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Çelebi also reports that Yezidis collected fees by taking people from [[Hasankeyf]] to the other side with their ferries.<ref name=":4" />
Under the reign of [[Suleyman the magnificent|Sultan Suleyman]] in 1534, the Yezidi leader, Hussein Beg was given the control over the domain of the [[Soran Emirate]] together with its capital of [[Erbil]], and the [[Bahdinan|Bahdinan Emirate]] with its capital of [[Amadiya|Amediye]]. Hussein Beg's father, Hassan Beg, had allied himself with the victorious Ottomans after the [[Battle of Chaldiran]] and was famed for his diplomatic and political expertise, which helped him bring [[Mosul]] under his rule and become a powerful and influential figure. His son, Hussein Beg, succeeded him after his death in 1534. Despite the persecution and the brutal rule over the Muslims of Soran, the Yezidis were able to maintain a large political, military power under the short-lived, but prosperous leadership of Hussein Beg and enjoy a rare period of peace and freedom from persecution. The Muslims of Soran opposed Hussein Beg's rule, and attempted to overthrow the Dasini rulers several times, their initial attempts were unsuccessful and were repelled, until the neighbouring Muslim rulers formed an alliance against Hussein Beg, and captured Erbil while Hussein Beg was absent and on a visit to [[Shekhan District|Sheikhan]], or [[Istanbul]] according to other sources. Hussein Beg's attempts to retake the city were unsuccessful due to the local support enjoyed by the Muslim rulers and resulted in the death of 500 Yezidi warriors. After the defeat, Hussein Beg was summoned back to Istanbul and executed.<ref>{{Citation|last=Allison|first=Christine|title=The Yazidis|date=2017-01-25|url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-254|encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254|isbn=978-0-19-934037-8|access-date=2021-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Herrschaftsbereich des Hisên Begê Dasinî (1534)|url=https://s-j-a.org/blog/herrschaftsbereich-des-hussein-beg-dasini/|access-date=2021-07-12|website=SJA - DE|date=6 April 2020 |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Guest|first=John S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vo_XAAAAMAAJ|title=Survival Among the Kurds: A History of the Yezidis|date=1993|publisher=Kegan Paul International|isbn=978-0-7103-0456-8|pages=46}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |degree=PhD |last=Ghalib|first=Sabah Abdullah|date=2011-10-13|title=The Emergence of Kurdism with Special Reference to the Three Kurdish Emirates within the Ottoman Empire 1800-1850|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10036/3676 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728185351/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10036/3676 |archive-date=2021-07-28
As the relations were deteriorating with the Ottomans and strained with the Sunni Kurds, the Ottomans exploited from these tensions and used religious differences to control both groups. In 1566, Abu al-S'ud al-'Amadi al-Kurdi, who was the [[Mufti]] of the Ottoman Empire and [[Shaykh al-Islām|Sheikh al-Islam]], cooperated with the Ottoman Sultans and issued [[fatwa]]s that legitimized the Sultan's killing of Yezidis, enslavement of Yezidi women and the sale of Yezidi slaves in the markets. This resulted in Yezidis being subject to constant Ottoman military pressure and their territories being considered ''[[Divisions of the world in Islam#Dar al-harb|Dar Al-Harb]]'' from a religious standpoint.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Ali|first=Majid Hassan|date=2019-11-01|title=Genocidal Campaigns during the Ottoman Era: The Firmān of Mīr-i-Kura against the Yazidi Religious Minority in 1832–1834|url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/gsi.13.1.05|journal=Genocide Studies International|volume=13|issue=1|pages=77–91|doi=10.3138/gsi.13.1.05|s2cid=208688229|issn=2291-1847}}</ref>
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==== 17th century ====
During the first half of the 17th century, Yezidis became a very powerful entity under the leadership of [[Ezidi Mirza]], a young, yet reputable military leader who gained fame after leading a counter-attack against Muslim raiders in his hometown of [[Bashiqa]] and inflicting a devastating defeat despite being outnumbered. He went on to become the head of the Bashiqa-[[Bahzani]] and in later stages of his life, also the Governor of Mosul.
