Wikipedia

Antigua and Barbuda: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Reverting edit(s) by 165.228.21.2 (talk) to rev. 1228436242 by Clog Wolf: Vandalism (UV 0.1.5)
Script-assisted style fixes
Line 26:
| largest_city = capital
| national_languages =
| languages2 = [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ab.gov.ag/detail_page.php?page=28|title=Government of Antigua and Barbuda|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503152657/https://ab.gov.ag/detail_page.php?page=28|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ethnic_groups = {{vunblist
|87.3% [[Afro-Antiguan and Barbudan|African (Black)]]
Line 35:
| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
*92.7% [[Christianity]]
**66.6% [[Protestantism]]
**26.1% other [[Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|3.6% [[Rastafari]]
Line 78:
| population_density_km2 = 186
| population_density_sq_mi = 481
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $2.6 &nbsp;billion
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank = 196th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $25,449<ref name=IMF>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=311,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2024&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=October 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |title=World Economic Outlook October 2023 (Antigua and Barbuda)}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 59th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $1.95 &nbsp;billion
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank = 193rd
Line 90:
| Gini =
| Gini_change = increase
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/12127652 |title=An Assessment of Income Inequality and Poverty in Antigua and Barbuda in 2007 |last1=Horsford |first1=Ian |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418001231/https://www.academia.edu/12127652 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/events/files/egm_ppt.pdf |title=Comparison of Poverty measurement indicators |year=2006 |publisher=[[Economic Commission for Latin America]] (ECLA) |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502080925/https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/events/files/egm_ppt.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI = 0.826<!-- number only -->
| HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year -->
| HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|pages=274–277|access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 54th
| currency = [[East Caribbean dollar]]
Line 108:
}}
 
'''Antigua and Barbuda''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|æ|n|ˈ|t|iː|ɡ|ə|...|b|ɑːr|ˈ|b|uː|d|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|US|æ|n|ˈ|t|iː|ɡ|w|ə|...|b|ɑːr|ˈ|b|j|uː|d|ə}}) is a [[sovereign state|sovereign]] [[island country]] in the [[Caribbean]]. It lies at the conjuncture of the [[Caribbean Sea]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the [[Leeward Islands]] part of the [[Lesser Antilles]].
 
The country consists of two major islands, [[Antigua]] and [[Barbuda]], which are approximately {{Convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart, and several smaller islands, including [[Great Bird Island, Antigua|Great Bird]], [[Green Island (Antigua and Barbuda)|Green]], [[Guiana Island|Guiana]], [[Long Island (Antigua and Barbuda)|Long]], [[Maiden Island (Antigua and Barbuda)|Maiden]], [[Prickly Pear Island|Prickly Pear]], [[York Island (Antigua and Barbuda)|York]], and [[Redonda]]. The permanent population is approximately 97,120 ({{As of|2019|bare=yes}} estimates), with 97% residing in Antigua.<ref name=Factbook>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Antigua and Barbuda|access-date=24 January 2021|year=2021}}</ref> [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]], Antigua, is the country's capital, major city, and largest port. [[Codrington, Antigua and Barbuda|Codrington]] is Barbuda's largest town.
Line 119:
 
== Etymology ==
{{lang|es|Antigua}} is [[Spanish language|Spanish]] for 'ancient' and {{lang|es|barbuda}} is Spanish for 'bearded'.<ref name=Factbook /> The island of Antigua was originally called {{lang|tnq|Wadadli}} by the [[Arawak]]s and is locally known by that name today; the [[Island Caribs|Caribs]] possibly called Barbuda {{lang|crb|Wa'omoni}}. [[Christopher Columbus]], while sailing by in 1493, may have named it {{lang|es|Santa Maria la Antigua}}, after an icon in the Spanish [[Seville Cathedral]]. The "bearded" of Barbuda is thought to refer either to the male inhabitants of the island, or the bearded fig trees present there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IT |date=2020-03-03 |title=History Of Antigua – Antigua And Barbuda |url=https://embassy.ag/dario-item-antigua-barbuda-antigua-barbuda-history/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Antigua and Barbuda Embassy in Madrid – Ambassador Dario Item |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
==History==
Line 125:
 
