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==Characteristics==
[[File:RbHdirty mind.JPGjpg|thumb|left|Partially molten rubidium metalrubidiumetal in an ampoule]]
Rubidium is a very soft, [[ductility|ductile]], silvery-white metal.<ref name="Ohly" /> It is the second most [[Electronegativity|electropositive]] of the stable alkali metals and melts at a temperature of {{convert|39.3|°C|°F}}. Like other alkali metals, rubidium metal reacts violently with water. As with potassium (which is slightly less reactive) and caesium (which is slightly more reactive), this reaction is usually vigorous enough to ignite the [[hydrogen]] gas it produces. Rubidium has also been reported to ignite spontaneously in air.<ref name="Ohly">{{cite book | chapter = Rubidium | title = Analysis, detection and commercial value of the rare metals | last = Ohly | first = Julius | publisher = Mining Science Pub. Co. | date = 1910 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dGUuAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> It forms [[amalgam (chemistry)|amalgams]] with [[mercury (element)|mercury]] and [[alloy]]s with [[gold]], [[iron]], [[caesium]], [[sodium]], and [[potassium]], but not [[lithium]] (even though rubidium and lithium are in the same group).<ref name="HollemanAF">{{cite book |publisher = Walter de Gruyter |date = 1985 |edition = 91–100 |pages = 953–955 |isbn = 978-3-11-007511-3 |title = Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie |first1 = Arnold F. |last1 = Holleman |last2 = Wiberg |first2 = Egon |last3 =Wiberg |first3 = Nils |chapter = Vergleichende Übersicht über die Gruppe der Alkalimetalle| language = de}}</ref>
[[File:Rb&Cs crystals.jpg|left|thumb|Rubidium crystals (silvery) compared to [[caesium]] crystals (golden)]]
Rubidium has a very low [[ionization energy]] of only 406&nbsp;kJ/mol.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOm8L9oCwLMC&pg=PA259 | page =259 | title = Principles of Chemistry: The Molecular Science | isbn = 978-0-495-39079-4 | author1 = Moore, John W | author2 = Stanitski, Conrad L | author3 = Jurs, Peter C | date = 2009| publisher =Cengage Learning }}</ref> Rubidium and potassium show a very similar purple color in the [[flame test]], and distinguishing the two elements requires more sophisticated analysis, such as spectroscopy.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}<!-- As a symmetrical effect of rubidium metal's high reactivity toward oxidation and tendency to subsequent formation of the rubidium cation Rb<sup>+</sup>, this cation, once formed, is very stable, and is normally unreactive toward further oxidative or reductive chemical reactions.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}--><!--ionization energy 10.1103/PhysRevA.49.1646 --><!-- https://books.google.com/books?id=mDXzAAAAMAAJ&q=Rubidium+coordination&dq=Rubidium+coordination&hl=de&ei=5GB9Tc7pJ4f2sgax7ZTsBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA the coordination is at least six and even nine is possible 10.1007/BF00745739 or twelve http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?a04757-->
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