During the 17th century, the Ottomans launched numerous expeditions against the Yezidis in Shingal, who had long controlled the trading routes around Shingal, attacked Ottoman caravans and refused to pay the taxes levied by the Ottomans. The first expedition was led by the Ottoman Grand Vizier, [[Nasuh Pasha]], and took place in 1613 AD, which resulted in a Yezidi victory and 7,000 of the Ottoman soldiers being slaughtered according to the reports of [[Evliya Çelebi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Çelebi|first1=Evliya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YiWSuO6fdQYC&q=Nasuh+pasha+|title=The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman, Melek Ahmed Pasha (1588-1662): As Portrayed in Evliya Celebi's Book of Travels (Seyahat-name)|last2=Çelebi|first2=Hâf?z Mehmet Z?llî Evliya|date=1991-01-01|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0640-3|pages=170}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2017-03-20|title=Die Schlacht von Shingal im Jahr 1613|url=http://www.ezidipress.com/blog/die-schlacht-von-shingal-im-jahr-1613/|access-date=2021-07-13|website=ÊzîdîPress|language=de-DE}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Guest|first=John S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVah8ii53_UC&q=John+guest+yezidis|title=Survival Among the Kurds: A History of the Yezidis|date=1993|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7103-0456-8|pages=46–47}}</ref>
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In 1743, [[Nader Shah|Nadir Shah]], launched an invasion in the west and was aiming to capture [[Mosul]], sent a force to subdue the Yezidi chieftain As after capturing [[Altun Kupri|Altun Kopru]] and [[Kirkuk]]. As had often raided the western provinces of Persia from his base in the mountains around [[Koy Sanjaq|Koi Sanjak]]. The Persians defeated an army of several thousand Yezidis and killed their leader Yezid. As was able to escape, enlist allies and lay siege to a ruined fort where the Persian cavalry had held Yezidi women captive. The defenders were at the edge of being overrun when the shah's nephew brought reinforcements and stopped the siege. As, who was abandoned by his allies, considered committing suicide, but finally surrendered himself to Nadir Shah instead and was eventually appointed the governor of the district.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Guest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJUrBgAAQBAJ&q=sinjar+kurds+1671&pg=PA55|title=Survival Among The Kurds|date=2012-11-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-15729-5|pages=56}}</ref>
Throughout the 18th century, Yezidi mirs of Sheikhan were subjects to the Kurdish Principality of [[Amadiya]], a semi-autonomous fiefdom which guarded the Ottoman frontiers in the east. The rulers, who were strict Sunni Muslims claiming descent from the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]], had ruled Amadiya since the [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] period. Amadiya was also home to a Jewish community and included [[Nestorianism|Nestorians]] who were actively proselytized by [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] missionaries who were stationed there from 1759 to 1779. Yezidis are briefly mentioned by one of the missionaries, Padre Maurizio Garzoni, who reported "the post of the executioner is always given by the princes of Amadiya to a Yezidi, who never loath to shed Muslim blood." Yezidi mirs of Sheikhan were also involved in several rebellions against Amadiya principality; in 1770–1771, Bedagh Beg, who was Mir of Sheikhan at the time, joined a rebellion against the Prince of Amadiya, Ismail Pasha. Bedagh Beg eventually got captured and fined, and 16 years later, his son and successor, Jolo Beg,
In Shingal, Yezidis had gained notoriety for raiding every caravan passing between [[Mardin]] and [[Mosul]]. Yezidi raiders operated as far as in the routes between [[Anah]] and [[Baghdad]], where one band attacked a caravan in 1782 and seized 30 donkey-loads of cotton goods. Caravans that were escorted by well-armed guards were often able to fight off raiders, whereas fate of other caravans was often a total loss or a ransom. The favourite targets were lightly armed official couriers who relied on speed to reach their destination. In one case, a captured courier was found to be carrying 40,000 carats of high-grade pearls. As a result, several expeditions were launched against the Yezidis; the punitive expeditions from Baghdad, first one launched in 1715 and a later one in 1753, inflicted heavy casualties. However, subsequently, the expeditions launched against Shingal from Mosul and Baghdad became less severe and was counted as a cost of doing business by the raiders.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Guest|url=http://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1074872|title=Survival Among The Kurds.|date=2012|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=978-1-136-15729-5|location=Hoboken|pages=57–58|oclc=823379895}}</ref>
