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''Glyptodon'' is one of the most common Pleistocene glyptodontines with a large range from the lowland [[Pampas]] to the towering [[Andes|Andean Mountains]] of Peru and Bolivia, some fossils found at elevations reaching over {{Convert|4100|m|ft}} above sea level.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pujos |first1=François |last2=Salas |first2=Rodolfo |date=2004-08-01 |title=A systematic reassessment and paleogeographic review of fossil Xenarthra from Peru |url=https://journals.openedition.org/bifea/5746 |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines |volume=33 |language=en |issue=2 |pages=331–377 |doi=10.4000/bifea.5746 |s2cid=130927479 |issn=0303-7495}}</ref><ref name="Zurita-2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Zurita |first1=Alfredo Eduardo |last2=Zamorano |first2=Martín |last3=Scillato-Yané |first3=Gustavo Juan |last4=Fidel |first4=Sergio |last5=Iriondo |first5=Martín |last6=Gillette |first6=David D. |date=2017-11-17 |title=A new species of Panochthus Burmeister (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Glyptodontidae) from the Pleistocene of the Eastern Cordillera, Bolivia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2016.1278443 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=1076–1088 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2016.1278443 |bibcode=2017HBio...29.1076Z |s2cid=91031708 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref><ref name="Cuadrelli-2020" /> Only ''G. munizi'' is found in the early-middle Pleistocene, whereas other species are younger.<ref name="Soibelzon-2006" /><ref name="Cuadrelli-2020" /> ''G. reticulatus'' is specifically noted to be known from 60ka to as recent as 7ka possibly, though confirmed records only extend to 11 ka.<ref name="Ubilla-2018" /> The genus had a generalist diet, which allowed it to fill niches in areas that were inaccessible by grazing genera, with ''G. reticulatus'' representing up to 90% of the glyptodontine fossils in the Tarija Valley of Bolivia.<ref name="Zurita" /> However, in regions such as the Pampas, Mesopotamia, and Uruguay, an array of glyptodontines are known.<ref name="Ubilla-2018" /><ref name="Cuadrelli-2018" /> Further evidence of ''Glyptodon''{{'}}s adaptability is found in the Pampas, which were semihumid and temperate from 30,000 to 11,000 ka, alternating between the [[Wet season|rainy]] and [[dry season]]s, over a large area consisting mostly of grasslands dotted with forests and mixed shrubbery.<ref>Blasi, A., Castiñeira Latorre, C., Del Puerto, L., Prieto, A. R., Fucks, E., De Francesco, C., ... & Young, A. (2010). [http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/lajsba/v17n2/v17n2a02.pdf Paleoambientes de la cuenca media del río Luján (Buenos Aires, Argentina) durante el último período glacial (EIO 4-2).] ''Latin American journal of sedimentology and basin analysis'', ''17''(2), 85-111.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prado |first1=José L. |last2=Martinez-Maza |first2=Cayetana |last3=Alberdi |first3=María T. |date=2015-05-01 |title=Megafauna extinction in South America: A new chronology for the Argentine Pampas |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018215000899 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=425 |pages=41–49 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.02.026 |bibcode=2015PPP...425...41P |issn=0031-0182}}</ref><ref name="Cuadrelli-2018" /> Temperatures in this region were lower than the present, with an estimated [[Temperature|mean annual temperature]] {{Convert|4.2|C|F}} in the Pampas compared to {{Convert|16.4|C|F}} in Buenos Aires today. The Pampas specifically was a mix of semi-arid Patagonian and tropical Brazilian climates during the middle Pleistocene before the expansion of the drier climates.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Prado |first1=José Luis |last2=Alberdi |first2=María Teresa |last3=Bellinzoni |first3=Jonathan |date=2021 |title=Pleistocene Mammals from Pampean Region (Argentina). Biostratigraphic, Biogeographic, and Environmental Implications |journal=Quaternary |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=15 |doi=10.3390/quat4020015 |issn=2571-550X |doi-access=free }}</ref> This is in stark contrast to the [[Bermejo Formation]] of [[Formosa Province]], Argentina where the climate and fauna suggest a more arid environment with fewer grasslands.<ref>Kruck, W., Helms, F., Geyh, M. A., Suriano, J. M., Marengo, H. G., & Pereyra, F. (2011). Late pleistocene-holocene history of chaco-pampa sediments in Argentina and Paraguay. ''E&G Quaternary Science Journal'', ''60''(1), 14.</ref><ref>Zurita, A. E., M. Taglioretti, M. De los Reyes, C. Oliva, and F. Scaglia. 2014. First Neogene skulls of Doedicurinae (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae): morphology and phylogenetic implications. Historical Biology 28:423–432.</ref> ''G. jatunkhirkhi'' specifically is known only from Andean climate of Eastern Cordillera in Bolivia, causing it to evolve to be smaller in size than lowland species due to less support for larger masses.<ref name="Cuadrelli-2020" /><ref name="Zurita-2017" /> ''G. jatunkhirkhi'' is not the only example of this in Xenarthra, with species of ''Panochthus'' and ''Pleurolestodon'' evolving to be smaller in size in mountainous regions.<ref name="Zurita-2017" /><ref name="Cuadrelli-2020" />
[[File:SerraGeralI.jpg|left|thumb|240x240px|The [[Pampas]], where ''Glyptodon'' was a grazer|alt=The Pampas grasslands.]]
