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=== Vervet monkeys ===
[[Vervet monkey]]s (Chlorocebus Pygerythus) are some of the most studied monkeys when it comes to vocalization and alarm calls within the nonhuman primates. They are most known for making alarm calls in the presence of their most common predators ([[leopard]]s, [[eagle]]s, and [[snake]]s). ''The alarm calls of the Vervet monkey are considered arbitrary in relation to the predator that it signifies. In the sense that the calls may be distinct to the threat that the monkeys are seeing but arbitrary in that it does not mimic the sounds of the predator. This is like yelling "Danger!" when seeing an angry dog instead of making barking sounds. This type of alarm calls is seen as the earliest example of symbolic communication'' (the relationship between signifier and signified is arbitrary and purely conventional) ''in nonhuman primates''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Price|first1=Tabitha|last2=Wadewitz|first2=Philip|last3=Cheney|first3=Dorothy|last4=Seyfarth|first4=Robert|last5=Hammerschmidt|first5=Kurt|last6=Fischer|first6=Julia|date=2015-08-19|title=Vervets revisited: A quantitative analysis of alarm call structure and context specificity|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=13220|doi=10.1038/srep13220|pmid=26286236| pmc=4541072 |bibcode=2015NatSR...513220P|issn=2045-2322}}</ref>
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