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==== Attacks by Bedir Khan Beg and persecution of Yazidis and Christians ====
Between 1840 and 1844, Yezidis of [[Tur Abdin]] were repeatedly attacked by the ruler of [[Bohtan]], [[Bedir Khan Beg|Bedirkhan Beg]], who had previously aided Muhammad Pasha during his incursions against Bahdinan and the Yezidis of Sheikhan. Bedirkhan was a member of the Ezizan family,
Yezidis were object of extra attention from Bedirkhan. During [[Bayram (Turkey)|Bayram feast]], when Muslims celebrate [[Abraham]]'s ritual sacrifice of [[Isaac]] by slaughtering animals, Bedirkhan would round up Yezidi captives for a grisly ceremony where he would with his own hand slaughter those Yezidis who had refused to convert to Islam. A medical missionary from [[Urmia]] who visited Derguleh in 1846 reported seeing 40-50 Yezidi converts in Bedirkhan's castle, enjoying Bedirkhan's special attention and jealousy among his less favoured attendants.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Guest.|title=Survival Among the Kurds |date=2012|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=978-1-136-15729-5|pages=92|oclc=823379895}}</ref><ref name=":922"/>
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<blockquote>I am happy on behalf of 3,000 Families of '''Yezidi-Kurds''', Who 60 years ago, led by my Grandfather Temur Agha, left Turkey and sought refuge in Russia. I would like to express my gratitude and wish success to you and your family. We live very well on earth and under your rule.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Усув Бег: курды-езиды благодарят императора России {{!}} RiaTaza|date=13 October 2017|url=https://riataza.com/2017/10/13/usuv-beg-kurdyi-ezidyi-blagodaryat-imperatora-rossii/|access-date=2021-02-25|language=ru-RU}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Մուրադյան|first=Մանուկ Նորիկի|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRBNjwEACAAJ|title=Ուսուբ Բեկ: ուրվագծեր եզդի ժողովրդի, ազգապետերի մի տոհմի, հայ-եզդիական կապերի պատմության|date=2012|publisher=Հայաստան|language=hy}}</ref></blockquote>
In addition, names of some Yazidi villages in Armenia contain Kurdish ethnonyms, such as [[Sipan, Armenia|Sipan]] village, which was settled in 1828 AD by Yezidis and was called Pampa Kurda/Kurmanca (Kurdish Pamb), until it was renamed to Sipan in the 1970s. In the vicinity,
Furthermore, the Yezidi religious authorities, including Baba Sheikh, the Mîr and the Peshimam, frequently have emphasized the Kurdish ethnicity of the Yezidis. As according to letter from mayor of Shekhan to Mosul in 1966, after carrying out investigations and personal meetings with Yezidi religious leaders, Baba Sheikh and the Mir, they found out that Yazidis are considered to be of Kurdish ethnicity and nationality.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Salloum|first=Saad|url=https://www.academia.edu/33292077|title=ÊZIDÎS IN IRAQ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Religious Minorities in Republican Iraq Between Granting Rights and Discrimination: A socio-political and historical study|url=https://fis.uni-bamberg.de/handle/uniba/46905|publisher=Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, Fakultät Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaften|date=2019|degree=doctoralthesis|doi=10.20378/irbo-55706|first=Majid Hassan|last=Ali}}</ref>
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* [[Ashkenazi Jews]]: 1.3%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scirp|first=Amber|title=The Origin of Kurds |url=https://www.academia.edu/2440050 |journal=Advances in Anthology |date=2012 |volume=2 |number=2 |pages=64–79}}</ref>
A genetic study conducted in 2022 in Iraq on [[Iraq]]i, [[Iraqi Turkmen|Turkmen]], Yazidi, and [[Kurdish population|Kurdish]] populations revealed that the genetic distance between Yazidis and Kurds was found to be closer than the genetic distance between the Kurdish and the Turkmen population, meaning that the Yazidis were found to be genetically closer to Kurds, indicating a long-shared history between Yazidis and Kurds and same homeland for thousands of years, as well as both coming from Indo-European origins.<ref>{{cite journal |