===Pre-colonial period===
Antigua was first settled by [[Archaic period (North America)|archaic age]] hunter-gatherer [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]]s called the [[Ciboney]].<ref name=Factbook /><ref name=Britannica>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Antigua-and-Barbuda |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Antigua and Barbuda |last1=Niddrie |first1=David Lawrence |last2=Momsen |first2=Janet D. |last3=Tolson |first3=Richard |access-date=8 July 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403214208/https://www.britannica.com/place/Antigua-and-Barbuda |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Commonwealth>{{cite web |url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/antigua-and-barbuda/history |publisher=The Commonwealth |title=Antigua and Barbuda : History |access-date=8 July 2019 |archive-date=24 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624235053/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/antigua-and-barbuda/history |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Radiocarbon dating|Carbon dating]] has established the earliest settlements started around 3100 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Napolitano|first1=Matthew F.|last2=DiNapoli|first2=Robert J.|last3=Stone|first3=Jessica H.|last4=Levin|first4=Maureece J.|last5=Jew|first5=Nicholas P.|last6=Lane|first6=Brian G.|last7=O'Connor|first7=John T.|last8=Fitzpatrick|first8=Scott M.|date=2019-12-18|title=Reevaluating human colonization of the Caribbean using chronometric hygiene and Bayesian modeling|journal=Science Advances|volume=5|issue=12|pages=eaar7806|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aar7806|issn=2375-2548|pmc=6957329|pmid=31976370|bibcode=2019SciA....5R7806N}}</ref> They were succeeded by the ceramic age pre-Columbian [[Arawakan languages|Arawak]]-speaking [[Saladoid]] people who migrated from the lower [[Orinoco River]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caribbean Trade and Networks (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/caribbean-trade-and-networks.htm |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=nps.gov |language=en}}</ref> They introduced agriculture, raising, among other crops, the famous [[Antigua Black Pineapple]] (''[[Ananas comosus]]''), [[maize|corn]], [[sweet potato]]es, [[chili pepper|chiles]], [[guava]], [[tobacco]], and [[cotton]].<ref>Duval, D. T. (1996). Saladoid archaeology on St. Vincent, West Indies: results of the 1993/1994 University of Manitoba survey</ref> Later on the more bellicose [[Island Caribs|Caribs]] also settled the island, possibly by force.
 
[[File:The Mill Yard - Ten Views in the Island of Antigua (1823), plate V - BL.jpg|thumb|left|Antigua in 1823]]
Line 151:
 
Most of Barbuda was devastated in early September 2017 by [[Hurricane Irma]], which brought winds with speeds reaching 295&nbsp;km/h (185&nbsp;mph). The storm damaged or destroyed 95% of the island's buildings and infrastructure, leaving Barbuda "barely habitable" according to Prime Minister Gaston Browne. Nearly everyone on the island was evacuated to Antigua.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last1=Panzar |first1=Javier |last2=Willsher |first2=Kim |date=9 September 2017 |title=Hurricane Irma leaves Caribbean Islands Devastated |url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-irma-islands-20170909-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911024806/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-irma-islands-20170909-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Amidst the following rebuilding efforts on Barbuda that were estimated to cost at least $100 &nbsp;million,<ref name="time.com">{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/4935433/hurricane-irma-barbuda-antigua-survivors-caribbean/|title=Hurricane Irma Flattens Barbuda, Leaving Population Stranded|first=Tara|last=John|date=11 September 2017|magazine=Time|access-date=1 September 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807130608/https://time.com/4935433/hurricane-irma-barbuda-antigua-survivors-caribbean/|url-status=live}}</ref> the government announced plans to revoke a century-old law of [[communal land|communal land ownership]] by allowing residents to buy land; a move that has been criticised as promoting "[[disaster capitalism]]".<ref name="NACLA-disaster-capitalism">{{cite news |last1=Boger |first1=Rebecca |last2=Perdikaris |first2=Sophia |title=After Irma, Disaster Capitalism Threatens Cultural Heritage in Barbuda |url=https://nacla.org/news/2019/02/12/after-irma-disaster-capitalism-threatens-cultural-heritage-barbuda |access-date=1 September 2020 |work=[[NACLA]] |date=11 February 2019 |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225153657/https://nacla.org/news/2019/02/12/after-irma-disaster-capitalism-threatens-cultural-heritage-barbuda |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==Geography==
Line 206:
When compared to Antiguan Creole, Standard English was the language of choice in the years leading up to Antigua and Barbuda's attainment of their independence. The Antiguan Creole language is looked down upon by the upper and middle classes in general. The Antiguan Creole language is discouraged from use in the educational system, and instruction is carried out in Standard (British) English instead.
 
