Content deleted Content added
Ivanvector (talk | contribs) |
mNo edit summary |
||
Line 3:
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Nieuwjaarsgroet vanuit Nederlands-Indië van de in traditionele Hollandse klederdracht gestoken Salomon Gerrit Fukken en zijn echtgenote Guurtje Bakker TMnr 60053805.jpg|thumb|Dutch Totok couple wearing Dutch traditional clothing on New Year's Day 1926]]
'''Totok''' is an Indonesian term of [[Javanese language|Javanese]] origin, used in [[Indonesia]] to refer to recent migrants of [[Arab Indonesians|Arab]], [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]], or European origins.<ref name="Dutch">{{cite book | last = Ulbe Bosma & Remco Raben| title = Being "Dutch" in the Indies: A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500–1920| year = 2008|edition= 11 April 1996|pages= 186–286 | publisher = National University of Singapore Press| isbn= 978-0-89680-261-2}}</ref><ref>Charles A. Coppel, "Diaspora and hybridity: ''Peranakan'' Chinese culture in Indonesia", in ''Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora'', edited by Chee-Beng Tan, pp. 346-347</ref><ref name="Mobini-Kesheh (1999)">{{cite book |last1=Mobini-Kesheh |first1=Natalie |title=The Hadrami Awakening: Community and Identity in the Netherlands East Indies, 1900-1942 |date=1999 |publisher=SEAP Publications |location=Singapore |isbn=978-0-87727-727-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c45Xvsq2q4UC&dq=%22totok%22+peranakan+arabs&pg=PA134 |access-date=3 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rush (2007)">{{cite book |last1=Rush |first1=James R. |title=Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860-1910 |date=2007 |publisher=Equinox Publishing |location=Sheffield |isbn=978-979-3780-49-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SE6EbKaCR2gC&q=opium+to+java |access-date=3 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it was popularised among colonists in [[History of Jakarta|Batavia]], who initially coined the term to describe the foreign born and new immigrants of "pure blood" – as opposed to people of mixed indigenous and foreign descent, such as the ''[[Peranakan]]'' Arabs, Chinese or Europeans (the latter being better known as the [[Indo people]]).<ref name="Mobini-Kesheh (1999)" /><ref>Willems, Wim "Tjalie Robinson; Biografie van een Indo-schrijver" Chapter: Een Totok als vader (Publisher: Bert Bakker, 2008) p. 45 {{ISBN|9789035133099}}.</ref><ref name="Rush (2007)" />
When more pure-blooded Arabs, Chinese and Dutchmen were born in the East Indies, the term gained significance in describing those of exclusive or almost exclusive foreign ancestry.<ref name="Dutch"/><ref name="Mobini-Kesheh (1999)" /><ref name="Rush (2007)" />
| |||