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Munda means [[Village head|headman]] of a village in the Munda-Manki system to govern villages in South-east [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chotanagpur]]. They call themselves horoko or ho ko, which means ''men''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mundariversity.com/history-munda-tribe-language-mundari/ |title=History of Munda Tribe Language : Mundari |date=29 May 2018 |publisher=mundariuniversity |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020013818/https://mundariversity.com/history-munda-tribe-language-mundari/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
Robert Parkin notes that the term "Munda" did not belong to the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] lexis and is of Sanskrit origin.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[University of Oxford]] |title=Second Reply to Pfeffer |first=Robert |last=Parkin |year=1993 |page=161 |url=https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso24_2_1993_158_163.pdf |access-date=18 December 2020 |quote=The term 'Munda' is of Sanskritic origin and therefore not original in any sense to Austroasiatic speakers, although it has come to be used by one tribe as an alternative to their own term 'Horo' (Le. Roy's group; cf. Pfeffer above, p. 154; also Parkin 1990: 17, 23). |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916201633/https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso24_2_1993_158_163.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> According to R. R. Prasad, the name "Munde" is a Ho word that means "headman". It is an honorific name given by Hindus, and hence became a tribal name.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=R. R. |year=1996 |title=Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA186 |volume=1 |page=186 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-298-3 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504101310/https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA186 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to Standing (1976), it was under British rule that the term Munda started to be used for the tribal group.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46519807.pdf |title=An Anthropological Study of Rural Jharkhand, India |author=Alpa Shah |page=88 |year=2003 |access-date=8 November 2022 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108161436/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46519807.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Genetics===▼
According to a genetic study on the Indian population in 2007, Mundari speaking people of [[East India]] carry around 55% [[Haplogroup O-M175|Haplogroup O]], 25.4% [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup H]], 4.9% [[Haplogroup R2]], 4.4% [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J]] and 3.3% [[Haplogroup F-M89|Haplogroup F]].<ref name = "Kumar2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kumar V, Reddy AN, Babu JP, Rao TN, Langstieh BT, Thangaraj K, Reddy AG, Singh L, Reddy BM |display-authors=6 |title=Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=7 |pages=47 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17389048 |pmc=1851701 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-47 |doi-access=free }}</ref>▼
=== Geographic distribution ===
[[File:Munda people distribution.svg|thumb|Distribution of Munda people]]
The Munda primarily inhabit the eastern states of Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha, specifically in the Khunti, Ranchi, Simdega, Paschim Singhbhum, Gumla, Purbi Singhbhum, and Ramghar districts of Jharkhand; the Sundargarh and Sambalpur districts of Odisha; and the Jalpaiguri, Paschim Medinipur, and North 24 Parganas districts of West Bengal. They are also sporadically distributed in the neighboring states of Chhattisgarh and Bihar. Additionally, they live in the northeastern states of Assam, Tripura, and Mizoram, largely in the tea valleys of Assam, where they migrated to work as tea garden workers during colonial India. Apart from India, they also reside in neighboring countries such as Bangladesh and Nepal.
▲===Genetics===
▲According to a genetic study on the Indian population in 2007, Mundari speaking people of [[East India]] carry around 55% [[Haplogroup O-M175|Haplogroup O]], 25.4% [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup H]], 4.9% [[Haplogroup R2]], 4.4% [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J]] and 3.3% [[Haplogroup F-M89|Haplogroup F]].<ref name = "Kumar2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kumar V, Reddy AN, Babu JP, Rao TN, Langstieh BT, Thangaraj K, Reddy AG, Singh L, Reddy BM |display-authors=6 |title=Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=7 |pages=47 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17389048 |pmc=1851701 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-47 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==History==
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