A significant number of the words that are utilizedused in the Antiguan dialect are derived from both the British and African languages. This is readily apparent in phrases such as "Innit?" which literally translates to "Isn't it?" Many common island proverbs can be traced back to Africa, such as the pidgin language.
 
Approximately 10,000 people are able to speak in Spanish.<ref>Farquhar, Bernadette, [http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/BNCCde/antigua/conference/papers/farquhar.html "The Spanish Language in Antigua and Barbuda: Implications for Language Planning and Language Research"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715015910/http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/BNCCde/antigua/conference/papers/farquhar.html |date=15 July 2013 }}</ref>
Line 315:
Tourism dominates the economy, accounting for more than half of the gross domestic product (GDP).<ref name=Factbook /><ref name=Britannica /> As a destination for the most affluent travelers, Antigua is well known for its extensive collection of five-star resorts. However, weaker tourist activity in lower and middle market segments since the beginning of the year 2000 has slowed the economy and put the government into a tight fiscal corner.<ref name=Factbook /> Antigua and Barbuda has enacted policies to attract high-net-worth citizens and residents, such as enacting a 0% personal income tax rate in 2019.<ref name="auto1"/>
 
The provision of investment banking and financial services also constitutes a significant portion of the economy. Major international financial institutions such as the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) and Scotiabank both maintain offices in Antigua. PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Pannell Kerr Forster, and KPMG are some of the other companies in the financial services industry that have offices in Antigua.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antigua: a Mature Financial Centre |url=https://www.ifcreview.com/articles/2009/may/antigua-a-mature-financial-centre/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=IFC Review |language=en}}</ref> The United States Securities and Exchange Commission has leveled allegations against the Antigua-based Stanford International Bank, which is owned by the Texas billionaire Allen Stanford, of orchestrating a massive fraud that may have resulted in the theft of approximately $8 &nbsp;billion from investors.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/21/business/21stanford.html |work=The New York Times |title=Fraud Case Shakes a Billionaire's Caribbean Realm |first1=Clifford |last1=Krauss |first2=Julie |last2=Creswell |first3=Charlie |last3=Savage |date=21 February 2009 |access-date=14 April 2010 |archive-date=16 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416023254/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/21/business/21stanford.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The nation, which consists of two islands, directs the majority of its agricultural production toward the markets that are found within the nation. This is done despite the fact that the nation has a limited water supply and a shortage of laborers as a result of the higher wages offered in the tourism and construction industries.<ref name=FactbookAttribution/>
Line 332:
On the yellow license plates of public transportation vehicles, the letters "BUS" indicate that the vehicle is a bus, and the letters "TX" indicate that the vehicle is a taxi. Taxi services are subject to government regulation, which results in the establishment of flat rates rather than the use of meters. It is required that taxi drivers keep a copy of the rates posted inside the cab at all times. Taxis are not hard to come by on Antigua, particularly at the airport and major hotels. The role of tour guide is one that is frequently taken on by taxi drivers.
 
