China: Difference between revisions

In 1989, the country saw the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|protests in Tiananmen Square unfold]], and later saw other protests over the entire nation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Harding|first=Harry |date=December 1990|title=The Impact of Tiananmen on China's Foreign Policy |url=http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=73 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404193656/http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=73 |archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=28 November 2013|publisher=[[National Bureau of Asian Research]]}}</ref> [[Zhao Ziyang]] was put under house arrest for his sympathies to the protests and was replaced by [[Jiang Zemin]]. Jiang continued economic reforms, closing many SOEs and trimming down "[[iron rice bowl]]" (life-tenure positions).<ref name="APs-2022">{{cite news |date=30 November 2022 |title=Jiang Zemin, who guided China's economic rise, dies |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/china-beijing-hong-kong-obituaries-jiang-zemin-4ee4c5dcaf567e02efa3c5c7186af30a |access-date=30 November 2022 |archive-date=2023-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403160544/https://apnews.com/article/china-beijing-hong-kong-obituaries-jiang-zemin-4ee4c5dcaf567e02efa3c5c7186af30a |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 1997 |title=China Gets Down to Business at Party Congress |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-sep-13-mn-31787-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018190108/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-sep-13-mn-31787-story.html |archive-date=18 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Vogel |first=Ezra |title=Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China |date=2011 |publisher=Belknap Press |isbn=978-0-674-72586-7 |page=682 |author-link=Ezra Vogel}}</ref> China's economy grew sevenfold during this time.<ref name="APs-2022" /> [[British Hong Kong]] and [[Portuguese Macau]] returned to China in [[Handover of Hong Kong|1997]] and [[Handover of Macau|1999]], respectively, as [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative regions]] under the principle of [[one country, two systems]]. The country joined the [[World Trade Organization]] in 2001.<ref name="APs-2022" />[[File:One-belt-one-road.svg|thumb|[[Belt and Road Initiative]] and related projects]]At the [[16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|16th CCP National Congress]] in 2002, [[Hu Jintao]] succeeded Jiang as the general secretary.<ref name="APs-2022" /> Under Hu, China maintained its high rate of economic growth, overtaking the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan to become the world's second-largest economy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Orlik |first=Tom |date=16 November 2012 |title=Charting China's Economy: A Decade Under Hu Jintao |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/11/16/charting-chinas-economy-10-years-under-hu-jintao/ |accessdate=16 May 2023 |archive-date=2016-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221121820/http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/11/16/charting-chinas-economy-10-years-under-hu-jintao/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the growth also severely impacted the country's resources and environment,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2007/08/26/world/asia/20070826_CHINA_GRAPHIC.html|title=China's Environmental Crisis|last1=Carter|first1=Shan|date=26 August 2007|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=16 May 2012|last2=Cox|first2=Amanda|last3=Burgess|first3=Joe|last4=Aigner|first4=Erin|archive-date=2012-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116170904/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2007/08/26/world/asia/20070826_CHINA_GRAPHIC.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4913622.stm|title=China worried over pace of growth|last=Griffiths|first=Daniel|date=16 April 2004|work=BBC News|access-date=16 April 2006|archive-date=2020-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118160813/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4913622.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and caused major social displacement.<ref name="Ref_k">[https://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3166 ''China: Migrants, Students, Taiwan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227094542/https://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3166 |date=2016-12-27 }} [[UC Davis]] Migration News January 2006</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/27/AR2006012701588.html|title=In Face of Rural Unrest, China Rolls Out Reforms|last=Cody|first=Edward|date=28 January 2006|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=2017-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014065549/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/27/AR2006012701588.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Xi Jinping]] succeeded Hu as paramount leader at the [[18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|18th CCP National Congress]] in 2012. Shortly after his ascension to power, Xi launched a vast [[Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping|a vast anti-corruption crackdown]],<ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2018 |title=China's anti-corruption campaign expands with new agency |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-43453769 |url-status=live |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924060145/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-43453769 |archive-date=24 September 2019}}</ref> that prosecuted more than 2 million officials by 2022.<ref name="Marquis-2022b">{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022-11-15 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |pages= |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k |s2cid=253067190 |author-link=Christopher Marquis}}</ref> During [[China under Xi Jinping|his tenure]], Xi has consolidated power unseen since the initiation of economic and political reforms.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wingfield-Hayes |first=Rupert |date=23 October 2022 |title=Xi Jinping's party is just getting started |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63225277 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317004249/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63225277 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=23 October 2022 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>