During the Ensenadan and Marplatan, ''Glyptodon'' coexisted with a variety of mammals unique to the period such as the [[Notoungulata|notoungulate]] ''[[Mesotherium]]'', canid ''[[Theriodictis]],'' and a species of the giant bear ''[[Arctotherium
Material previously assigned to ''Glyptodon'' in northeast Brazil has been reassigned to ''Glyptotherium'', restricting the Brazilian distribution of ''Glyptodon'' to the southern provinces. However, two osteoderms with characteristics similar to those of ''Glyptodon'' have been found in [[Sergipe]] state in the northeast, suggesting that both genera occurred in this region during the Pleistocene.<ref name="Dantas2013">{{cite journal |last1=Dantas |first1=M. A. T. |last2=França |first2=L. M. |last3=Cozzuol |first3=M. A. |last4=Rincón |first4=A. D. |year=2013 |title=About the occurrence of ''Glyptodon'' sp. in the Brazilian intertropical region |journal=Quaternary International |volume=305 |pages=206–208 |bibcode=2013QuInt.305..206D |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.024}}</ref> ''Glyptodon''<nowiki/>'s northernmost locality comes from Pleistocene deposits in central Colombia,<ref name="Zurita-2012" /> though many specimens formerly attributed to the genus come from the bordering country of [[Venezuela]].<ref name="Carlini-2022" />
=== Predation and relationship with humans ===
''Glyptodon'' coexisted with a variety of large predators including the cat ''Smilodon,'' [[jaguar|jaguars]]'','' and canid ''Protocyon''.<ref name="Bocherens-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Bocherens |first1=Hervé |last2=Cotte |first2=Martin |last3=Bonini |first3=Ricardo |last4=Scian |first4=Daniel |last5=Straccia |first5=Pablo |last6=Soibelzon |first6=Leopoldo |last7=Prevosti |first7=Francisco J. |date=2016-05-01 |title=Paleobiology of sabretooth cat Smilodon populator in the Pampean Region (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) around the Last Glacial Maximum: Insights from carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in bone collagen |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018216000912 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=449 |pages=463–474 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.017 |bibcode=2016PPP...449..463B |issn=0031-0182}}</ref><ref>Montalvo, C. I., Zárate, M. A., Bargo, M. S., & Mehl, A. (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/M-Susana-Bargo/publication/259484888_Registro_Faunistico_y_Paleoambientes_del_Cuaternario_Tardio_Provincia_de_la_Pampa_Argentina/links/5433d9210cf2bf1f1f264a74/Registro-Faunistico-y-Paleoambientes-del-Cuaternario-Tardio-Provincia-de-la-Pampa-Argentina.pdf Registro faunístico y paleoambientes del Cuaternario tardío, provincia de La Pampa, Argentina.] ''Ameghiniana'', ''50''(6), 554-570.</ref> This belief is furthered by the discovery of fractured dorsal armor, which implies that ''Glyptodon'' had been in physical conflict with other animals.<ref name="Zurita2010" /> However, [[Isotope analysis|isotope analyses]] of the [[collagen]] from ''Glyptodon'' and other mammals of the Pampas region by Bocherens ''et al''. (2015) discovered little evidence to support the idea of predators feeding on ''Glyptodon''.<ref name="Bocherens-2016" /> Instead, it was found that ''Glyptodon'' as well as herbivorous mammals living in denser forests made up a smaller portion of carnivore diets, whereas open grazers such as ''Lestodon'' and ''Macrauchenia'' were consumed more often''.''<ref name="Bocherens-2016" /> Furthermore, the appearance of secondary armor in the dermis of ''Glyptodon'' coincides with the arrival of North American predators in South America during the [[Great American Interchange]].<ref name=":0" /> For this reason, it was hypothesized that the osteoderms developed as a defensive/offensive mechanism to combat the new arrivals of the area.<ref name="Zurita2010" />
''Smilodon'' may have occasionally preyed upon glyptodontines, based on a skull of ''Glyptotherium texanum'' which bears the distinctive elliptical puncture marks that best match those of the [[machairodont]] cat, indicating that the predator successfully bit into the skull through the armored cephalic shield.<ref>{{cite book |last=Antón |first=Mauricio |title=Sabertooth |date=2013 |publisher=University of Indiana Press |isbn=978-0-253-01042-1 |location=Bloomington, Indiana |pages=203–204}}</ref> The ''Glyptotherium'' in question was a juvenile, with a still-developing head shield, making it far more vulnerable to the cat's attack.<ref name="Gillette2">{{cite journal |last=Gillette |first=D. D. |date=Spring 2010 |title=Glyptodonts in Arizona |url=http://azgeology.azgs.arizona.edu/archived_issues/azgs.az.gov/arizona_geology/spring10/article_feature.html |journal=Arizona Geology |publisher=[[Arizona Geological Survey]] |access-date=2018-08-17}}</ref> Although originally theorized by George Brandes to be possible in 1900,<ref name=":25">Brandes, G. (1900) : Ueber eine Ursache des Aussterbens Diluvialer Säugethiere. Corrblatt d. Deutsch . ''Ges. f. Anthropol. Jahrg. 31. Munichen'' 1901.</ref> ''Smilodon'' canines could not pierce the thick carapace osteoderms of glyptodontines.<ref name=":26">Bohlin, B. (1940). 8. Food habit of the machairodonts, with special regard to ''Smilodon''.</ref> Brandes imagined that the evolution of thick glyptodontine armor and long machairodont canines was an example of [[coevolution]],<ref name=":25" /> but Birger Bohlin argued in 1940 that the teeth were far too fragile to do damage against glyptodontine armor.<ref name=":26" /><ref name="Zurita2010" /> [[File:Glyptodon old drawing.jpg|thumb|Humans hunting ''Glyptodon'', by [[Heinrich Harder]]|alt=Humans hunting Glyptodon.|236x236px]]
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