On the island of Antigua, buses run continuously throughout the day from 5:30&nbsp;a.m. until 6:00&nbsp;p.m.pm, connecting the capital city of St. John's with a number of the surrounding villages. On the other hand, buses do not make stops at the airport or in the tourist area to the north. Although the timing of the bus' departure is frequently up to the discretion of the driver, most buses operate according to a predetermined schedule. The routes that most buses take are typically displayed in the front windows of the vehicles, which are typically private minivans with seating for approximately 15 passengers each. Both the East Bus Station on Independence Avenue close to the Botanical Gardens and the Market Street Bus Station close to the Central Market are the two bus stations that serve the city of St. John's. There are also a number of bus companies operating on the island of Barbuda.
 
==Education==
Line 362:
Despite the fact that these foods are native to Antigua and Barbuda as well as to a number of other Caribbean nations, the diet of the locals has become increasingly diverse and now also includes traditional dishes from Jamaica and Trinidad, such as jerk meats and roti, as well as specialties from a number of other Caribbean nations.
 
Saltfish, eggs, eggplant (also referred to as troba), lettuce, and other vegetables are typically served for breakfast. Lunches typically consist of a starch, such as rice, macaroni, or pasta, with vegetables or salad, an entree (such as fish, chicken, pork, or beef), and a side dish, such as macaroni pie, scalloped potatoes, or plantains. Dinners typically consist of a protein, such as fish, chicken, pork, or beef. On Sundays, the majority of people in the country attend religious services, and then they return home to prepare a wide variety of meals for their families. Due to the fact that most people are off work on Sundays, dinner is typically served earlier in the day (around 2:00 &nbsp;pm). Dinners might consist of pork, chicken baked in the oven, stewed lamb, or turkey, served with rice (prepared in a variety of ways), macaroni pie, salads, and a local beverage. Dessert options include ice cream and cake, apple pie (or mango or pineapple pie when those fruits are in season), gelatin, and cake. The soft, buttery loaf of bread known as Antiguan butter bread does not require any additional butter to be added once it has been baked. This dish is another mainstay of Antiguan cuisine. Breakfast and other meals throughout the day often consist of fresh-baked butter bread and cheese for the community's residents. Throughout the city of Antigua, there are a great number of homes that have small bakeries built onto them. These bakeries sell freshly baked loaves, and locals can go to these bakeries to buy them. They are served alongside cheese, sardines or a bright red sausage that residents of the area occasionally refer to as salami, in addition to a great deal of other foods. In addition, the majority of meals feature something known as "provisions", which is typically a root vegetable or starch such as potatoes, yams, sweet potatoes, or eddo. During Carnival, a popular snack is souse, which is a type of soup that is very spicy and is made with pig feet, knuckles, and tails in addition to many onions. This soup is sold by vendors on the side of the road. Black pudding, also referred to as blood sausage, is a well-seasoned sausage that is made with rice, meat, and blood that is also enjoyed by locals in Antigua. On improvised grills, locals in the countryside sell freshly picked corn that has been roasted, typically while still in the husk. The Antiguan pineapple is typically quite succulent and sugary, despite its diminutive size. The entire island is covered with numerous small pineapple plantations.
 
The following are some examples of local beverages: mauby, seamoss, tamarind juice, raspberry juice, mango juice, lemonade, coconut milk, hibiscus juice, ginger beer, passion fruit juice, guava juice, soursop juice, and ginger beer, which is a soft drink. Beer, malts, and rums are some of the alcoholic beverages that can be found here. Many of these drinks are produced locally, such as the award-winning English Harbour Rum and the Wadadli beer, which takes its name from the island's former name. A significant number of residents in the area consume bottled sodas, which they refer to as sweet drink. Punch is a flavor that is enjoyed by many. In addition to Red Stripe beer, Guinness stout, Heineken beer, and Malta, the locals like to drink Red Malta. Ponche Kuba Cream Liqueur is a special celebratory alcoholic drink that is very popular in Antigua during the Christmas holiday season. This beverage has a brown colour, has a thick and creamy consistency, is extremely sweet, and contains a high percentage of alcohol.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"