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{{history of the People's Republic of China}}
The ching'''Land chingReform chong ching bing chillingMovement''', also known by the Chinese abbreviation '''Tǔgǎi''' ({{lang|zh|土改}}), was a mass movement led by the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) leader [[Mao Zedong]] during the late phase of the [[Chinese Civil War]] after the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] ended in 1945 and in the early [[People's Republic of China]],{{sfnp|Short|2001|pp=436–437}} which achieved [[Land reform|land redistribution]] to the [[peasantry]]. Landlords{{snd}}whose status was theoretically defined through the percentage of income derived from [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] as opposed to labor{{sfnp|DeMare|2019|p=93}}{{snd}}had their land confiscated and they were subjected to mass killing by the CCP and former [[tenant farmer|tenants]],<ref name=Scheidel226/> with the estimated death toll ranging from hundreds of thousands to millions.<ref name="Teiwes"/><ref name=Rummel223>{{cite book|last1=Rummel|first1=Rudolph J.|title=China's bloody century: genocide and mass murder since 1900|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2007|page=223|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE2.HTM|isbn=978-1-4128-0670-1|access-date=2016-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109091539/https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE2.HTM|archive-date=2016-11-09|url-status=live}}</ref> The campaign resulted in hundreds of millions of peasants receiving a plot of land for the first time.<ref name=Scheidel226/>
By 1953, land reform had been completed in mainland China with the exception of [[Xinjiang]], [[Tibet]], [[Qinghai]], and [[Sichuan]]. From 1953 onwards, the CCP began to implement the collective ownership of expropriated land through the creation of Agricultural Production Cooperatives, transferring property rights of the seized land to the Chinese state. Farmers were compelled to join collective farms, which were grouped into [[people's communes]] with centrally controlled [[property rights]].{{sfnb|ChenDavis|1998}}
