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'''Gamla''' ({{lang-he|גַּמְלָא}}, {{literal translation}} the camel), also '''Gamala''', was an ancient [[Jews|Jewish]] town on the [[Golan Heights]]. Believed to have been founded as a [[Seleucid]] fort during the [[Syrian Wars]], it transitioned into a predominantly Jewish settlement that came under [[Hasmonean dynasty|Hasmonean]] rule in 81 BCE.<ref name=AndreaBerlin/><ref name=":3" /> The town's name reflects its location on a high, elongated ridge with steep slopes resembling a camel's hump.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |lastlast1=Joyce |firstfirst1=Marilyn |title=Handbook of Synagogue Architecture |last2=Segal |last3=Chiat |publisher=Brown University |year=1982 |isbn=0-89130-524- 6 |series=Brown Judaic Studies |volume=28 |pages=282-283282–283}}</ref>
 
Gamla served as a key rebel stronghold during the [[First Jewish–Roman War|Great Jewish Revolt]] against [[Roman Empire|Rome]]. In the summer of 67 CE, after an extended siege and battle, Roman forces under [[Vespasian]] ultimately captured the town and massacred its inhabitants.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Guy MacLean |title=For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE |date=2021 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24813-5 |location=New Haven |pages=252, 258-259, 537}}</ref> The Jewish historian [[Josephus]], who accompanied the Roman army, provides detailed accounts of these events in his work, "[[The Jewish War]]."<ref>''Gamla III (1)''. p. 12</ref>
 
The remains of Gamla were discovered in the 1968 survey of the Golan,<ref name=":1" /> with geographical features matching Josephus' descriptions.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Aviam |first=Mordechai |title=The archaeological illumination of Josephus’Josephus' narrative of the battles at Yodefat and Gamla |date=2007-01-01 |work=Making History |pages=373 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789047409069/Bej.9789004150089.i-471_020.xml |access-date=2024-06-06 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004150089.i-471.126 |isbn=978-90-474-0906-9}}</ref> Located approximately 10 kilometers inland from the [[Sea of Galilee]],<ref name=":1" /> the town was built on the southeastern slope of Mount Gamla.<ref name=":2" /> Archaeological excavations, starting in 1970 and continuing periodically, have unearthed city walls enclosing an area of about 180 dunams, a water conduit system, [[Mikveh|ritual baths]], Herodian lamps, [[Stone vessels in ancient Judaea|stone vessels]], and thousands of [[Hasmonean coinage|Hasmonean coins]].<ref name="evidence" /><ref name="YA" /> One of the earliest [[Gamla Synagogue|synagogues]] in the [[Land of Israel]], believed to date back to the late 1st century BCE, was discovered near the town wall in 1976.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="YUP" />
 
Due to its historical significance during the revolt, Gamla is a symbol for the modern state of Israel and an important archaeological site.<ref name="evidence" /> It is located within the [[Gamla nature reserve|Gamla Nature Reserve]] and serves as a prominent tourist attraction. The site features ruins available for visitation and is home to various wildlife, including [[Rock hyrax|rock hyraxes]], wild boars, and numerous species of [[Raptor (bird)|raptors]].<ref name=":6" />
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