574–8 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17138310 | pmc = 1821345 | doi = 10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.07.011 }}</ref> Such infants also sleep better.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kelmanson | first1 = IA | last2 = Adulas | first2 = EI | title = Massage therapy and sleep behaviour in infants born with low birth weight. | journal = Complementary therapies in clinical practice | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 200–5 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16835031 | doi = 10.1016/j.ctcp.2005.11.007 }}</ref> The [[body temperature]] of preterm infants increases when given massage compared to controls "even though the incubator portholes remained open during the 15 min massage therapy session but not for the control group over an equivalent time period".<ref name="Diego">{{cite journal | last1 = Diego | first1 = MA | last2 = Field | first2 = T | last3 = Hernandez-Reif | first3 = M | title = Temperature increases in preterm infants during massage therapy.
==Mechanisms==
Infants show increased levels of [[insulin]] and [[IGF-1]] in their [[blood serum]] following massage therapy and this links to them gaining extra [[body weight]].<ref name="Field09">{{cite journal | last1 = Field | first1 = T | last2 = Diego | first2 = M | last3 = Hernandez-Reif | first3 = M | last4 = Dieter | first4 = JN | last5 = Kumar | first5 = AM | last6 = Schanberg | first6 = S | last7 = Kuhn | first7 = C | title = Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 increased in preterm neonates following massage therapy.
Massage decreases right [[frontal EEG asymmetry]] in one-month-old infants of depressed mothers which could act to reduce [[Stress (biology)|stress]].<ref>Jones NA, Field T, Davalos M. (1998). Massage therapy attenuates right frontal EEG asymmetry in one-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 21: 527-530 {{doi|10.1016/S0163-6383(98)90025-X}}</ref> Enhanced growth might be due to lower [[energy expenditure]] in infants receiving massage therapy.<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Lahat, Sharon | last2 = Mimouni | first2 = FB | last3 = Ashbel | first3 = G | last4 = Dollberg | first4 = S | title = Energy Expenditure in Growing Preterm Infants Receiving Massage Therapy | url = http://www.jacn.org/cgi/reprint/26/4/356 | journal = Journal of the American College of Nutrition | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 356 | date = 08/01/2007 | pmid = 17906188 }}</ref>
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==History==
[[Ayurvedic medicine]] in [[History of India|ancient India]] taught the use of infant massage.<ref>Johari H. (1996). Ayurvedic Massage: Traditional Indian Techniques for Balancing Body and Mind. Inner Traditions Bear and Company. ISBN 978-0892814893</ref> It was also has been encouraged in [[China]] since the [[Qing dynasty]].<ref>Furth C. (1987). Concepts of Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Infancy in Ch'ing Dynasty China. Journal of Asian Studies, 46:7-35. {{JSTOR|2056664}}</ref> At present it is part of traditional childcare in South Asia and elsewhere where daily massage by mothers is seen as "instilling fearlessness, hardening bone structure, enhancing movement and limb coordination, and increasing weight".<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Reissland | first1 = N | last2 = Burghart | first2 = R | title = The role of massage in south Asia: child health and development. | journal = Social science & medicine (1982) | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 231–9 | year = 1987 | pmid = 3629298 }}</ref> Such massage often used potentially unsafe mustard oil though public education is now encouraging the use of safe alternatives.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mullany | first1 = LC | last2 = Darmstadt | first2 = GL | last3 = Khatry | first3 = SK | last4 = Tielsch | first4 = JM | title = Traditional massage of newborns in Nepal: implications for trials of improved practice.
==See also==
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