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In [[classical physics]] and [[special relativity]], an '''[[inertia]]l frame of reference''' (also called '''inertial space''', or '''Galilean reference frame''') is a stationary or uniformly moving [[frame of reference]]. From this viewpoint, objects remain at rest until acted upon by external forces, and the laws of nature can be observed without the need for acceleration correction.
All frames of reference with zero acceleration are in a state of constant [[rectilinear motion]] (straight-line motion) with respect to one another. In such a frame, an object with zero [[net force]] acting on it, is perceived to move with a constant [[velocity]], or, equivalently, [[Newton's laws of motion#Newton's first law|Newton's first law of motion]] holds. Such frames are known as inertial. Originally, some physicists, like [[Isaac Newton]], thought that one of these frames was absolute — the one approximated by the [[fixed stars]]. However, this is not required for the definition, and it is now known that those stars are in fact moving.
According to the [[Principle of relativity#Special principle of relativity|principle of special relativity]], all [[physical laws]] look the same in all inertial reference frames, and no inertial frame is privileged over another. [[Measurement|Measurements]] of objects in one inertial frame can be converted to measurements in another by a simple transformation — the [[Galilean transformation]] in [[Newtonian physics]] or the [[Lorentz transformation]] (combined with a translation) in [[special relativity]]; these approximately match when the relative speed of the frames is low, but differ as it approaches the [[speed of light]].
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