According to another genetic study, Yazidis from Northern Iraq may have a stronger genetic continuity with the original Mesopotamian people. The northern Iraqi Yazidi population were found in the middle of a genetic continuum between the Near East and Southeastern Europe.<ref>"Consequently, despite corresponding to isolated and homogenous populations, contemporary Syriacs and Yazidis from Northern Iraq may in fact have a stronger continuity with the original genetic stock of the Mesopotamian people, which possibly provided the basis for the ethnogenesis of various subsequent Near Eastern populations. Such an observation seems to be in line with genetic distance calculations based on a different method, [...] whereby the Northern Iraqi Assyrian and Yazidi populations from the current study were found to position in the middle of a genetic continuum between the Near East and Southeastern Europe." {{cite journal |title=A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis |vauthors=Dogan, S, Gurkan, C, Dogan, M, Balkaya, HE, Tunc, R, Demirdov, DK, Ameen, NA, Marjanovic, D |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |number=11 |date=2017|pages=e0187408 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0187408 |pmid=29099847 |pmc=5669434 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1287408D |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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[[File:Yezidi New Year in Lalish (18 April 2017) 10.jpg|thumb|Yazidi new year celebrations in [[Lalish]], 18 April 2017]]
[[File:Pilgrims and festival at Lalish on the day of the Ezidi New Year in 2017 18.jpg|thumb|Two Yazidi men at the new year celebrations in Lalish, 18 April 2017]]
According to the [[Human Rights Watch]], Yazidis were under the [[Arabisation]] process of Saddam Hussein between 1970 and 2003. In 2009, some Yazidis who had previously experienced the Arabisation policies of Saddam Hussein complained about the political tactics of leaders of the [[Kurdistan Region]] that since 1992 were intended to make Yazidis identify
===Syria===
{{Main|Yazidis in Syria}}
Yazidis in Syria live primarily in two communities, one in the [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|Al-Jazira]] area and the other in the [[Kurd-Dagh]].<ref name="iranica" /> Population numbers for the Syrian Yazidi community are unclear. In 1963, the community was estimated at 10,000, according to the national census, but numbers for 1987 were unavailable.<ref>[[Federal Research Division]]. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sytoc.html ''Syria''. "Chapter 5: Religious Life"]. [[Library of Congress Country Studies]]. Retrieved 20 August 2010.</ref> There may be between about 12,000 and 15,000 Yazidis in Syria today,<ref name="iranica" /><ref name=HDS>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Syria|last=Commins|first=David Dean|year=2004|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=0-8108-4934-8|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EhACvcqVXkC|access-date=20 August 2010}}</ref> though more than half of the community may have emigrated from Syria since the 1980s.
[[File:Yazidism08.jpg|thumb|Yazidi men]]▼
===Georgia===
{{Main|Yazidis in Georgia}}
▲[[File:Yazidism08.jpg|thumb|Yazidi men]]
The Yazidi population in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] has been dwindling since the 1990s, mostly due to economic migration to Russia and the West. According to a census carried out in 1989, there were over 30,000 Yazidis in Georgia; according to the 2002 census, however, only around 18,000 Yazidis remained in Georgia. However, by other estimates, the community fell from around 30,000 people to fewer than 5,000 during the 1990s. Today they number as little 6,000 by some estimates, including recent refugees from [[Sinjar]] in Iraq, who fled to Georgia following [[Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL|persecution by ISIL]].<ref name="DFWatch">{{cite news|url=http://dfwatch.net/yazidi-temple-third-in-the-world-opened-in-tbilisi-36650|title=Yazidi temple, third in the world, opened in Tbilisi|work=DFWatch|date=19 June 2015|access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> On 16 June 2015, Yazidis celebrated the opening of the [[Sultan Ezid Temple]] and cultural centre, named after Sultan Ezid in [[Varketili]], a suburb of [[Tbilisi]]. This is the third such temple in the world after those in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] and [[Armenia]].<ref name="DFWatch" />
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